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Tafkin Urmia

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Tafkin Urmia
General information
Height above mean sea level (en) Fassara 1,270 m
Tsawo 140 km
Fadi 55 km
Yawan fili 5,200 km²
Vertical depth (en) Fassara 16 m
Volume (en) Fassara 45 km³
Suna bayan Urmia (en) Fassara
Labarin ƙasa
Map
Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa 37°39′43″N 45°24′18″E / 37.662°N 45.405°E / 37.662; 45.405
Kasa Iran
Territory West Azarbaijan Province (mul) Fassara da East Azarbaijan Province (mul) Fassara
Hydrography (en) Fassara
Inflow (en) Fassara
Outflows (en) Fassara no value
Watershed area (en) Fassara 50,000 km²
Ruwan ruwa Urmia basin (en) Fassara

 

Rage girman Tafkin Urmia
Tafkin Urmia, NW Iran, Satumba 2015

Tafkin Urmia [lower-alpha 1] tabkin gishiri ne na endorheic a Iran . [1] Tafkin yana tsakanin lardunan gabashin Azarbaijan da yammacin Azarbaijan a kasar Iran, da yammacin kudancin tekun Caspian . A mafi girman girmansa, ita ce tafki mafi girma a Gabas ta Tsakiya . Shine tafkin ruwa na gishiri na shida mafi girma a Duniya, mai fadin kasa kusan 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) , tsawon 140 kilometres (87 mi), fadin 70 kilometres (43 mi), kuma matsakaicin zurfin 20 metres (66 ft) . [2]

A ƙarshen 2017, tafkin ya ragu zuwa 10% na girmansa na baya (da 1/60 na yawan ruwa a cikin 1998) saboda ci gaba da fari a Iran, amma kuma da madatsar koguna na cikin gida da ke gudana cikinsa, da kuma famfo na ruwan kasa daga yankin da ke kewaye.[3] Wannan bushewar ta karya a cikin 2019 kuma tafkin yanzu ya sake cikawa, saboda karuwar ruwan sama da ruwa daga Kogin Zab a karkashin Shirin Binciken Tafkin Urmia.[4]

Tafkin Urmia, tare da kusan tsibirai 102 (tsoffin), an kare shi a matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa ta Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Iran.

Sunayen da kuma asalin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
People visiting a boat on Lake Urmia
Mutanen da ke ziyartar jirgin ruwa a Tafkin Urmia

Richard Nelson Frye ya ba da shawarar asalin Urarti don sunan, yayin da T. Burrow ya haɗa asalin sunan Urmia zuwa Indo-Iran urmi- "wave" da urmya- "undulating, wavy". [5] Mai yiwuwa Etymology zai fito ne daga Neo-Aramaic ( Sureth ) wanda ake magana hanyar raguwar adadin tsoffin Kiristocin da ke kusa da birnin Urmia, wanda ya ƙunshi ma'anar ur "birni," da mia ma'ana "ruwa." Tare, "birnin ruwa", abin da Urmia birni ne: wani birni a kan ruwa na eponymous lake. Sunan kuma zai iya samowa daga haɗakar kalmomin Aramaic na Assuriyawa Ur ( ܐܘܪ ; sunan gama gari na garuruwan da ke kusa da Mesofotamiya, ma'ana "birni") da Mia ( Syriac ), "Birnin Ruwa" yana nufin birnin da ke kusa. [6]

A wurin, ana kiran tafkin a cikin Farisa da Daryâče-ye Orumiye ( دریاچهٔ ارومیه ), in Azerbaijan as Urmu gölü ( اۇرمۇ گؤلۆ ). Sunan Armeniya na gargajiya shine Kaputan tsov ( Կապուտան ծով ), a zahiri "teku blue". Mazauna tsibirin Shahi suna kiran tafkin da ke Azerbaijan a matsayin Daryā ( دریا, ma'ana "Teku"). [7] [8]

Sunan tsohuwar Farisa Chichast, ma'ana "mai kyalkyali", nuni ga barbashin ma'adinai masu walƙiya da aka dakatar a cikin ruwan tafkin kuma aka same su a bakin tekun. Girkawa suna kiranta Spauta (Σπαῦτα), haka ] [ ya kasance daidai da Μαρτιανὴ λίμνη na Ptolemy.

Archaeology da tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yanik Tepe wani wuri ne na tarihi a gabashin Tekun Urmia, wanda C. A. Burney ya tono a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960. An kafa wannan yanki tun daga 6000 BC. Akwai babban rukuni na shafuka a kudancin Tafkin Urmia waɗanda aka tono. Sun hada da Dalma Tepe, Teppe Hasanlu, da Geoy Tepe . Hajji Firuz Tepe na iya kasancewa na farko daga cikin waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon.

Dangane da sabbin jerin sunayen halittu masu yawa a Tafkin Urmia a cikin 2014 da 2016, gida ne ga nau'ikan 62 na archaebacteria da ƙwayoyin cuta, nau'ikan 42 na microfungi, nau'in 20 na phytoplankton, nau'o'in 311 na shuke-shuke, nau'i biyar na mollusca, nau'en tsuntsaye 226, nau'ikan amphibians da dabbobi masu rarrafe da nau'in 24 na dabbobi masu shayarwa an rubuta burbushin a yankin [9] .[10]

Tafkin Urmia yanki ne mai rijista a duniya a matsayin UNESCO Biosphere Reserve da kuma shafin Ramsar. [11] Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Iran ta sanya mafi yawan tafkin a matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa.[12]

Wani fari na baya-bayan nan ya rage yawan ruwan da tafkin ke samu a shekara-shekara. Wannan kuma ya kara gishiri na ruwan tafkin, yana rage yiwuwar zama gida ga dubban tsuntsaye masu ƙaura, gami da yawan flamingo. Salinity ya karu musamman a rabin tafkin arewacin Urmia Lake Bridge.

Ta hanyar yawan gishiri, tafkin ba ya riƙe kowane nau'in kifi. Duk da haka, ana ɗaukar Tafkin Urmia a matsayin muhimmiyar wurin zama na Artemia, wanda ke aiki a matsayin tushen abinci ga tsuntsaye masu ƙaura kamar flamingos. A farkon shekara ta 2013, an nakalto shugaban Cibiyar Binciken Artemia ta Iran cewa Artemia urmiana ta ƙare saboda karuwar salinity. Koyaya wannan kimantawa ya saba wa, kuma an gano wani yawan wannan nau'in kwanan nan a cikin Koyashskoye Salt Lake a yankin Crimea. [13]

Raguwar matakin da karuwar gishiri

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tafkin dai wani babban shamaki ne tsakanin Urmia da Tabriz, biyu daga cikin muhimman biranen lardunan yammacin Azarbaijan da Gabashin Azarbaijan . [14] An fara aikin gina babbar hanya a kan tafkin a cikin shekarun 1970 amma an yi watsi da shi bayan juyin juya halin Iran na 1979, wanda ya bar 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) hanya tare da rata marar iyaka. [15] An sake farfado da aikin a farkon 2000s, kuma an kammala shi a cikin Nuwamba 2008 tare da buɗe 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) Gadar tafkin Urmia ta tsallake ragowar tazarar. [16] Yanayin gishiri mai yawa ya riga ya yi tsatsa da ƙarfe akan gada duk da maganin lalata. Masana sun yi gargadin cewa gina hanyar da gada, tare da jerin abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli, za su haifar da bushewar tafkin, tare da mayar da shi wani gishiri mai gishiri, wanda zai yi mummunar tasiri ga yanayin yankin.

Ginin gada a kan Tafkin Urmia a shekara ta 2005

Tafkin Urmia yana raguwa na dogon lokaci, tare da yawan evaporation na shekara-shekara na 0.6 zuwa 1 in). Kodayake yanzu ana daukar matakai don juyar da yanayin, tafkin ya ragu da kashi 60% kuma yana iya ɓacewa gaba ɗaya. Kashi 5% ne kawai na ruwan tafkin ya rage.

A ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, Muhammad-Javad Muhammadizadeh, shugaban kungiyar kare muhalli ta Iran, ya ba da sanarwar cewa Armenia ta amince da canja wurin ruwa don magance mummunar faduwar ruwa a matakin ruwan Tafkin Urmia, yana mai cewa "yanayi mai zafi da rashin hazo sun kawo tafkin zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci da aka taɓa yin rikodin". Ya kara da cewa shirye-shiryen farfadowa ga tafkin sun hada da canja wurin ruwa daga Lardin Gabashin Azerbaijan. A baya, hukumomin Iran sun ba da sanarwar wani shiri na canja wurin ruwa daga Kogin Aras, wanda ke kan iyaka da Iran da Azerbaijan, amma an watsar da shirin tan biliyan 950 saboda rashin amincewar Azerbaijan.[17]

Hotunan tauraron dan adam daga 1984 zuwa 2018, suna nuna yankin tafkin Urmia da ke raguwa

A watan Yulin 2014, Shugaban Iran Hassan Rouhani ya amince da shirye-shiryen shirin riyal biliyan 14 (sama da dala miliyan 500) a shekarar farko ta shirin farfadowa. Ya kamata a yi amfani da kuɗin don gudanar da ruwa, rage amfani da ruwa na manoma, da kuma maido da muhalli. Watanni da yawa da suka gabata, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Iran da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) sun ba da wani shiri don adana tafkin da kuma yankin da ke kusa, wanda ya bukaci kashe dala miliyan 225 a cikin shekara ta farko da dala biliyan 1.3 gaba ɗaya don sabuntawa.[18]

Farawa a cikin 2016, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) da Shirin Maido da Tafkin Urmia (ULRP) sun sanya hannu kan wani aikin da Gwamnatin Japan ta tallafawa mai taken "An Integrated Programme for Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Lake Urmia Basin" don tallafawa ULRP a burinta na dawo da Tafkin urmia. Aikin ya tsara tsarin horo da yawa wanda ke rufe mahimman yankuna masu alaƙa da juna kuma yana da niyyar samun sakamako biyar: 1. Tsarin lissafin ruwa mai ci gaba (WA) don dukan tafkin Urmia; 2. Tsarin kula da fari wanda ya dogara da kimantawa na haɗari / rauni da kuma shirye-shiryen amsawa ga kwandon; 3. Shirin rayuwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tare da hanyoyin da za su iya amfani da su don ayyukan noma na yanzu a saman tafkin don rage yawan amfani da ruwa yayin da suke kula da kudin shiga da rayuwar al'ummomin da abin ya shafa; 4. Shirin hadin gwiwar gudanar da ruwa (WM); Shirin ci gaban iyawa don karfafa masu ruwa da tsaki a matakai daban-daban.

Dam din Silveh da ke gundumar Piranshahr ya kamata a kammala shi a cikin 2015. Ta hanyar rami da magudanar ruwa zai canza zuwa 121,700,000 cubic metres (98,700 acre⋅ft) na ruwa kowace shekara daga Kogin Lavin a cikin ƙaramin kwano na Zab zuwa tafkin Urmia. [19]

A cikin 2015, majalisar ministocin shugaban kasar Hassan Rouhani ta amince da dala miliyan 660 don inganta tsarin ban ruwa, da kuma matakai don yaki da hamada.[3]

A watan Satumbar 2018, Wani rukuni mai aiki da ke da alhakin farfado da Tafkin Urmia ya fara shuka nau'ikan shuke-shuke guda biyu don ceton yankin daga barbashi na gishiri. Shuke-shuke guda biyu sune Nitraria ko Karadagh da Tamarix ko Shoorgaz, waɗanda aka dasa a ƙasar ƙauyen Jabal Kandi a cikin Urmia County, don rage saurin iska wanda ke kawo kansa ƙwayoyin gishiri.[20]

zanga-zangar muhalli

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fatawar cewa Tafkin Urmia na iya bushewa gaba ɗaya ya jawo zanga-zangar a Iran da ƙasashen waje, wanda aka yi wa gwamnatocin yanki da na ƙasa. An tashi zanga-zangar ne a ƙarshen watan Agusta na shekara ta 2011 bayan majalisar dokokin Iran ta kada kuri'a don kada ta samar da kudade don yin amfani da ruwa daga Kogin Aras don haɓaka matakin tafkin. A bayyane yake, majalisa ta ba da shawarar a maimakon haka su sake komawa mutanen da ke zaune a kusa da Tafkin Urmia.[21]

Fiye da masu fafutuka 30 an tsare su a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2011 yayin cin abinci na Iftar. Ba tare da haƙƙin yin zanga-zanga a fili a Iran ba, masu zanga-zangar sun haɗa sakonninsu cikin waƙoƙi a wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa. A ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, an tsare magoya bayan kwallon kafa da yawa kafin da kuma bayan wasan derby na Tabriz tsakanin Tractor Sazi F.C. da Shahrdari Tabriz FC don yin ihu don kare tafkin, gami da "Lake Urmia yana mutuwa, Majlis [majalisa] ta ba da umarnin kisa. [22] [23][21]

An ci gaba da zanga-zangar a titunan Tabriz da Urmia a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta da 3 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta 2011. [24] Bidiyo mai son daga waɗannan abubuwan ya nuna 'yan sanda masu tayar da kayar baya a kan babura suna kai hari ga masu zanga-zangar zaman lafiya.[25][26] A cewar gwamnan Yammacin Azerbaijan, an kama akalla magoya bayan tafkin 60 a Urmia, da kuma da yawa a Tabriz, saboda ba su nemi izinin shirya zanga-zangar ba.

Tasirin canjin yanayi a tafkin, wani ɗan jarida mai suna Solmaz Daryani ya rufe shi sosai.[27][28][29][30][31][32]

Tsibirin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tafkin Urmia yana da kusan tsibirai 102. Tsibirin Shahi shine mafi girma a cikin tafkin a tarihi. Koyaya, ya zama tsibirin da ke da alaƙa da gabar gabashin lokacin da matakin tafkin ya sauka.[33][34]

Tsibirin Shahi shine wurin binne Hulagu Khan (ɗaya daga cikin jikokin Genghis Khan) da kuma ɗan Hulagu Abaqa . Dukkanin khans an binne su a cikin wani gidan sarauta sama da 1,000 feet (300 m) dutsen da ke bakin tekun tsibirin.[35]

Koguna na kwari

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tafkin Urmia yana samun ruwa daga koguna 13 na dindindin da ƙananan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, da kuma ruwan sama kai tsaye a cikin tafkin.[33] Kusan rabin shigowar ta fito ne daga Kogin Zarrineh da Kogin Simineh . [33] Babu fitowa daga tafkin don haka ruwa yana ɓacewa ne kawai ta hanyar evaporation.[33]  

A cikin al'adun gargajiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tafkin Urmia shine saitin fim ɗin Iran The White Meadows (2009). [ ]

Shirin Binciken Tafkin Urmia

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shirin Maido da Tafkin Urmia (ULRP) Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sharif ce ke gudanar da shi tare da manufofi masu zuwa: [36]

  • Rubuta abubuwan da suka faru da darussan da aka koya daga hadin gwiwar al'ummar ilimi a matakai daban-daban na karatu da aiwatar da mafita ga ƙalubalen muhalli na ƙasa a cikin ƙasar.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Henry, Roger (2003) Synchronized chronology: Rethinking Middle East Antiquity: A Simple Correction to Egyptian Chronology Resolves the Major Problems in Biblical and Greek Archaeology Algora Publishing, New York, p. 138, ISBN 0-87586-191-1
  2. ↑ "Britanica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  3. 1 2 Stone, Richard (2 September 2015). "Saving Iran's great salt lake". Science. 349 (6252): 1044–5, 1047. Bibcode:2015Sci...349.1044S. doi:10.1126/science.aad1702. PMID 26339009.
  4. ↑ Dudley, Dominic. "Iran's Lake Urmia: How A Dying Salt Lake Is Being Brought Back From The Brink". Forbes (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  5. ↑ The Proto-Indoaryans, by T. Burrow, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 2 (1973), pp. 123–140, published by: Cambridge University Press, see 139
  6. ↑ "Search Entry". www.assyrianlanguages.org. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
  7. ↑ Amurian, A.; Kasheff, M. (15 December 1986). "Armenians of modern Iran". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2016. Urmia (class. Arm. Kaputan) ...
  8. ↑ "Armenian Highland". armin.am. Institute for Armenian Studies of Yerevan State University. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2016. In the Armenian Highland there are numerous lakes and ponds. The most majors are Kaputan (Urmia), Van and Sevan.
  9. ↑ Asem, A.; Eimanifar, A.; Djamal, M.; De; Rios, P.; Wink, M. (2014). "Biodiversity of the Hypersaline Urmia Lake National Park (NW Iran)". Diversity. 6: 102–132. doi:10.3390/d6010102.
  10. ↑ Asem, A.; Eimanifar, A.; Wink, M. (2016). ""Update of "Biodiversity of the Hypersaline Urmia Lake National Park (NW Iran)". Diversity. 8 (4): 6. doi:10.3390/d8010006.
  11. ↑ "Lake Urmia [or Orumiyeh]". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  12. ↑ "ProtectedPlanet - Urumieh lake". Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  13. ↑ Eimanifar A; Asem A; Djamali M; Wink M (2016). "A note on the biogeographical origin of the brine shrimp Artemia urmiana Günther, 1899 from Urmia Lake, Iran". Zootaxa. 4097 (2): 294–300. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4097.2.12. PMID 27394547. S2CID 25998873.
  14. ↑ Daryani, Solmaz (2020-09-11). "The Ghost Towns of Lake Urmia, Once West Asia's Largest Lake". Atlas Obscura (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-10-17.
  15. ↑ Schwartzstein, Peter. "The return of a once-dying lake". www.bbc.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-10-17.
  16. ↑ "Iran's East and West Azerbaijan Provinces Connected by Lake Orumiyeh Bridge". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  17. ↑ "Armenia to help Iran save drying lake Oroumiyeh". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  18. ↑ "Iran to spend $500 million to save shrunken Lake Urmia". newscientist.com. 2014-07-04.
  19. ↑ "Silveh Dam and Irrigation and Drainage" (in Farisanci). Omran Iran - Deputy Governor of West Azerbaijan. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  20. ↑ "Iran Using Plants to Fight Dust Pollution in Lake Urmia". 28 September 2018.
  21. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named RFERL_20110826
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYT_20110830
  23. ↑ "Rally protesting Iran over Urmia Lake turns violent". Hurriyet Daily News. 1 September 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  24. ↑ "Azeri Turks in Ankara protest Urmia Lake drying up". todayszaman.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Guardian_20110905
  26. ↑ "Iran police break up environmental protests". euronews.net. 4 September 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2011.[dead link]
  27. ↑ Daryani, Solmaz. "A reflection on how climate change altered Lake Urmia". The Caravan (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-12-07.
  28. ↑ "Final winners of IdeasTap and Magnum Photos documentary photography award announced". British Journal of Photography (in Turanci). 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2019-12-07.
  29. ↑ Daryani, Solmaz. "Troubled Waters". Foreign Policy (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-02-27.
  30. ↑ "The Eyes of Earth". emerge - Magazin für jungen Fotojournalismus (in Jamusanci). 2018-06-11. Retrieved 2020-02-27.
  31. ↑ "Why is the largest lake in the Middle East drying up?". english.alarabiya.net (in Turanci). 17 March 2018. Retrieved 2020-02-27.
  32. ↑ Daryani, Solmaz. "Troubled Waters". Foreign Policy (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-10-17.
  33. 1 2 3 4 Stevens, Lora R.; Djamali, Morteza; Andrieu-Ponel, Valérie; de Beaulieu, Jacques-Louis (1 April 2012). "Hydroclimatic variations over the last two glacial/interglacial cycles at Urmia Lake, Iran". Journal of Paleolimnology. Springer Netherlands. 47 (4): 647. doi:10.1007/s10933-012-9588-3. S2CID 128970562.
  34. ↑ Asem, Alireza; Eimanifar, Amin; Djamali, Morteza; De los Rios, Patricio; Wink, Michael (2014). "Biodiversity of the Hypersaline Urmia Lake National Park (NW Iran)". Diversity. 6: 102–132. doi:10.3390/d6010102.
  35. ↑ Boyle, John Andrew (1974). "The Thirteenth-Century Mongols' Conception of the After Life: The Evidence of their Funerary Practices". Mongolian Studies. Mongolia Society. 1: 7. ISSN 0190-3667. JSTOR 43193015.
  36. ↑ "درباره ما". طرح تحقیقاتی دریاچه ارومیه (in Farisanci). Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
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