Solly Sachs
 Solly Sachs | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa |
Rokiškis District Municipality (en)  , 11 Nuwamba, 1900 |
| ƙasa | Afirka ta kudu |
| Mutuwa | Landan, 30 ga Yuli, 1976 |
| Ƴan uwa | |
| Yara |
view
|
| Karatu | |
| Harsuna | Turanci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
trade unionist (en) , ɗan siyasa da anti-apartheid activist (en) |
Emil Solomon “Solly” Sachs (11 Nuwamba 1900 - 30 Yuli 1976) ɗan ƙungiyar ƙwadagon Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma mai fafutukar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata.
Rayuwar farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Solly Sachs a cikin shekarar 1900 a Kamai, Lithuania, ɗa ne ga Abraham Saks da Hannah Rivkin.[1] :220Iliminsa na ƙuruciya ya kasance cikin Ibrananci da kuma nazarin Talmud. [1] :220A cikin shekarar 1914, shi da iyalinsa sun yi hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu kuma suka zauna a Ferreirasdorp, Johannesburg. Ya bar makarantar Standard 5 kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimaki na shago. Yayin da yake kan aikin, ba wai kawai ya taimaka wajen tsara ƙungiyar masu taimaka wa kantuna ba amma kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa kuma ya yi aiki zuwa matric ɗinsa.. [1] :220A shekara ta 1919, ya kasance mai aiki a cikin Reef Shop Assistants Union. [2] :62Yana da sha'awar siyasa kuma an ja hankalinsa ga tsarin gurguzu, ya shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1919 da Ƙungiyar Matasan Kwaminisanci a shekarar 1921. [1] :220A shekara ta 1930, Sachs ya kasance memba na kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu. [2] :62Ya fara digirin injiniya a shekarar 1924 a Jami'ar Witwatersrand amma ya bar ƙasar ya zagaya Tarayyar Soviet da Ingila kafin ya koma jami'a inda ya karanci shari'a da Ingilishi da tattalin arziki. [1] :220
Aure
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Solly ya auri Rae Ginsberg a cikin shekarar 1926 kuma yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu, ɗayansu shine lauyan yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata Albie Sachs. :222Auren ya kasance har zuwa shekara ta 1942 lokacin da ya auri Dulcie Hartwell kuma ya sami ƙarin ɗa da ɗa mai goyo, amma wannan aure na biyu ya ƙare a shekarar 1951.[1] :222
Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An san shi da haɗin kai, a cikin shekarar 1926 ya kasance ɓangare na kwamitin zartarwa na ƙasa na Majalisar Kasuwanci da Ma'aikata ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma zuwa ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba 1928, sakataren ƙungiyar Witwatersrand Taylors' Association (WTA). :221 :62Da yake lura da cewa ma'aikatan tufafin mata, wanda ya ƙunshi Afrikaners masu aiki, ba su da wakilci a kwamitocin ƙungiyoyi, ya zama babban sakatare na WTA, ya canza kundin tsarin mulki a watan Yuli 1929, kuma ya canza suna zuwa Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Afirka ta Kudu (GWU) a shekarar 1930. [1] :221[2] :62Ya karfafa matan Afrikaner da su zama masu fafutuka da masu shiryawa.[3] :92Membobinta a cikin shekarar 1930/31 sun kasance mambobi 1700, kashi biyu cikin uku ma'aikatan tufafi ne, yawancin matan Afirkaans ne, kodayake maza sun kasance kwamitin ƙungiyar, amma wannan zai canza, kuma zuwa shekara ta 1939, duka mata ne. [2] :62–3Shekarun farko a cikin wannan ƙungiyar sun haɗa da kare yanayin aiki da amincin aiki a masana'antar tufafi. :63Yin amfani da kotuna da yajin aiki, ya tabbatar da cewa albashin ma’aikatan tufafi ya karu daga 23s/week a shekarar 1928 zuwa £2/mako ta 1938, biyan hutun ya tashi daga kwana uku zuwa goma, sun sami hutun safe da la’asar kuma sun samar da asusu na rashin lafiya. [2] :63A shekara ta 1938, membobin GWU sun girma zuwa mambobi 7000. [2] :63
Saboda ra'ayinsa na gurguzu, ya shiga cikin matsala da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu, wadda ta yi imanin cewa ayyukan ƙungiyarsa ba su da isashen juyin juya hali, don haka aka kore shi daga jam'iyyar a shekarar 1931. :221
Ya gudanar da yajin aiki na GWU guda biyu a cikin shekarar 1931 kan tattaunawar albashi da kuma a cikin shekarar 1932 lokacin da tattaunawar kan ƙarin albashi ta lalace. :63Wannan yajin aikin ya sa aka kama shi kuma daga baya Ministan Shari'a Oswald Pirow ya dakatar da shi daga Witwatersrand na tsawon watanni goma sha biyu wanda daga baya Jan Smuts zai rage zuwa watanni shida. :221Pirow ya yi amfani da yajin aikin ne a matsayin koma baya a zaɓen fidda gwani da jam'iyyarsa ta Nationalist ke kokarin yin nasara a Germiston ta hanyar bayyana yajin aikin a matsayin kwaminisanci. [4] :63
Ikon sa na GWU zai kawo shi cikin rikici da ƴan kishin ƙasa na Afrikaner a lokacin shirye-shiryen 1938 Great Trek Centenary lokacin da ma'aikatan ƙungiyar mata na Afirkaans ke son shiga lokacin da wannan fitattun suka yi ƙoƙarin hana su shiga.[5] :42–43Manyan mutanen Afrikaner sun ɗauke su a matsayin matalauta da masu ra'ayin gurguzu na yahudawa ba za su iya tsayawa kan kansu ba wanda zai halaka mutanen Afrikaner. [5] :43Daga baya za a yarda da su shiga cikin bukukuwan Trek idan sun shiga a matsayin membobin volk (mutane) kuma ba a matsayin membobin GWU ba. :77
Sachs suna taimakawa wajen samar da asusu ga ma'aikatan tufafi marasa aikin yi waɗanda aka cire su daga Kuɗin Inshorar Rashin Aikin yi (UIF) da aka kafa a cikin shekarar 1939, haɗarsu zai faru ne kawai daga baya a cikin shekarar 1946. :221A cikin shekarar 1946, Sachs ya shiga Jam'iyyar Labour ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma a shekara ta 1952 ya zama ma'ajin su na ƙasa. [1] :223A lokacin zaɓukan shekarar 1948 na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda Jam'iyyar National Party ta lashe daga baya, 'yan kishin ƙasa za su yi amfani da tasirin Solly Sachs a cikin GWU a matsayin misali na barazanar gurguzu a Afirka ta Kudu. [1] :222
A cikin watan Mayu 1952, Ministan Shari'a na gwamnatocin nuna wariyar launin fata, CR Swart ya ba da sanarwa guda biyu akan Sachs dangane da Dokar Kashe Kwaminisanci ta 1950. :222An umarce shi da ya yi murabus daga GWU a cikin kwanaki 30 tare da dakatar da shi daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sannan na biyu an takaita shi zuwa Transvaal da halartar taro. [1] :222A cikin wannan watan ne aka kama shi bayan halartar taron zanga-zangar da GWU ta yi a Johannesburg wanda 'yan sanda suka watse. [1] :222Bayan ya bar kotun ya sake halartar wata zanga-zangar kwanaki kaɗan kuma aka sake kama shi tare da beli, daga bisani a watan Yuli aka yanke masa hukuncin laifuffuka biyu na aiki mai tsanani na watanni shida da aka dakatar har na tsawon shekaru biyu. [1] :222Sachs bai kasance memba na CPSA shekaru da yawa ba lokacin da aka cire shi da wasu da yawa daga jam'iyyar a cikin shekarar 1930s.[1]:222 Sachs had not been a member of the CPSA for many years when he and many others had been purged from the party in the 1930s.[4] :114
Ƙaura
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Solly ya tafi gudun hijira a Ingila a ranar 30 ga watan Janairu 1953. Ya ɗauki haɗin gwiwa na shekaru biyu a Jami'ar Manchester da kuma aikin bincike na shekaru a Jami'ar London. Haka kuma bai yi nasara ba a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Labour a Sheffield. :222Ya ci gaba da zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu a London bayan da aka kama ɗansa Albie tare da sake yin zanga-zanga a shekarar 1961 don nuna adawa da kisan kiyashin Sharpeville. [1] :220Ya mutu a London a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli 1976.
Littattafai na Solly Sachs
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Zaɓi kafin Afirka ta Kudu (1952)
- Ma'aikatan Garment a Action (1957)
- 'Yan Tawaye (1957)
- Gwajin cin amanar ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu (1959)
- Anatomy na Apartheid (1965)
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Johanna Kornelius
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Verwey, E.J. (1999). New Dictionary of South African Biography, Volume 1. HSRC Press. ISBN 9780796916488.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vincent, Louise (March 2000). "Bread and Honour: White Working Class Women and Afrikaner Nationalism in the 1930s". Journal of Southern African Studies. 26 (1): 61–78. doi:10.1080/030570700108388. JSTOR 2637550. S2CID 145365286.
- ↑ de Haan, Francisca (2013). Women's Activism: Global Perspectives from the 1890s to the Present. Routledge. ISBN 9780415535755.
- 1 2 Walker, Cherryl (1991). Women and Resistance in South Africa. New Africa Books. ISBN 9780864861702.
- 1 2 Norval, Aletta J. (1996). Deconstructing Apartheid Discourse. Verso. ISBN 9781859841259.