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Stachybotrys

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

Stachybotrys (/ˌstækiˈbɒtrɪs/) wani nau'i ne na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, hyphomycetes ko haifuwa ba tare da ƙira'i ba, ƙwayoyin fungi, yanzu an sanya su cikin iyalin Stachybotryaceae. Agusta Carl Joseph Corda ne ya kafa jinsin a cikin 1837. A tarihi, an dauke shi da alaƙa da nau'in Memnoniella,[1] saboda ana samar da spores a cikin kawuna masu laushi maimakon a cikin sarƙoƙi masu bushe. Kwanan nan, ana karɓar synonymy na jinsunan biyu gabaɗaya. Yawancin nau'in Stachybotrys suna zaune a cikin kayan da ke da wadataccen cellulose. Wannan nau'in yana da yaduwar rarraba kuma ya ƙunshi kimanin nau'in 50 a cikin shekara ta 2008. Akwai rubuce-rubuce 88 na Stachybotrys a kan Species Fungorum (a cikin 2023), wanda nau'in 33 ke da bayanan jerin DNA a cikin GenBank. Ana samun nau'o'i a cikin jinsin a cikin ƙasa, shuke-shuke (hay, straw, hatsi, da tarkacewar shuke- shuke-shirye) da iska kuma an samo wasu nau'o-shuke daga takarda mai laushi, auduga, lilin, kayan gini na cellulose da suka lalace cikin gida, da kuma hanyoyin iska daga wuraren zama na ruwa da na ƙasa (Izabel et al. 2010; Lombard et al. 2016; Hyde et al. 2020a).[2][3][4]

Sunan Stachybotrys ya samo asali ne daga kalmomin Helenanci σταχυς stakhus (kunnen hatsi, tsutsa, sanda; a kwatanci, zuriya) da βότρυς botrus (ƙungiya ko bunch kamar a cikin inabi, trusses).

Mafi shahararrun nau'o'in, Stachybotrys chartarum (wanda aka fi sani da Stachybutrys atra) da Stachybotrys chlorohalonata, an san su da ƙirar baƙar fata ko ƙirar baƙo mai guba a Amurka, kuma galibi suna da alaƙa da ƙarancin iska na cikin gida wanda ya taso bayan ci gaban fungal akan kayan gini da suka lalace.[5] Stachybotrys chemotypes suna da guba, tare da daya da ke samar da trichothecene mycotoxins ciki har da satratoxins, da kuma wani wanda ke samar da atranones.[6] Koyaya, haɗin Stachybotrys mold tare da takamaiman yanayin kiwon lafiya ba a tabbatar da shi sosai ba kuma akwai muhawara a cikin al'ummar kimiyya.[7][8][9]

Conidia

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Conidia suna cikin taro mai laushi, mai santsi zuwa mai laushi mai laushi، mai duhu mai duhu zuwa baƙar fata, obovoid, daga baya ya zama ellipsoid tare da shekaru, 10-13 × 5-7 mm. Phialides suna obovate ko ellipsoidal, ba su da launi da wuri sannan suka juya zuwa olivaceous tare da balaga, mai santci, 12-14 × 5-7 mm, a cikin tarin 5 zuwa 9 phialides. Conidiophores suna da sauƙi, tsaye, mai santsi zuwa mai laushi, ba tare da launi ba zuwa mai lawuwa, dan kadan ya faɗaɗa, galibi ba su da reshe amma a wasu lokuta suna da reshe. Conidia na Stachybotrys suna da halaye sosai kuma ana iya gano su da tabbaci a cikin samfurori masu ƙididdigar spore. Wannan nau'in yana da alaƙa da Memnoniella . Nau'o'in Memnoniella na iya haɓaka Stachybotrys-kamar conidia, kuma akasin haka.

Binciken

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An gano nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta guda huɗu (MVOCs) - 1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 5-methyl-2-butanol, da thujopsene - a al'adun shinkafa, kuma an gano daya (1-butanol) a al'adu na gypsum.[10]

Halin cuta

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Stachybotrys spores 10 × 40 girma a karkashin microscopy mai haske

Alamomin bayyanar Stachybotrys a cikin mutane

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Wani gardama ya fara ne a farkon shekarun 1990 bayan nazarin mutuwar jarirai biyu da lokuta da yawa a cikin yara daga yankunan matalauta na Cleveland, Ohio, Amurka, saboda zubar da jini na huhu an fara danganta su da fallasawa ga yawan Stachybotrys chartarum. Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka sun kasa samun wata alaƙa tsakanin mutuwar da bayyanar ƙuda.[11][12]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Castlebury, Lisa A.; Rossman, Amy Y.; Sung, Gi-Ho; Hyten, Aimee S.; Spatafora, Joseph W. (August 2004). "Multigene phylogeny reveals new lineage for Stachybotrys chartarum, the indoor air fungus" (PDF). Mycological Research. 108 (8): 864–72. doi:10.1017/S0953756204000607. PMID 15449591. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2019.
  2. ↑ Izabel, T.D.S.S.; Cruz, A.C.R.D.; Barbosa, F.R.; Ferreira, S.M.L.; Marques, M.F.O.; Gusmão, L.F.P. (2010). "The genus Stachybotrys anamorphic fungi) in the semi-arid region of Brazil". Rev. Bras. Bot. 33 (3): 479–487. doi:10.1590/S0100-84042010000300010.
  3. ↑ Lombard, L.; Houbraken, J.; Decock, C.; Samson, R.A.; Meijer, M.; Réblová, M.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Crous, P.W. (2016). "Generic hyper-diversity in Stachybotriaceae". Persoonia – Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 36 (1): 156–246. doi:10.3767/003158516X691582. PMC 4988370. PMID 27616791.
  4. ↑ Hyde, Kevin D.; Norphanphoun, C.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Bhat, D.J.; Jones, E.B.G.; Bundhun, D.; Chen, Y.J.; Bao, D.F.; Boonmee, S.; Calabon, M.S.; Chaiwan, N.; Chethana, K.W.T.; Dai, D.Q.; Dayarathne, M.C.; Devadatha, B. (2020). "Refined families of Sordariomycetes". Mycosphere. 11: 305–1059. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/7. S2CID 219808477. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  5. ↑ Nielsen, Kristian Fog (July 2003). "Mycotoxin production by indoor molds" (PDF). Fungal Genetics and Biology. 39 (2): 103–17. doi:10.1016/S1087-1845(03)00026-4. PMID 12781669. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2017.
  6. ↑ Andersen, Birgitte; Nielsen, Kristian F.; Thrane, Ulf; Szaro, Tim; Taylor, John W.; Jarvis, Bruce B. (2003). "Molecular and phenotypic descriptions of Stachybotrys chlorohalonata sp. nov. and two chemotypes of Stachybotrys chartarum found in water-damaged buildings" (PDF). Mycologia. 95 (6): 1227–38. doi:10.1080/15572536.2004.11833031. PMID 21149024. S2CID 203881222. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2018 – via the University of California Berkeley.
  7. ↑ Rudert, Amanda; Portnoy, Jay (2017). "Mold allergy: Is it real and what do we do about it?". Expert Review of Clinical Immunology. 13 (8): 823–835. doi:10.1080/1744666X.2017.1324298. PMID 28453304. S2CID 4755858.
  8. ↑ Chang, C.; Gershwin, M. E. (2019). "The Myth of Mycotoxins and Mold Injury". Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 57 (3): 449–455. doi:10.1007/s12016-019-08767-4. PMID 31608429. S2CID 204458646.
  9. ↑ "You Can Control Mold | CDC". 17 May 2021.
  10. ↑ Gao, Pengfei; Martin, Jennifer (June 2002). "Volatile metabolites produced by three strains of Stachybotrys chartarum cultivated on rice and gypsum board". Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 17 (6): 430–6. doi:10.1080/10473220290035462. PMID 12049433. NIOSHTIC No. 20022270.
  11. ↑ "Case Definition for Acute Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Infants". National Center for Environmental Health. Archived from the original on 15 November 2001.
  12. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (10 March 2000). "Update: Pulmonary Hemorrhage/Hemosiderosis Among Infants — Cleveland, Ohio, 1993–1996". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 49 (9): 180–4. PMID 11795499. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016.
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