State immunity

State immunity
principle of law (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	international law (en)

Koyarwa da ka'idojin kariya na kasa sun shafi kariyar da ake ba wa wata jiha daga shigar da kara a kotunan wasu jihohi. Dokokin sun shafi shari’ar da ake yi a kotunan wata jiha, ba na kotunan jihar ba. Dokokin sun samo asali ne a lokacin da ake tunanin cin zarafi ne ga wata kasa don kawo karar ta ko jami'anta a wata kasar waje.

A yanzu ana samun ci gaba a jihohi daban-daban zuwa ga keɓantacce mai yawa ga tsarin rigakafi; musamman ana iya tuhumar wata jiha a lokacin da rikici ya taso daga cinikin kasuwanci da wata jiha ta shiga ko kuma wani “aikin da ba na mulki ba” na wata jiha. Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kariyar Hukunce-hukuncen Jihohi da Kaddarorinsu, wanda har zuwa shekarar 2015 ba ta fara aiki ba, za ta Kuma sake tsarawa da daidaita ka'idoji da kebantattun su. Ba ya ɗaukar shari'ar laifuka kuma baya ƙyale ayyukan farar hula (misali kuɗi) don cin zarafin ɗan adam akan jami'an jihohi inda aka yi cin zarafi a wata ƙasa.

Lord Atkin (d.1944) ya lura da shi a babbar kotun Burtaniya a shekarar 1938:

Kotunan kasar ba za su hana wani dan kasar waje cikas ba, ma’ana ba za su sanya shi ba tare da son ransa ba a cikin shari’a ko shari’a ta shafi shari’ar da ake yi wa mutumin ko kuma a nemi a karbo masa takamammen kadarori ko diyya.

Babban abin da dokar ke nufi shi ne, wata kasa da duk wani mai mulki, sai dai idan ta zabi a yafe mata kariya, ba ta da hurumin kotunan kasashen waje da kuma aiwatar da umarnin kotu. Don haka ana kiyaye kishin doka, bisa ga al'ada tabbatar da duk wani ikon da ake ganin ba zai yiwu ba sai da izinin kasashen waje.

Hujjoji don kuma a kan keɓantacce

Wasu masu sharhi suna ganin bai kamata jihohi su kasance cikin kariya daga shari'o'in da suka shafi munanan take hakki ba . Suna jayayya cewa muhimman haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam kamar haƙƙin rayuwa da haramcin azabtarwa yakamata su kasance fifiko akan ƙa'idodin kariya na ƙasa (a fannin fasaha, sun zama ƙa'idodi na jus cogens ). Wasu kuma suna nuna cewa rigakafin ya kamata ya kasance ban da wanda ke ba da hujjar da ta dace, ba tare da wace jiha ba ta zama abin alhaki.

Masu adawa da wannan nau'in keɓantawa suna nuni da cewa ayyukan farar hula da marasa rai a wata ƙasa suka kawo wa wata ƙasa ka iya yin mummunar illar siyasa da tattalin arziki ga jihohin biyu; kuma shari'ar farar hula na iya tayar da matsaloli masu wahala na tilastawa da kuma ikon mallakar yanki . Suna jayayya cewa ya kamata a yi keɓancewar kariya a kowace ƙasa a cikin dokar cikin gida ta kowace ƙasa, ta yadda ma'anar ƙasar za ta yi amfani da su na cin zarafi, ƙa'idar hujja, da ƙa'idodin shaida.

A aikace

A ƙarƙashin dokar al'ada ta ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙasashe yawanci ba su da kariya daga shari'ar shari'a a wata jiha.

A wasu lokuta ana samun kariyar kariya ga ƙasashe a kotunan ƙasa da ƙasa da shari'ar ƙasa da ƙasa; Amma kuma ba sai dai idan yana aiki a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu kwangila (misali yin yarjejeniya game da hako mai da sayar da shi) ko kuma a cikin al'amuran iyakoki.

A ranar 3 ga Fabrairun shekarar 2012, game da batun <i id="mwKg">Jamus v.</i> <i id="mwKg">Italiya: Girka ta shiga tsakani</i>, Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya ta yanke hukunci da rinjaye na 12 zuwa 3 (12-3) cewa duk ƙoƙarin da kotunan cikin gida, tarurruka da kotuna suka yi na yin amfani da jus cogens da ke da alaƙa da dokokin jin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa sun mamaye su. rigakafi na jiha. Shari'ar ta tabbatar da dokar shari'ar daga yanke shawara a baya.  Wasu masu sharhi sun soki matakin kan rashin rungumar wani yunkuri na yafe kariyar da ake yi a lokuta na take hakkin dan Adam. Wasu kuma sun yi nuni da cewa shawarar ta nuna amincewar al'ada da al'adar kasa da kasa.

Hukuncin kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya ya shafi shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kasashe da ke cikin kotun. Ko da yake shari'o'in na iya haɗawa da ayyukan da shugabanni ke ɗauka a matsayinsu na hukuma (kamar umurci sojojin ƙasar da su yi kisan kiyashi), ana tuhumar su a kan daidaikun mutane maimakon gwamnatin ƙasar gaba ɗaya.

Amurka

Hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta shekarar 1812 The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon ya fassara dokar kasa da kasa ta al'ada ta hana wani mai jirgin ruwa kara don dawo da wani jirgin ruwa da gwamnatin Faransa ta kama, wanda ya tsaya don gyara a Philadelphia.

1976 Dokar Immunities na Ƙasashen waje gabaɗaya ta haramtawa gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje, sai dai a lokuta da aka yi watsi da rigakafi na jihohi; wasu da'awar admiralty ; ko ƙarar ta ƙunshi ayyukan kasuwanci, azabtarwa a cikin Amurka (kamar hatsarin ababen hawa), ko kwace dukiyoyi da suka saba wa dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Sashe na 221 na Dokar Yaƙi da Ta'addanci da Ingantacciyar Hukuncin Kisa na shekarata 1996 ya ƙara da banbanta ga waɗanda Amurka ke fama da ta'addanci, ga duk wata gwamnati da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amirka ta ayyana a matsayin mai ɗaukar nauyin ta'addanci . Dokar ba da izinin tsaro ta ƙasa na shekarar kasafin kuɗi ta shekarar 2008 ta ƙara keɓanta ga azabtarwa, kisan gilla, zagon ƙasa, da yin garkuwa da mutane . A shekara ta 2016, dokar da ke yaki da masu daukar nauyin ta'addanci, ta cire bukatar a saka sunan kasar da ke daukar nauyin ta'addanci a hukumance, ta yadda iyalan wadanda harin ya rutsa da su a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba su kai karar Saudiyya.

Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Kariyar Jiha

An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Kariyar Jiha a Basel a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1972 kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a cikin ƙasashe 8: Austria, Belgium, Jamus, Luxembourg, Netherlands (na Turai Netherlands), Switzerland da Ingila. Biyar daga cikin waɗancan (Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg da Switzerland) suma ƙungiyoyi ne a cikin ƙarin yarjejeniya, wanda ke kafa Kotunan Turai a cikin lamuran Kariya .

Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kariyar Hukunce-hukuncen Jihohi da Dukiyoyinsu

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kariyar Hukunce-hukuncen Jihohi da Kaddarorinsu a ranar 2 ga Disamban shekarata 2004 amma har yanzu ba ta fara aiki ba.

Yarjejeniyar ta buɗe don sanya hannu ga duk Jihohi har zuwa 17 ga Janairun shekarar 2007 kuma tana iya aiki a rana ta talatin bayan ranar ajiyar kayan aiki na talatin na amincewa, karɓa, amincewa ko shiga. Tun daga ranar 30 ga Satumban shekarar 2015, akwai masu rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar 28 kuma an ajiye kayan aikin 20 na amincewa.

Duba sauran wasu abubuwan

• Kariya daga tuhuma (dokar duniya)
• Dokar Kariya ta Ƙasashen Waje (Amurka)
• Ƙarfin ikon yanki

Nassoshi

• Dangane da shirin dokar kasa da kasa na Mayu 2005 daga masu magana Joanne Foakes da Elizabeth Wilmshurst, Gidan Chatham [1]

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• Rubutun Yarjejeniyar Turai akan Kariyar Jiha
• Rubutun Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kariyar Hukunce-hukuncen Jihohi da Dukiyoyinsu