Slavery in the Ottoman Empire

Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
aspect in a historical period (en) da aspect in a geographic region (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Slavery
Ƙasa	Daular Usmaniyya
Zangon lokaci	Daular Usmaniyya

Ottoman tare da bayi na Turai, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani zane na 1608 a cikin asusun Salomon Schweigger na tafiya 1578 a cikin Daular Ottoman.

Bautar da bayi a Chattel wata babbar cibiya ce kuma wata muhimmiyar ɓangare na tattalin arzikin Daular Usmaniyya da al'ummar gargajiya.

Babban tushen bayi shine yaƙe-yaƙe da balaguron bautar da aka tsara ta siyasa a cikin Caucasus, Gabashin Turai, Kudancin Turai, Turai ta Tsakiya, Kudu maso Gabashin Turai, Yammacin Bahar Rum da Afirka. An ba da rahoton cewa, farashin sayar da bayi ya ragu bayan wani gagarumin aikin soja.

A cikin Constantinople (Istanbul na yanzu), cibiyar gudanarwa da siyasa ta Daular Usmaniyya, kusan kashi biyar na mutanen ƙarni na 16 da 17 sun ƙunshi bayi. Adadin bayin da aka shigo da su daular Usmaniyya daga wurare daban-daban a farkon zamani ba a iya kididdige su ba. Masana tarihi na Ottoman Halil İnalcık da Dariusz Kołodziejczyk sun yi kiyasin cewa mutane miliyan 2 bayi na Rus, Pole, da Yukren da aka kama a hare-haren Tatar, sun shiga cikin daular Usmania tsakanin shekarun 1500 zuwa 1700. Duk da haka, wasu masana tarihi, musamman Alan Fisher, sun yi iƙirarin cewa dacewar kafofin zamani a ɓangarorin biyu na cinikin bayi na Bahar Black don haɓaka kiyasin yawan fursunonin da maharan Tatar suka kama ya sa ba za a iya ƙididdige adadin bayin da ke shiga ƙasashen Ottoman ta wannan hanya ba. Bugu da kari, kimanin bayi miliyan 1 zuwa miliyan 1.5 ne suka shiga daular Usmania daga tekun Bahar Rum tsakanin shekarun 1530 zuwa 1780. Ƙananan adadin bayi kuma sun zo a cikin wannan lokacin daga Caucasus, Afirka, da sauran yankuna, amma ainihin alkaluma sun ragu.

Kowane mutum na ruƙunin bayi na Ottoman, wanda ake kira kul a Turkanci, na iya samun babban matsayi a wasu muƙamai. Masu gadin eunuch harem da janisary wasu sanannun muƙamai ne wanda bawa zai iya riƙe wa, amma matan da suke bauta a zahiri galibi suna kula da su. Duk da haka, mata sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin makarantar haram. An sayo kaso mai yawa na jami'ai a gwamnatin Ottoman a matsayin bayi, sun tashe 'yanci, kuma suna da nasaba da nasarar daular Ottoman daga ƙarni na 14 zuwa 19. Da yawa daga cikin jami'an bauta da kansu sun mallaki bayi da yawa, ko da yake shi kansa Sarkin Musulmi ya fi kowa mallakarsu. Ta hanyar haɓaka da horar da bayi na musamman a matsayin jami'ai a makarantun fada irin su Enderun, inda aka koyar da su hidima ga Sarkin Musulmi da sauran darussa na ilimi, daular Usmaniyya ta ƙirƙira masu gudanar da mulki da zurfin sanin gwamnati da tsattsauran ra'ayi.

Sauran bayi sun kasance ma'aikata ne kawai da ake amfani da su don yin aiki tuƙuru, kamar misali ma'aikatan aikin gona da bayin galey. An yi amfani da bayi mata da farko a matsayin bayin gida ko a matsayin ƙwaraƙwarai (bayin jima'i), waɗanda aka yi wa rarrabuwa tsakanin jinsi. Duk da yake akwai bayi na ƙabilu daban-daban da kuma ƙabilu ba shine dalilin da zai sa a yi bautar ba, har yanzu akwai tsarin kabilanci a tsakanin bayi, tun da ana daraja bayi da kuma ba da ayyuka kuma ana ganin suna da iyawa daban-daban saboda bambancin launin fata.

Ko da bayan matakan da yawa na hana cinikin bayi da kuma taƙaita bautar, wanda aka gabatar saboda matsin lamba na diflomasiyyar ƙasashen yamma a ƙarshen karni na 19, al'adar ta ci gaba da raguwa sosai har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20.

Tarihi

Cibiyar bauta a cikin Daular Ottoman an tsara ta ne akan tsarin bauta a daulolin musulmin da suka gabata na Gabas ta Tsakiya: bautar da ke cikin Halifancin Rashidun (632-661), bautar daular Umayyad (661-750), bautar a cikin Khalifan Abbasid (750-1258), bautar a cikin Halifancin Abbasid (750-1258), bautar a cikin 1500-1258 Sultanate. duk an gina su akan bauta a Shari'ar Musulunci.

Majalisar Seriat, da Dokar Musulunci ta addini, da kuma ta Sarkin Musulmi Kanun ne suka tsara bautar, wanda shine ainihin ƙarin ƙa'idodi don sauƙaƙe aiwatar da dokar Seriat. Shari’ar Musulunci ta halatta Musulmi su bautar da waɗanda ba Musulmi ba, sai dai idan sun kasance zimmi’i (’yan tsiraru masu kariya waɗanda suka yarda da mulkin Musulmi), don haka bayi ba Musulmi ba ne da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen da ba Musulmi ba a wajen daular. Yayin da musulmi ba za su iya bautar da waɗanda ba musulmi ba, amma musuluntar bawa wanda ba musulmi ba bayan bautar da su ba ya buƙatar mai bautar ya cilla bawansa.

Tunda duk wanda ba musulmi ba da yake wajen ƙasashen musulmi ya kasance halastaccen hari na bauta, akwai bayin jinsi daban-daban. A hukumance, babu wani bambanci da aka samu tsakanin bayi masu bambancin launin fata, amma a aikace, an bai wa bayi farar fata matsayi mafi girma, inda Habashawa ta biyu kuma bakar fata na Afirka aka ba su matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci a tsakanin bayi.

Kasuwancin bayi na Ottoman

An kai bayi zuwa Daular Ottoman ta hanyoyi daban-daban, suna da niyya ga hanyoyin samarwa daban-daban. Daular Ottoman ta mayar da hankali kan manyan hanyoyin cinikin bayi guda uku: fararen bayi daga Balkans da aka yi amfani da su don bautar soja; baƙi da aka shigo da su daga Afirka, sau da yawa daga Sudan ta hanyar Masar; da fararen bayi da aka shigo dasu ta hanyar Tekun Black Sea da Caucasus.

Kasuwancin bayi na Afirka

Afirka ta kasance babbar manufar samar da bayi ga daular Usmaniyya. 'Yan Afirka galibi Maguzawa ne don haka ana kallon su a matsayin halaltaccen hari na bauta ta Shari'ar Musulunci. An yi safarar bayi zuwa daular Usmaniyya ta manyan hanyoyi guda uku: cinikin bayi ta hanyar Masar da Libya; cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya a hayin Bahar Maliya; da kuma cinikin bayi daga Tekun Indiya daga Gabashin Afirka ta Tekun Indiya da yankin Larabawa. Waɗannan hanyoyin bayi duk an gaje su ne daga daular musulmi da ta gabata.