Songbun

Songbun
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	social class (en) da ascribed status (en)
McCune–Reischauer (mul)	chulsin sŏngbun
Revised Romanization (en)	Chulsin-seongbun
Ƙasa	Koriya ta Arewa

 

Songbun (Yaren mutanen Koriya: 성분; MR: sŏngbun), a hukumance chulsin-songbun (Yaren mutanen Koriya: 출신성분; MR: ch'ulsin sŏngbun, daga Sino-Korean 出身, "asalin" da 成分 Koriya ta Arewa), an yi amfani da tsarin a cikin tsarin. A cewar Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Amurka a Koriya ta Arewa da Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Amirka, ya dogara ne akan yanayin siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziƙi na kakanni kai tsaye da kuma halin danginsu; bisa ga 'yan sandan sirri na Koriya ta Arewa, ana amfani da songbun don rarraba 'yan asalin Koriya ta Arewa zuwa kashi uku na farko-nau'i-nau'i, masu tayar da hankali, da maƙiya - ban da kusan kashi hamsin, da kuma ƙayyade ko an amince da mutum da alhakin, an ba shi dama a cikin Koriya ta Arewa, ko ma ya sami isasshen abinci. Kwamitin Amurka na 'Yancin Dan Adam a Koriya ta Arewa da Cibiyar Kasuwancin Amurka sun bayyana cewa songbun yana shafar samun damar ilimi da damar aiki kuma musamman yana ƙayyade ko mutum ya cancanci shiga jam'iyyar da ke mulki ta Koriya ta Kudu, Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Koriya. Ita kanta DPRK, duk da haka, tana shelanta cewa duk ƴan ƙasa daidai suke kuma sun ƙi duk wani wariya dangane da asalin iyali.

Bayyanawa

A cewar kwamitin Amurka don 'yancin ɗan adam a Koriya ta Arewa, kasancewa bisa aikin Rajista na Mazauna na 1967-1970, akwai manyan rarrabuwa guda uku da kusan 50 sub-classifications. Su ne:

1. Babban aji (Cinthan) - 12 categories:

• Jami'an gwamnati
• Malamai
• Manoma masu haya
• Ma'aikatan Sojojin Jama'ar Koriya tun daga 1953 da zuriyarsu
• Mambobin Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Koriya tun daga 1953 da zuriyarsu
• Ma'aikatan ofis
• Mambobin juyin juya hali tun daga 1953 da zuriyarsu
• 'Yan uwa shahidai masu kishin kasa tun daga 1953 da zuriyarsu
• Iyalan wadanda aka kashe (waɗanda aka kashe) tun daga 1953 da zuriyarsu
• Iyalai na sojoji da suka fadi tun daga 1953 da zuriyarsu
• Iyalai na masu ba da gudummawa a yankin baya tun daga 1953 da zuriyarsu
• Sauran (don kammala nau'o'i 12, kamar yadda aka jera a cikin asali)

2. Wavering Class - 18 categories:

• Ƙananan da matsakaiciyar 'yan kasuwa tun daga 1948
• Masu sana'a tun daga 1948
• Manoma tun daga 1948
• Ma'aikata tun daga 1948
• Manoma masu arziki tun daga 1948
• Ƙananan da matsakaici masu gidaje tun daga 1953 da zuriyarsu
• Mazauna Koriya a Japan wadanda suka sake komawa
• Sauran (don kammala nau'o'i 18, kamar yadda aka jera a cikin asali)

3. Kungiyar Hostile - 21 rukunoni:

• Manyan masu mallakar gidaje tun daga 1948 da zuriyarsu
• Masu jari-hujja tun daga 1948 da zuriyarsu
• Masu haɗin gwiwar Jafananci tun daga 1948 da zuriyarsu
• Masu adawa tun daga 1948 da zuriyarsu
• Mambobin Jam'iyyar Chondoist tun daga 1948 da zuriyarsu
• Mutanen da suka shiga Koriya ta Arewa daga Kudu
• Furotesta, Buddha, da Katolika masu bi tun daga 1948 da zuriyarsu
• Masu ficewa daga jam'iyyar
• Masana falsafa tun daga 1948 da zuriyarsu
• Mutanen da suka yi aiki a kungiyoyin abokan gaba
• Iyalai na fursunoni da fursunoni
• Mutanen da ke da alaƙa da 'yan leƙen asiri
• Masu adawa da jam'iyya da masu adawa da juyin juya hali
• Iyalai na waɗanda aka kashe
• Fursunoni da aka saki
• Fursunoni na siyasa
• Mambobin Jam'iyyar Democrat ta KoriyaJam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Koriya
• Sauran (don kammala nau'o'i 21, kamar yadda aka jera a cikin asali)

A cewar tsohon masanin CIA Helen-Louise Hunter, wadanda ke da mai gida, dan kasuwa, lauya, ko ministan Kirista a asalin su ana ba su matsayi mai ƙasƙanci. Matsayi mafi girma ana ba da shi ga waɗanda suka fito daga mahalarta juriya game da mamayar Japan a lokacin da kuma kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II da kuma waɗanda suka kasance ma'aikatan masana'antu, ma'aikata, ko manoma tun daga 1950. B. R. Myers, mataimakin farfesa na nazarin kasa da kasa a Jami'ar Dongseo da ke Busan, Koriya ta Kudu, ya taƙaita ainihin (haeksim) aji kamar yadda ya kunshi "masu kula da jam'iyya masu girma da iyalansu". An tanada ajiyar (dongyo) ga matsakaicin Koriya ta Arewa, yayin da aji mai ƙiyayya (choktae) an yi shi ne da abubuwan da za su iya rushewa (misali tsoffin masu mallakar ƙasa). A cewar mai sharhi na CIA Helen-Louise Hunter, 'yan Kwaminisanci sun yi nasara sosai wajen juyar da tsarin zamantakewar da aka yi kafin juyin juya hali, kuma songbun yana nuna hakan. A ra'ayinta, "mafi kyawun aji" ya ƙunshi kashi 30% na yawan jama'a, "mutane na yau da kullun" sun kasance tsakiyar kashi 40%, kuma "marasa kyau" sun kasance ƙasa kashi 30.

Files are maintained on every North Korean by security officials and party cadres from age 17 and updated every two years. In general, songbun is difficult to improve, but it can be downgraded for a variety of reasons such as a lack of political enthusiasm, marrying someone of lower standing, or being convicted—or having a family member convicted—of a crime, political or otherwise. Before the late 1960s, it was possible to conceal that a relative had bad songbun; however, the ancestry of all citizens was thoroughly checked starting with a 1966 census. These investigations have been suggested to have been a response to the Chinese Cultural Revolution which began in 1966. Kim Il Sung, afraid that Beijing would also interfere in his country, whether by invading or sponsoring a coup d'état (Chinese soldiers had been sent previously on "provocative incursions" into Korea), aimed to increase internal security by classifying his citizens. These investigations were repeated several times in subsequent years, for reasons varying from suspected corruption in previous checks to weeding out possible opposition.

Jaridar Amurka Barbara Demick ta bayyana wannan "tsarin aji" a matsayin sabuntawa na "tsarin kabilanci" na gado, wanda ya haɗu da Confucianism da Stalinism. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa mummunan asalin iyali ana kiransa "jini mai laushi", kuma ta hanyar doka wannan "jini mai lalacewa" yana da tsawon tsararraki uku. Ta tabbatar, duk da haka, cewa ba a gaya wa 'yan Koriya ta Arewa game da rarrabuwarsu ba, kuma yara na iya girma ba tare da sanin matsayin danginsu ba. Hakazalika, mai sharhi Helen-Louise Hunter ya bayyana songbun a matsayin "bangaren aji" kuma ya ce ba a buga shi a hukumance ba ko kuma an bayyana shi daidai.

Gwamnatin Koriya ta Arewa, akasin haka, ta yi shelar cewa duk 'yan kasar daidai suke kuma ta musanta duk wani wariya da ya danganci asalin dangi.

Muhimmancinsa

 A karkashin Kim Il-sung, songbun yana da matukar muhimmanci, ya yanke shawarar komai. A karkashin Kim Jong-il, abubuwa sun bambanta — asalin danginku har yanzu yana da mahimmanci, amma kuɗi a zamanin yau ya fi mahimmancin zamantakewa. Tun bayan rugujewar Yankin Gabas a ƙarshen 1980s da farkon 1990s, mahimmancin songbun ya ragu. Kafin rugujewar kasar Koriya ta Arewa ta samu tallafi sosai daga kungiyar. Ta hanyar wadannan kudade, gwamnati ta sami damar samar da dukkan kayan masarufi, don haka samun kudin shiga za a iya samu ta hanyar yin aiki a masana'antu ko tsarin mulki. A sakamakon haka, ikon da mutum zai iya samun kayayyaki daga tsarin rarrabawa, inda mutum zai iya zama, ko wace sana'a aka yi, ko nawa ne mutum zai iya ci gaba a cikin al'umma ya dogara ne kawai akan waƙarsu, wanda ya sa ya zama "mafi mahimmancin al'amari guda ɗaya wanda ya ƙayyade rayuwar Koriya ta Arewa". Kafin rugujewar tsarin tsakiya, gwamnati na da "kusa da cikakken iko kan rayuwar mutum"; don haka hanya daya tilo da za a kara daukaka ko wadata ita ce ta ci gaba ta hanyar bin doka.

A lokacin 1994 zuwa 1998 yunwar Koriya ta Arewa da kanta - lokacin da kusan miliyan 2.5 suka mutu - tsarin songbun "sau da yawa yana ƙayyade wanda ya ci da wanda ya yi yunwa", in ji Brian Hook.

Yayin da tsarin tsakiya ya rushe, muhimmancin songbun ya ragu. Don tsira, an “sake gano tsarin jari-hujja”, kuma matsakaicin Koriya ta Arewa yana samun mafi yawan kuɗin shigarsa ta hanyar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Lokacin da waɗannan kasuwanni masu zaman kansu suka fara, maimakon haka ya fi dacewa su kasance cikin masu adawa da juna, saboda ba su dogara ga gwamnati ba kamar waɗanda ke da mafi kyawun waƙoƙi. Hidimar soja ta ragu sosai; A baya, bayan shekaru bakwai zuwa goma na hidima, wani dan Koriya ta Arewa zai iya fatan zama ma'aikaci mai karamin karfi, amma a zamanin yau yana da riba don shiga cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Songbun ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga membobin gwamnati, amma ga yawancin 'yan Koriya ta Arewa, dukiya ta zama mahimmanci fiye da songbun lokacin da aka bayyana matsayin mutum a cikin al'umma.

Wani shahararren misali na songbun ya haɗa da Ko Yong-hui, mahaifiyar shugaban yanzu Kim Jong Un. An haifi Ko a Osaka, Japan, wanda zai sanya ta cikin ƙungiyar ƙiyayya saboda al'adun Koriya da Jafananci; Bugu da ƙari, kakanta ya yi aiki a masana'antar sutura don Sojojin Imperial na Japan. Kafin a saki fim din farfaganda na ciki, bayan hawan Kim Jong Un, an yi ƙoƙari uku don yin sujada da Ko, a cikin salon da ya yi kama da wanda ke da alaƙa da Kang Pan-sŏk, mahaifiyar Kim Il Sung, da Kim Jong-suk, mahaifiyarKim Jong Il da matar farko ta Kim Il Sung. Wadannan yunkurin da suka gabata na bautar gumaka sun gaza, kuma an dakatar da su bayan bugun jini na Kim Jong Il na 2008. Gina wani addini na mutum a kusa da Ko ya fuskanci matsalar mummunar waƙarta, kamar yadda sanya ta a fili zai lalata tsattsarkan zuriyar daular Kim. Ba a bayyana ainihin sunan Ko ko wasu bayanan sirri a bainar jama'a ba (za a iya gano asalinsa, yayin da ta yi aiki tare da Mansudae Art Troupe a Pyongyang), don haka ana kiranta "Uwar Koriya" ko "Uwar Babbar", kuma fim din farfaganda na baya-bayan nan ya kira babban halinta "Lee Eun-mi". Matsalolin waƙar Ko sun kasance kamar yadda bayan mutuwar Kim Jong Il, bayanan sirri, gami da suna, ya zama asirin jihar. Duk da yake songbun yawanci ana wucewa daga mahaifinsa, asalin Ko yana da "mafi ƙarancin halaye" ga Koriya ta Arewa.

Dubi kuma

 

• Ƙungiyar Yan'an
• Matsayi
• Matsayi na zamantakewa
• Yanayi biyar na Red
• Matakan Black guda biyar
• Ka'idar jini

Bayani

Ayyukan da aka ambata

•  Demick, Barbara (2010). Babu wani abu don Hassada: Soyayya, Rayuwa da Mutuwa a Koriya ta Arewa. London: Gida na hudu.
• Hunter, Helen-Louise (1999). Kim Il-song na Koriya ta Arewa. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96296-2.

Ƙarin karantawa

• "Rahoton Mai ba da rahoto na musamman game da halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan adam a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Demokradiyyar Koriya, Marzuki Darusman" (PDF). Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. - Ƙaddamarwa E. Nuna bambanci: Rarraba al'umma zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku daban-daban na aminci ga mulkin (shafi na 23) "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Marzuki Darusman" (PDF). United Nations Human Rights Council. 
• - Gaskiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa 4. Hakkin Daidaitawa (shafi na 219 - 224) - DEAD LINK"White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2011". Korean Institute for National Unification (KINU). 
• - Nuna bambanci a cikin Ilimi, Ayyuka, da Kula da Lafiya"World Report 2006: North Korea". Human Rights Watch. 3 January 2006.
• - Shaida game da tsarin rarraba siyasa na gwamnatin Koriya ta Arewa"Political Classification and Social Structure in North Korea". Kongdan Oh, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs. 30 November 2001.
• - Songbun, tsarin rarraba zamantakewar Koriya ta ArewaKirsch, Sarah E. "Effective Immobilization: Social Classification within North Korea in Comparison with Burakumin and the Untouchables". Sarah E. Kirsch. Archived from the original on 2022-03-06. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
• - Wanene mutanen da ke cikin sansanonin: Mutanen da ke da mummunar ƙididdigar tsaro (ƙungiya) da iyalansu- DEAD LINK, RESULTS IN A 404"North Korea's Concentration Camps for Political Prisoners". Hwang Jang-yop, Daily NK. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06.
• "Robert Collins: Songbun ya shiga cikin komai"
• "Marcus Noland: Rarraba a cikin ma'auni na asali"
• "Andrew Natsios: Tsarin Songbun yana haifar da mutuwa ta hanyar rashin abinci mai gina jiki"
• "Ƙananan fim game da rayuwar sojoji yana nuna tsarin kabilanci na Koriya ta Arewa" na Lee Hyunju da Mok Yong Jae don RFA Koriya, Rediyo Free Asia (Fabrairu 17, 2024)
• "Songbun: Social Class in a Socialist Paradise" by Sokeel J. Park, Research and Policy Analyst