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Tafkin Turkana

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Tafkin Turkana
General information
Height above mean sea level (en) Fassara 360 m
Tsawo 290 km
Fadi 32 km
Yawan fili 6,405 km²
Vertical depth (en) Fassara 109 m
Volume (en) Fassara 203,600 hm³
Labarin ƙasa
Map
Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa 4°03′N 36°01′E / 4.05°N 36.02°E / 4.05; 36.02
Bangare na Lake Turkana National Parks (en) Fassara
Kasa Kenya da Habasha
Hydrography (en) Fassara
Inflow (en) Fassara
Outflows (en) Fassara evaporation (en) Fassara
Residence time of water (en) Fassara 12.5 a
Watershed area (en) Fassara 130,860 km²

Tafkin Turkana Kwarin Rift na Kenya, a arewacin Kenya, tare da iyakar arewacinsa zuwa Habasha . Ita ce tafkin hamada mafi girma a duniya kuma mafi girman Tafkin alkaline a duniya. Ta hanyar girma ita ce tafkin gishiri na huɗu mafi girma a duniya bayan Tekun Caspian, Issyk-Kul, da Tafkin Van (ta hanyar raguwar Tekun Aral ta Kudu), kuma a cikin dukkan tabkuna tana cikin matsayi na 24.[1]

Tafkin Turkana yanzu yana fuskantar barazanar gina madatsar ruwa ta Gilgel Gibe III a Habasha saboda madatsar ruwan Kogin Omo wanda ke samar da mafi yawan ruwan tafkin.

Kodayake tafkin ya kasance - kuma har yanzu yana da - don ruwan sha, gishiri (mai ɗanɗano) da kuma matakan Fluoride masu yawa (mafi girma fiye da ruwa mai ƙanshi) gabaɗaya sun sa bai dace da sha kai tsaye ba, kuma ya kasance tushen cututtukan da aka yada ta hanyar gurbataccen ruwa. Ƙara, al'ummomi a bakin tekun sun dogara da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa don ruwan sha. Irin waɗannan halaye da ke sa ya zama bai dace da sha ba, yana iyakance amfani da shi a cikin ban ruwa. Yanayin yana da zafi kuma ya bushe sosai.

duwatsu da ke kewaye da su galibi dutsen wuta ne. Tsibirin Tsakiya dutsen wuta ne mai aiki, wanda ke fitar da tururi. Ana samun raƙuman ruwa da raƙuman duwatsu a gabas da kudancin tafkin, yayin da dunes, spits da flats ke yamma da arewa, a ƙasa.

Iska a bakin teku da kuma iska a bakin teku na iya zama mai karfi sosai, yayin da tafkin ke dumi da sanyi a hankali fiye da ƙasar. Ba zato ba tsammani, guguwa mai tsanani suna faruwa akai-akai. Koguna uku (Omo, Turkwel da Kerio) suna gudana cikin tafkin, amma ba tare da fitowa ba, asarar ruwa kawai ta hanyar evaporation. Girman tafkin da girman ya bambanta. Misali, matakin sa ya fadi da 10 m (33 ft) tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Duk da rashin fitowa, a cikin ilimin muhalli galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na - ko aƙalla yana da alaƙa da - kwandon Nilu saboda alaƙar da ta gabata da wannan tsarin da kuma kamanceceniya a cikin fauna na ruwa.

Saboda yanayin zafi na gida (ruwan samansa yawanci 27-31 ° C [81-88 ° F], kuma matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yankin gabaɗaya yayi kama ko dan kadan ya fi girma), bushewa da rashin isa ga ƙasa, tafkin yana riƙe da halayensa na daji. Ana samun aladu na Nilu da yawa a kan filayen bakin teku. Yankin duwatsu gida ne ga kunama da macizai. Tafkin yana da wadataccen kifi kuma kamun kifi yana da mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin yankin, amma wannan yana fuskantar barazanar faduwar ruwa da Yawan kamun kifi.

Gidan shakatawa na Lake Turkana yanzu an jera su a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO. Gidan shakatawa na Sibiloi yana kan gabar gabashin tafkin, yayin da Gidan shakata na Tsakiya da Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kudancin suna cikin tafkin. Dukansu biyu an san su da aladun Nilu.

An gano burbushin burbushin hominid da yawa a yankin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Turkana .

Yankin har yanzu yana ganin baƙi kaɗan, kasancewar tafiyar kwana biyu daga Nairobi. Tafkin kuma iyakar tunanin Rendille da Borana da Oromo ne zuwa ƙasar Turkana. Yankin ya samo asali ne daga yumɓu kuma ya fi alkaline fiye da ruwan teku.

Toponymy

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Bayan samun 'yancin Kenya, shugaban kasar, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta, ya sake masa suna a 1975 bayan Turkana, babbar kabilar da ke can. Turkana suna nufin tafkin a matsayin Anam Ka'alakol, ma'ana "teku na kifi da yawa". Daga sunan Ka'alakol ne Kalokol, wani gari a yammacin Tekun Turkana, gabashin Lodwar, ya samo sunansa. Sunan asalin Turkana na baya don Tafkin Turkana shine Ana da Cheper . 'Yan asalin da ke zaune a kusa da Tafkin Turkana sun hada da Turkana, Rendille, Gabbra, Daasanach, Hamar Koke, Karo, Nyagatom, Mursi, Surma, da mutanen Molo. Don wurin da yawancin waɗannan mutane suke, duba taswirar yaren a cikin labarin.

Tafkin Rudolf

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An fara kiran tafkin da sunan Lake Rudolf (don girmama Yarima Rudolf na Austria) ta Count Sámuel Teleki na Szék da na biyu a cikin kwamandansa Lieutenant Ludwig Ritter Von Höhnel, ɗan Hungary da Austrian, a ranar 6 ga Maris 1888. Su ne Turawa na farko da suka yi rikodin ziyartar tafkin bayan dogon Safari a Gabashin Afirka. Tafkin ya ci gaba da sunan Turai a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ta Gabashin Afirka. Koyaya, wanzuwar tafkin da siffarsa da wurinsa sanannu ne a Turai tun kafin Teleki ya ɗauki ziyararsa.

Tekun Jade

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A wani lokaci da ba a sani ba, tafkin ya sami wani madadin suna kamar Tekun Jade daga launi mai launin turquoise da aka gani yana gabatowa daga nesa. Launi ya fito ne daga algae da ke tashi zuwa farfajiyar a yanayin kwanciyar hankali. Wannan mai yiwuwa ne kuma sunan Turai.

Basso Narok

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J. W. Gregory ya ruwaito a cikin Jaridar Geographical Journal na 1894 cewa an kira shi "Basso Narok", ma'ana "Black Lake" a cikin Harshen Samburu. Hakazalika, ana kiran tafkin Habasha da ke kusa da shi "Basso Naibor" a Samburu, ma'ana "White Lake". Samburu suna daga cikin manyan kabilun da ke yankin tafkin Turkana lokacin da masu binciken suka zo." Menene asalin wannan magana, menene ma'anarsa, kuma a cikin wane harshe ba a bayyana ba.

Ilimin halittu

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Hoton tauraron dan adam na Tafkin Turkana, wanda za'a iya rarrabe shi daga launi na jade. Kogin Omo ya shiga saman. Kogin da ake gani a ƙasa a hagu shine Turkwel, wanda aka yi madatsar ruwa don wutar lantarki.

Biomes

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Manyan halittu sune tafkin da kansa, wanda shine yanayin ruwa, da yankin da ke kewaye da shi, wanda aka rarraba shi azaman hamada da shrubland. Yankin hamadar Chalbi yana gabashin tafkin. A lokacin da ake da ruwa, wani ciyawa mai bushe ya bayyana, wanda ke nuna Aristida adcensionis da A. mutabilis. A lokacin fari, ciyawa ta ɓace. Yankunan shrubs suna dauke da ƙananan shrubs, kamar Duosperma eremophilum da Indigofera spinosa . Kusa da tafkin akwai itatuwan dabino.

Plankton

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Yankin tafkin.

Dukkanin phytoplankton da zooplankton suna cikin tafkin. Daga cikin tsohuwar, cyanobacteria suna wakiltar Microcystis aeruginosa da microalgae ta Botryococcus braunii. Hakanan ana samun Anabaenopsis arnoldii, Planctonema lauterbornii, Oocystis gigas, Sphaerocystis schroeteri, da wasu. Zooplankton ya haɗa da copepods, cladocerans da protozoans.

Kifi

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Heterotis niloticus (Arowana na Afirka) misali ne na nau'in kifi a Tafkin Turkana

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran manyan tabkuna na Afirka, Turkana yana da nau'in kifi kaɗan. Tafkin yana da nau'ikan kifi kusan 50, gami da nau'o'in 12: cichlids Haplochromis macconneli, H. rudolfianus, H. turkanae da Hemichromis exsul, barb Enteromius turkanae, catfish Chrysichthys turkana, ɗan fashi tetras Brycinus ferox da B. minutus, Rudolf Lates longispinis, lampeyes Lacustricola jeanneli da Micropanchaxolfianus. da cyprinidella.[2] Wadanda ba a san su ba sun haɗa da nau'o'in kamar Nilu tilapia, mango tilapia bichirs, giwayen giwa Mormyrus kannume, Afirka arowana, kifin wuka na Afirka, Distichodus niloticus, Nile perch da sauransu da yawa.[3] A farkon Holocene, matakin ruwa na tafkin ya fi girma, kuma ya cika cikin Kogin Nilu, yana ba da damar kifi da aladu. Sakamakon haka, kifaye da ba na gida ba a cikin tafkin galibi nau'in kogi ne na asalin Nilotic.[2] Wasu daga cikin wadanda ba na gida ba sa haifuwa a cikin tafkin, amma suna ƙaura zuwa Kogin Omo da sauran masu arziki don haifuwa.[2] An kama kifi sosai a tafkin.

Tsuntsaye

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Tsuntsaye

Yankin Tafkin Turkana gida ne ga daruruwan nau'ikan tsuntsaye da ke asali daga Kenya.[4] Tsarin rami na Gabashin Afirka yana kuma zama hanyar hijirar tsuntsaye, wanda ke kawo karin daruruwan nau’uka. Tsuntsayen suna samun ceto ne daga tarin plankton da ke cikin tafkin, wanda ke ciyar da kifi.

Wasu daga cikin tsuntsayen da ake yawan samu a yankin Turkana sun hada da little stint, wood sandpiper, da common sandpiper. Tsuntsu mai suna African skimmer (Rhyncops flavirostris) yana yin gida a bakin ruwan Tsibirin Tsakiya. White-breasted cormorant (Phalacrocorax lucidus) yana yawo a cikin tafkin, tare da wasu tsuntsaye masu rayuwa a cikin ruwa. Greater flamingo yana yawo a cikin raunukan ruwan tafkin. Ana kuma samun Heuglin's bustard (Neotis heuglinii) a gabashin yankin tafkin.

Dabbobin Ruwa masu Sheƙaƙe

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Kunkuru mai zama a cikin laka

A da, tafkin ya kasance da mafi yawan yawan kada na Afirka: guda 14,000, kamar yadda wani bincike na shekarar 1968 da Alistair Graham ya gudanar ya nuna.[5]

Tafkin na da yawan kunkuru masu girma da ke rayuwa cikin ruwa, musamman a yankin Tsibirin Tsakiya. Turkana mud turtle dabba ce da ke musamman a tafkin kawai.[6]

Dabbobin Ƙasa masu Nonon jiki

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Zabarin Grevy

A cikin savannah mai ƙurciya, ana samun wasu ‘yan dabbobi masu kiwo da kuma masu farauta. Masu kiwon sun hada da Zabarin Grevy, Zabarin Burchell, Beisa oryx, Grant's gazelle, topi da kuma reticulated giraffe. Masu farauta sun hada da zaki da kuma damisa. Ana samun Gajimare da kuma baƙar giwa a baya, kodayake ba a ganin su yanzu. Teleki ya bayyana cewa ya gan su (har ya harbe su) a lokacin tafiyarsa. A kusa da ƙasa mai kura akwai cushioned gerbil (Gerbillus pulvinatus).[7]

Kimiyyar Kasa

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View of Lake Turkana with the Koobi Fora formations in the background.
View of Lake Turkana with the tsarukan Koobi Fora a bayansa.

Tabkin Turkana wani ɓangare ne na fasalin Ramin Gabas na Afirka.[8] Rami (rift) wuri ne da ƙasa ta rauni saboda rabuwa tsakanin faranti na tectonic guda biyu, wanda sau da yawa ke haifar da graben, ko ƙasan kwari, inda ruwa zai iya taruwa. Ramin ya fara ne lokacin da Gabashin Afirka, saboda motsin mantul (ƙasa mai taushi a karkashin duniya),[9] ya fara rabewa daga sauran Afirka, yana motsawa zuwa arewa maso gabas. Yanzu haka, graben yana da faɗin kilomita 320 a arewacin tabkin, da kilomita 170 a kudu. Wannan rift ɗin ana kiran sa Ramin Gabas ko Babban Rami. Akwai wani kuma a yamma, wanda ake kira Ramin Yamma.

Tabkin Turkana wata ƙasa ce mai ban mamaki a tsarin yanayin Gabashin Afirka. Bayan kasancewarsa tabki a cikin hamada, shine kaɗai tabki da ke tara ruwa daga yankuna biyu masu banbanci na kogin Nilu. Ruwan tabkin yana zuwa ne daga tsaunukan Kenya da tsaunukan Habasha.

Taswirar tabkin Turkana

Dutsen tushe (basement rocks) na yankin an gano su a matsayin na shekaru miliyan 522 da 510 da suka wuce. Babu wani rift a lokacin. Samuwar rift yana zuwa ne da ayyukan aman wuta da ke bayyana raunin ƙasa. Ayyukan aman wuta na farko a yankin sun faru ne a tsaunukan Nabwal a arewa maso gabashin Turkana kuma an ƙiyasta shi da shekaru miliyan 34.8 da suka gabata a ƙarshen zamanin Eocene.[10]

Abubuwan da ake iya gani na motsin ƙasa (tectonics) a yankin sun fito ne daga yawan zubowar dutsen basalt a yankin kwarin Turkana-Omo a tsakanin shekaru miliyan 4.18 zuwa 3.99 da suka wuce.[11] Wadannan su ne Gombe Group Basalts, waɗanda aka raba zuwa Mursi Basalts da Gombi Basalts.

Waɗannan basalts na Mursi da Gombi su ne dutsen da ke bayyana a cikin tsaunuka da hamada masu dutsen kusa da tabkin. A bangaren Omo na kwari, Mursi Basalts sun hada da Formation Mursi a yammacin kogin Omo, Nkalabong a kan Omo, da kuma Usno da Shungura a gabashin Omo. Mafi shahara cikin waɗannan tsarukan su ne Koobi Fora a gabashin Turkana da Nachukui a yammacin tabkin.

Canje-canje na ɗan lokaci a matakin tabki tare da aman toka na lokaci-lokaci daga duwatsu masu aman wuta sun haifar da matakai daban-daban a saman ƙasa. Ana iya gano shekarun waɗannan matakan ta hanyar nazarin sinadarai na toka mai laushi (tuff).[12] Saboda yankin yana daga cikin wuraren da ake zargin asalinsu da rayuwar ɗan adam (hominin), ana duba waɗannan kwanaki da mahimmanci domin ƙirƙirar tarihin samfuran fossil na ɗan adam da na dabbobi. An tono dubban nau’o’in irin waɗannan abubuwa a yankin.

Matakan gabar ruwa da ke nuna inda ruwa ya tsaya a dā suna nan a cikin Kwari Turkana. Mafi tsawo shine kimanin mita 100 sama da matakin ruwan yanzu (wanda ke bambanta), wanda ya faru kimanin shekaru 9500 da suka gabata, a ƙarshen zamanin Pleistocene a lokacin Lokacin Danshi na Afirka.[13] Ana hasashen cewa a wancan lokacin, Turkana tana cikin tsarin kogin Nilu, daga kudu da Lake Baringo har zuwa White Nile a arewa, kafin rugujewar kasa ta katse haɗin. Wannan yana bayani kan dalilin da yasa akwai dabbobin kogin Nilu a cikin tabkin, kamar kada da kifi Nile perch. Ruwa mai yawa ya sake faruwa kimanin shekaru 9000, 6000 da 5000 da suka gabata, kowanne yana bin faduwar ruwa fiye da mita 40 cikin ƙasa da shekaru 200.[13] Ana ganin canjin matsayi na Congo Air Boundary ya shafi iskar danshi daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa Gabashin Afirka,[14][15] wanda hakan ya shafi matakin ruwan Turkana da sauran tabkuna a yankin.[13][16]

Wurin binciken archaeastronomy na Namoratunga, wanda aka kimanta yana kusa da shekara 300 kafin haihuwar Yesu (BCE), yana kusa da tabkin Turkana.

Kimiyyar Dan Adam (Anthropology)

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An gano ƙasusuwan dā na farkon magabatan ɗan adam a Kwarin Turkana. Tafkin Turkana na da suna a matsayin mafari na rayuwar ɗan adam saboda nau’o’in hominid masu yawa da aka gano suna rayuwa a wurin a zamanai daban-daban masu nisan shekaru miliyoyi. Wannan gano ƙasusuwan ya taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda ɗan adam ya samo asali kuma yana nuna cewa sun samo asali daga wasu magabata daban-daban, ba daga tushe ɗaya kawai ba.[17]

Canje-canje a dajin da ke kewaye da su ya tilasta wa mutanen farko su saba da rayuwa a buɗaɗɗen daji, wanda ya sa suka fi fuskantar barazana daga dabbobin da ke cin nama. Tashin gawayi daga aman wuta da bushewar yanayi ya taimaka wajen adana waɗannan ƙasusuwan, sai dai hakan ya sa tafkin ya taɓa raguwa ko ɓacewa a wasu lokuta.

A wani kwarin da babu ruwa, wurin da aka kira Lomekwi 3, an gano manyan duwatsu da aka yi amfani da su kamar guduma, anvil da kayan yanka. Amma samuwar fasahar Acheulean ta sa amfani da kayan aiki bai zama abin bambanci tsakanin nau’o’in Homo ba, kasancewar Australopithecus afarensis suma sun riga sun fara amfani da kayan aiki tun kafin zuwan jinsin Homo fiye da shekaru miliyan 3.3 da suka wuce.[18]

An gano ƙasusuwan Australopithecus anamensis da Meave Leakey ta gano a 1994, kuma suna da shekaru kimanin miliyan 4, wanda hakan ya maida farkon lokacin tafiya da ƙafa zuwa baya da kusan rabin miliyan. Richard Leakey ya jagoranci yawancin binciken ilimin ɗan adam a wannan yanki wanda ya haifar da gano muhimman ƙasusuwan hominin.

A shekarar 1972, an gano ƙasusuwa mai shekaru miliyan biyu da aka sani da skull 1470. Da farko an ɗauka cewa na Homo habilis ne, amma daga bisani an ba shi sunan Homo rudolfensis a 1986 daga tsohon sunan tafkin (Rudolf), wanda V. P. Alexeev ya bayar. A 1984, an gano Turkana Boy, isasshen sassan ƙasusuwa na ɗan yaro na Homo ergaster da Kamoya Kimeu ya gano. A kwanan nan, Meave Leakey ta gano ƙasusuwa mai shekaru miliyan 3.5 da aka bai wa suna Kenyanthropus platyops ("mutumin fuskar faffaɗa na Kenya").

Marta Mirazón Lahr ta gano shaidar fari da ya faru tsakanin mutane a wurin da ake kira Nataruk, wanda ke kusa da bakin tsohon tafkin Turkana. An gano ƙasusuwan mutane masu yawa da suka nuna rauni a kai, wuya, ƙirji, gwiwa da hannu, wanda ya nuna rikicin kungiyoyi tsakanin mafarauta masu yawon buɗe ido shekaru 10,000 da suka wuce.[19] Fiye da mutane 230 an gano su a wurin Koobi Fora a gabar yammacin tafkin, tare da ƙasusuwan Homo sapiens masu alamar rauni a gabar gabashin tafkin a wurin Nataruk. Wannan yanki na ba da cikakken haske kan yadda waɗannan tsofaffin mutane suka rayu da kuma yadda suka daidaita da sauyin yanayi.[20]

Homo erectus shine mafi kusa da Homo sapiens a cikin magabata, kuma ana ganin shine farkon hominin da ya ketara Corridor na Levant daga Afirka zuwa Turai da Asiya shekaru miliyan 1.8 da suka wuce.[21]

Ana samun kungiyoyin harsuna da dama a yankin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Turkana,[22] wanda ke nuna yawan ƙaura da motsin mutane daban-daban tsawon dubban shekaru. A yau, akwai ƙungiyoyin harsuna guda uku na Nilotic (Nilo-Saharan) da Cushitic (Afro-Asiatic), waɗanda suka rabu zuwa harsuna sama da 12 a kewaye da tafkin.[23] A farkon Holocene (lokacin da ruwan tafkin ke da yawa), kamun kifi da tattara abinci na daji sun kasance hanyar samun abinci. Wannan ya zama ya ragu yayin da ake fara kiwon dabbobi shekaru 5000 da suka wuce, lokacin da ruwan tafkin ke canzawa da sauri.[24] A ƙarshe na Holocene, mutane sun mayar da hankali sosai wajen kamun kifi idan ruwa ya ƙaru, sannan su koma kiwon dabbobi idan ruwa ya ragu.[24] Ana iya samun kaburbura manya na duwatsu a gabar tafkin wanda ke da alaƙa da lokacin da aka fara shigo da dabbobi da aka mallaka a yankin kimanin shekaru 5000 da suka wuce,[25] daga baya kuma an fara binne mutane a ƙananan kaburbura na duwatsu.[26] Mutanen da ke zaune a yankin a yau suna yin rayuwar haɗin gwiwa ta rayuwa, suna musanya tsakanin farauta, kamun kifi da kiwon dabbobi dangane da yanayin shekara.[24] Sai dai, gina cibiyoyin addini (mision), ayyukan hakar makamashi (isko, mai) da wuraren raba taimako daga kungiyoyin NGO sun ƙara haɗa yankin da waje da kuma dogaro da su wajen samun abinci.[27][28]

Gidan Wuta na mai aiki da Iska

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Kungiyar Lake Turkana Wind Power (LTWP) na shirin samar da megawatt 310 na wutar lantarki zuwa layin wutar lantarki na kasa a Kenya ta amfani da yanayin iska na musamman da ke kewaye da tafkin.[29] Shirin na bukatar turbin iska guda 365, kowanne na da karfin kilowatts 850. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2016, an rigaya an girka turbin 155 kuma ana sa ran kammala aikin a shekarar 2017. Wannan zai kasance mafi girman aikin wutar iska a nahiyar Afirka.[30]

An kammala aikin gaba ɗaya kuma ya fara aiki da cikakken iko a watan Maris 2019. A watan Maris 2021, aikin ya kai cikakken amfani da damar da ake da ita (wato megawatt 310 gaba ɗaya).[31]

Dam

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An riga an fara gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III a ƙasar Habasha a kan Kogin Omo, tare da amincewa gaba ɗaya cewa hakan zai rage yawan ruwa da ke gangarowa ƙasa da kuma rage yawan ruwa da ke shiga Tafkin Turkana na ƙasar Kenya, wanda ke samun kusan kashi 90 cikin 100 na ruwansa daga wannan kogi. A cewar rahoton ARWG [Ana bukatan hujja], waɗannan canje-canje za su lalata hanyoyin rayuwa na aƙalla mutane 200,000 masu kiwon dabbobi da noman da ke dogaro da ambaliya da kamun kifi a gabar Kogin Omo, da kuma mutane 300,000 masu kiwon dabbobi da kamun kifi a gabar Tafkin Turkana – lamarin da zai jefa ƙabilun yankin cikin rikici mai tsanani da ya shafi kan iyaka har ya kai ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu, yayinda yunwa ke barazana ga rayuwarsu.

Rahoton ya bayyana yadda tsarin ci gaba mai gagarumar illa ke tafiya bisa bukatun masu hannu da shuni na ƙasa da ƙasa da na gwamnatocin Afirka. A cikin hakan, rahoton ya gano barazana da dama da aka yi watsi da su ko rage muhimmancinsu, ciki har da hasashen Hukumar Nazarin Ƙasa ta Amurka na yiwuwar girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi tsakanin girma 7 ko 8 a yankin da ake gina madatsar ruwa ta Gibe III.

Tasiri a Tafkin Turkana

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Matsayin tasirin da madatsar ruwan da kuma shirin ban ruwa da ta haifar za su yi ga matakin ruwa a Tafkin Turkana na da sabani. Binciken ilimin ruwa da aka gudanar don Bankin Ci gaban Afirka a watan Nuwamba 2010 ya nuna cewa cika madatsar zai rage matakin ruwa a tafkin da mita biyu, idan ba a fara aikin ban ruwa ba. Idan aka fara ban ruwa, hakan zai ƙara rage ruwan tafkin.

Ƙungiyar Friends of Lake Turkana, wata ƙungiya ta 'yan Kenya da ke wakiltar ƙabilun asali a arewa maso yammacin Kenya waɗanda ke rayuwa da dogaro da tafkin, ta bayyana a da cewa madatsar za ta iya rage matakin tafkin da mita 10 wanda zai shafi har zuwa mutane 300,000. Hakan zai iya sa ruwa mai ɗan gishiri ya ƙara yawan gishirinsa har ya daina dacewa da sha ga ƙabilun da ke kewaye da tafkin. A halin yanzu, ruwa na da gishiri kimanin 2332 mg/L, kuma ana ƙiyasta cewa idan tafkin ya ragu da mita 10, gishirin zai ƙaru zuwa 3397 mg/L. Wannan ƙaruwa a gishiri zai iya rage yawan kifin da ke cikin tafkin ƙwarai, wanda mutanen da ke kewaye da tafkin ke dogara da shi don samun abinci da kuma rayuwa. A cewar masu suka, wannan "zai jefa tafkin cikin wani mutuwa mai ci gaba amma ba da sauri ba."

A cewar masu goyon bayan madatsar, tasirin da madatsar za ta yi wa tafkin Turkana zai iyakance ne ga raguwar ruwa na ɗan lokaci yayin da ake cika madatsar. Majiyoyi da dama sun bayyana cewa cikar na iya ɗaukar tsakanin kakar damina guda ɗaya zuwa uku. Jimillar ruwan da madatsar Gibe III za ta iya rike wa zai kasance tsakanin biliyan 11.75 zuwa 14 na mita kubik, bisa ga majiyoyi daban-daban. A cewar kamfanin da ke gina madatsar, wannan zai rage ruwan tafkin da “ƙasa da santimita 50 a shekara tsawon shekaru uku” kuma gishirin “ba zai canza ba ko kaɗan.”

A cewar Kwamitin Ƙasa da Muhalli na Tafkuna na Ƙasa da Ƙasa, kashi 90 cikin 100 na ruwan Tafkin Turkana daga Kogin Omo ne, wanda ake gina madatsar a kansa. Ba tare da bututun fitar ruwa ba, Tafkin Turkana na rasa kimanin mita 2.3 na ruwansa kowace shekara ta hanyar zufa, kuma matakin ruwansa yana canzawa bisa ga yanayi da kuma lokutan shekara. Don kwatantawa, matakin tafkin a tarihi ya taɓa yin ƙaruwa da mita 20 fiye da yadda yake a yanzu a cikin shekarun 1890, sannan ya koma yadda yake yanzu a cikin shekarun 1940 zuwa 1950. Daga nan sai ya ƙara hauhawa da mita 7 zuwa saman sa a shekarar 1980, sannan kuma ya fara sauka a hankali.

Takaitaccen rahoton Binciken Tasirin Muhalli da Jama’a (ESIA) na aikin bai tantance tasirin da madatsar za ta yi wa matakin ruwa da ingancin ruwan Tafkin Turkana ba. Daraktan Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ruwa ta Kenya, John Nyaoro, ya bayyana cewa madatsar ba za ta yi wa tafkin wani illa ba.

Wani rahoto daga Gwamnatin Kenya a shekarar 2021 ya kiyasta cewa fadin saman Tafkin Turkana ya ƙaru da kashi 10 cikin 100 tsakanin shekarar 2010 da 2020.[32][33]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Lake Turkana in Kenya - The Jade Sea". www.kenyasafari.com. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Lake Turkana. Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. Accessed 2 May 2011
  3. ↑ "Freshwater Fish Species in Lake Turkana [East Africa]". TropicalFreshwaterFish.com. Retrieved 2023-02-07.[permanent dead link]
  4. ↑ Intanet na dauke da shafuka da dama da ke bayar da sunayen kimiyya, bayanai da hotunan tsuntsaye da ake samu a kusa da tafkin: Shafin Filin Kiwon Dabbobi na Sibiloi Archived 29 Oktoba 2006 at the Wayback Machine, shafin Kenya Birds Archived 9 Disamba 2006 at the Wayback Machine, shafin African Bird Image Database Archived 22 Disamba 2010 at the Wayback Machine, shafin BirdLife International, da wasu da dama.
  5. ↑ Alistair Graham, Eyelids of Morning
  6. ↑ Rhodin, A.G.J.; Iverson, J.B.; Bour, R.; Fritz, U.; Georges, A.; Shaffer, H.B.; van Dijk, P.P.; et al. (Turtle Taxonomy Working Group) (2017). Rhodin, A.G.J.; Iverson, J.B.; van Dijk, P.P.; Saumure, R.A.; Buhlmann, K.A.; Pritchard, P.C.H.; Mittermeier, R.A. (eds.). Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. Chelonian Research Monographs. Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. 7 (8 ed.). pp. 1–292. doi:10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017. ISBN 9781532350269.
  7. ↑ "Tafkin Turkana". www.kenya-and-beyond.com (in Turanci). 2016-09-21. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  8. ↑ Gabatarwa mai kyau na kunshe ne a shafin Regions of Kenya Archived 13 Mayu 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ↑ FURMAN, TANYA; KALETA, KELLY M.; BRYCE, JULIA G.; HANAN, BARRY B. (2006-03-21). "Tertiary Mafic Lavas of Turkana, Kenya: Constraints on East African Plume Structure and the Occurrence of High-μ Volcanism in Africa". Journal of Petrology. 47 (6): 1221–1244. doi:10.1093/petrology/egl009. ISSN 1460-2415.
  10. ↑ McDougall, Ian; Watkins, Ronald T. (January 2006). "Geochronology of the Nabwal Hills: a record of earliest magmatism in the northern Kenyan Rift Valley". Geological Magazine (in Turanci). 143 (1): 25–39. Bibcode:2006GeoM..143...25M. doi:10.1017/S0016756805001184. ISSN 1469-5081.
  11. ↑ See Mineral chemistry of Turkana basalts and implications for basin development, Karla Knudson, Louise Miltich, Nick Swanson-Hysell. The article is highly technical. Look for the summaries.
  12. ↑ McDougall, Ian; Brown, Francis H. (January 2006). "Precise 40Ar/39Ar geochronology for the upper Koobi Fora Formation, Turkana Basin, northern Kenya". Journal of the Geological Society. 163 (1): 205–220. Bibcode:2006JGSoc.163..205M. doi:10.1144/0016-764904-166. ISSN 0016-7649.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Bloszies, C.; Forman, S. L.; Wright, D. K. (1 September 2015). "Water level history for Lake Turkana, Kenya in the past 15,000 years and a variable transition from the African Humid Period to Holocene aridity". Global and Planetary Change. 132: 64–76. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.06.006.
  14. ↑ Costa, Kassandra; Russell, James; Konecky, Bronwen; Lamb, Henry (1 January 2014). "Isotopic reconstruction of the African Humid Period and Congo Air Boundary migration at Lake Tana, Ethiopia". Quaternary Science Reviews. 83: 58–67. Bibcode:2014QSRv...83...58C. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.10.031.
  15. ↑ Tierney, Jessica E.; Russell, James M.; Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap S.; Huang, Yongsong; Verschuren, Dirk (1 April 2011). "Late Quaternary behavior of the East African monsoon and the importance of the Congo Air Boundary". Quaternary Science Reviews. 30 (7–8): 798–807. Bibcode:2011QSRv...30..798T. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.01.017.
  16. ↑ Junginger, Annett; Roller, Sybille; Olaka, Lydia A.; Trauth, Martin H. (15 February 2014). "The effects of solar irradiation changes on the migration of the Congo Air Boundary and water levels of paleo-Lake Suguta, Northern Kenya Rift, during the African Humid Period (15–5 ka BP)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 396: 1–16. Bibcode:2014PPP...396....1J. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.12.007.
  17. ↑ Herrero, Hannah (20 May 2022). "Discoveries at Lake Turkana".
  18. ↑ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia (21 Jan 2016). "Lake Turkana remains".
  19. ↑ Lahr, M. Mirazón (2016). "Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya". Nature. 529 (7586): 394–398. doi:10.1038/nature16477.
  20. ↑ Bush, Eliot (27 Jun 2020). "The Meaning of Time in the Place Where Humanity's Earliest Ancestors Arose". Scientific American.
  21. ↑ Hogenboom, Melissa (9 Dec 2015). "The Importance of Lake Turkana".
  22. ↑ Lynch, B. M.; Robbins, L. H. (1 July 1979). "Cushitic and Nilotic Prehistory: New Archaeological Evidence from North-West Kenya". The Journal of African History. 20 (3): 319–328. doi:10.1017/S0021853700017333.
  23. ↑ Ehret, Christopher (1998). Eastern and Southern Africa in World History 1000 BC to AD 400. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 9780813920573.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Wright, David K.; Forman, Steven L.; Kiura, Purity; Bloszies, Christopher; Beyin, Amanuel (27 June 2015). "Lakeside View: Sociocultural Responses to Changing Water Levels of Lake Turkana, Kenya". African Archaeological Review. 32 (2): 335–367. doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9185-8.
  25. ↑ Grillo, Katherine M.; Hildebrand, Elisabeth A. (1 June 2013). "The context of early megalithic architecture in eastern Africa: the Turkana Basin c. 5000–4000 BP". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 48 (2): 193–217. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2013.789188.
  26. ↑ D.K. Wright, K.M. Grillo & R. Soper. "Stone Cairns and Material Culture of the Middle to Late Holocene, Lake Turkana". www.african-archaeology.de.
  27. ↑ McCabe, Terrance (1990). "Success and Failure: The Breakdown of Traditional Drought Coping Institutions Among the Pastoral Turkana of Kenya". African and Asian Studies. 25 (3): 146–160.
  28. ↑ MONTCLOS, M.-A. P. D.; KAGWANJA, P. M. (1 June 2000). "Refugee Camps or Cities? The Socio-economic Dynamics of the Dadaab and Kakuma Camps in Northern Kenya". Journal of Refugee Studies. 13 (2).
  29. ↑ "Home - Lake Turkana Wind Power" (in Turanci). 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
  30. ↑ Browne, Pete (2010-03-16). "Africa's Largest Wind Project Advances". Green Blog (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-02-07.
  31. ↑ "Lake Turkana Wind Project - Our journey". Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  32. ↑ Tobiko, Keriako (2021). "Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria" (PDF). Kenya Government and UNDP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-16.
  33. ↑ Baraka, Carey (2022-03-17). "A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater". the Guardian (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-03-17.
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