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Tafkin Victoria

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Tafkin Victoria
General information
Height above mean sea level (en) Fassara 1,133 m
Tsawo 337 km
Fadi 240 km
Yawan fili 68,100 km²
Vertical depth (en) Fassara 83 m
Volume (en) Fassara 2,750 km³
Suna bayan Sarauniya Victoria
Labarin ƙasa
Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa 1°S 33°E / 1°S 33°E / -1; 33
Bangare na African Great Lakes (en) Fassara
Kasa Tanzaniya, Uganda da Kenya
Ƙasantuwa a yanayin ƙasa Great Rift Valley (en) Fassara
Hydrography (en) Fassara
Inflow (en) Fassara
Outflows (en) Fassara White Nile
Residence time of water (en) Fassara 24 a
Watershed area (en) Fassara 238,900 km²
Ruwan ruwa Nile basin (en) Fassara
Mountaineering (en) Fassara
Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.

Tafkin Victoria yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka . [1] Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin 59,947 km2 (23,146 sq mi),[2] Tafkin Victoria shine tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin wurare masu zafi, [3] kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin Amurka. [4] Dangane da yawan ruwa, Tafkin Victoria shine tafki na tara mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin 2,424 km3 (1.965×109 acre⋅ft) na ruwa. [5] [6] Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a Afirka. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin 40 m (130 ft) da kuma zurfin mafi girman 80–81 m (262–266 ft) . [5] [6] Yankin magudanar ruwansa ya ƙunshi 169,858 km2 (65,583 sq mi) . [7] Tafkin yana da bakin teku na 7,142 km (4,438 mi) lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000, tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon.

Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: Tanzaniya tana da kashi 49% ( 33,700 km2 (13,000 sq mi) ), Uganda 45% ( 31,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi) ), da Kenya 6% ( 4,100 km2 (1,600 sq mi).

Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa halaka.

Sunayen

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Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili  ; Dholuo  ; Luganda  ; Kinyarwanda ), [8] [9] An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan Sarauniya Victoria ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton . [10]

Ilmin ƙasa

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Samfuri:Refimprove science

Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria

Dan jaridan hotuna John Reader, wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna Africa: A Biography of a Continent wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,[11] ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin Great Rift Valley, wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.[12]Samfuri:Better source

Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin Miocene, yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa Kogin Kongo, yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin East African Rift ke samuwa, bangon gabas na Albertine Rift (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.[13]

A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.[14][page needed] Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.[12]Samfuri:Better source Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.[12]Samfuri:Better source

A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da African humid period ya fara.[15]

Ruwa

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Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria [16]

Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260 da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . [17] Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.[16] Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.[16]

Hydrology da Limnology

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Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.[14][page needed] Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin 2.0 and 2.2 metres (6 ft 7 in and 7 ft 3 in) a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).[18] Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.[19]

Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley

A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa.

Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa 40 metres (130 ft) idan aka kwatanta da fiye da 50 metres (160 ft) a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.[20]

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,[21] inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,[22] da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.[23]

Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,[24] wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.[25]

Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry)

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Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria[16]

Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan 80 metres (260 ft) da matsakaicin zurfi kusan 40 metres (130 ft).[26] A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.[16] Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.[16]

Sauran kifaye

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Kifayen da ba cichlid ba na asali sun haɗa da tetras na Afirka (Brycinus), cyprinids (Enteromius, Garra, Labeo, Labeobarbus), da sauransu. Waɗannan kifaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin rayuwar tabkin, musamman wajen sarrafa abinci da kuzari a cikin ruwa.

A tarihi, Tabkin Victoria ya kasance yana da yalwar kifaye masu yawa, ciki har da nau’o’in da ba a same su a ko’ina ba (endemics). Sai dai yawancin waɗannan nau’o’in sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1940.[27]

Babban rukuni na kifi a Tabkin Victoria shi ne kifayen cichlid na haplochromine (Haplochromis sensu lato), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau’o’i 500, kusan dukkaninsu na musamman ga wannan yankin ne.[28][29] Wannan ya sa Tabkin Victoria ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi arziki da nau’in kifi a duniya, sai dai Tabkin Malawi.[30]

Wannan bambancin nau’o’i ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin **samuwar sabbin nau’o’i ta hanyar juyin halitta (adaptive radiation)** a cikin kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata.[28][29]

Kifayen haplochromine na Victoria suna nuna bambance-bambancen jima’i (males suna da launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske sosai),[31] kuma suna da bambancin rayuwa sosai, suna cin abinci iri-iri kamar: masu cin ragowar abinci (detritivores), masu cin plankton (zooplanktivores), masu cin kwari (insectivores), masu cin ƙananan jatan ruwa (prawn-eaters), masu cin katantanwa (molluscivores), da masu cin sauran kifi (piscivores).[32]

Sakamakon shigowar Nile perch da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa (eutrophication), an yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla nau’o’i 200 na haplochromine sun ɓace, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jinsin da ke tabkin.[33][32][34]

Wasu nau’o’in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma sun rage sosai, yayin da wasu suka tsira a ƙananan tabkuna na gefe, ko kuma a wuraren duwatsu da ciyayi na papyrus da ke kare su daga mafarauta.[35]

Wasu kuma sun daidaita da sabbin yanayi a tabkin, kamar samun manyan gill don jure ƙarancin iskar oxygen, sauye-sauyen siffar baki, da ingantaccen gani a ruwa mai datti.[36][32]

A yau, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifaye suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gidajen adana dabbobi (zoos da aquaria), yayin da wasu suka riga sun ɓace gaba ɗaya daga yanayi.[37]

Crustaceans

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Nau’o’in ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano guda huɗu an san su a cikin Tabkin Victoria. Daga cikinsu, Potamonautes niloticus yana yaɗuwa a cikin tabkin, kuma P. emini an ruwaito samuwarsa a yankin Bukoba a Tanzaniya, amma dukkansu ana samun su a wasu wurare a Afirka kuma.[38][39]

Nau’o’in na ƙarshe guda biyu an fara bayyana su a kimiyyance a shekarar 2017, kuma har yanzu ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da su ba: P. entebbe kawai an san shi daga yankin kusa da Entebbe (samfurin da aka tattara shi kaɗai a 1955, kuma ba a tabbatar ko an samo shi cikin ko kusa da tabkin ba), sannan P. busungwe kuma an same shi ne kawai a Tsibirin Busungwe a arewa maso yammacin tabkin. Wannan nau’i na ƙarshe yana iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ƙadangaren ruwa a Afirka, tare da faɗin ƙwaryar jikinsa (carapace) har zuwa kusan 1.6 cm (0.6 in), kodayake P. kantsyore na Kogin Kagera da kuma Platythelphusa maculata da P. polita na Tabkin Tanganyika suna kusa da wannan ƙanƙantar.[40]

Tabkin Victoria.
Tabkin Victoria daga nesa mai faɗi.

Shrimp/prawn guda ɗaya da ake samu shi ne Caridina nilotica,[41] wanda yake da yawa kuma ya yaɗu a cikin Tabkin Victoria.[32]

Molluscs (Dabbobin ƙwarya)

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Tabkin Victoria na ɗauke da nau’o’in katantanwar ruwa mai ɗanɗano 28 (misali: Bellamya, Biomphalaria, Bulinus, Cleopatra, Gabbiella, da Melanoides), ciki har da nau’o’i 12 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri (endemic).[42][43][page needed]

Haka kuma akwai nau’o’in bivalves 17 (misali: Corbicula, Coelatura, Sphaerium, da Byssanodonta), ciki har da nau’o’i 6 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri.[42][44]

Wataƙila har yanzu akwai nau’o’in katantanwa da ba a bayyana su a kimiyya ba. A gefe guda kuma, binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa wasu nau’o’in da aka riga aka bambanta a zahiri (morphology) na iya kasancewa bambance-bambancen nau’i guda ne kawai.[37]

Nau’o’in katantanwa biyu, Biomphalaria da Bulinus, suna ɗauke da parasite da ke haifar da cutar bilharzia. Kamuwa da wannan cuta a yankin Tabkin Victoria ya zama ruwan dare.[45]

Wannan na iya ƙaruwa sakamakon yawaitar ruwan ciyawar hyacinth (water hyacinth), wanda ke zama wurin da katantanwa ke rayuwa sosai,[46] da kuma raguwar kifayen cichlid masu cin katantanwa a cikin tabkin.[47]

Gizo-gizo

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Evarcha culicivora wani nau’in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle (family Salticidae) da ake samu kawai a kewayen Tabkin Victoria a Kenya da Uganda. Yana cin abinci musamman sauro mata.[48]

Kamun kifi

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Masunta da jiragen su a bakin Tafkin Victoria

Tafkin Victoria yana tallafawa babbar kamun kifi ta cikin ƙasa a Afirka (tun daga 1997).[49] A farko kamun kifin ya ƙunshi nau’o’in asali, musamman tilapia da haplochromine cichlids, amma har da catfish (Bagrus, Clarias, Synodontis da silver butter catfish), elephantfish, ningu (Labeo victorianus) da marbled lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus).[50][51] Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, ciki har da tilapia da ningu (Labeo victorianus), sun ragu tun farkon karni na 20 saboda kamun fiye da kima.[32][52] Don ƙara yawan kamun kifi, an shigo da nau’o’in tilapia da Nile perch a cikin 1950s. Duk da haka, nau’o’in asali sun ci gaba da mamaye kamun kifi har zuwa 1970s inda raguwar su ya sa aka koma sosai ga Nile tilapia (yanzu kashi 7 cikin 100 na kamun), Nile perch (kashi 60 cikin 100) da sardine na Tafkin Victoria (kashi 30 cikin 100).[32][51] Saboda ƙaramin girman sa, sardine mai yawa a cikin tafkin bai tallafawa manyan kamun kifi ba sai bayan raguwar sauran nau’o’in asali.[51] A kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ton 500,000 na Nile perch ana kamawa kowace shekara a Tafkin Victoria, amma wannan ya ragu sosai a baya-bayan nan.[32]

Matsalolin Muhalli

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Akwai matsalolin muhalli da dama da ke da alaƙa da Tafkin Victoria, kuma bacewar yawancin nau’in kifin cichlid na asali an kira shi “mafi girman misali na halakar halittu da ɗan adam ya haddasa a cikin wani muhalli”.[53]

Kifayen da aka shigo da su (Invasive fish)

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Tun daga shekarun 1950, an shigo da nau’o’in kifi da dama cikin Tafkin Victoria, inda suka zama masu mamaye muhalli (invasive) kuma suka zama babban dalilin bacewar yawancin kifin cichlid na asali.[27] Daga cikin kifayen da aka shigo da su akwai nau’o’in tilapia da dama: redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), redbelly (C. zillii), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) da blue-spotted tilapia (O. leucostictus).[32][51][54]

Ko da yake waɗannan kifaye sun taimaka wajen sauya tsarin muhalli ta hanyar yin gasa da kifayen asali da rage yawansu, har ma a wasu lokuta (musamman Nile tilapia) ana zargin sun yi haɗuwa da kifayen tilapia na asali da ke cikin haɗarin bacewa, mafi shahara daga cikin shigarwar ita ce babban kifin cin nama mai ƙarfi, wato Nile perch (Lates niloticus).[27][32][51]

Nile perch an shigo da shi Tafkin Victoria domin kamun kifi, kuma yana iya kaiwa tsayin mita 2 da nauyin kilo 200.[55]

Tun farkon shekarun 1920, an fara ba da shawarar shigo da babban kifin cin nama kamar Nile perch domin inganta kamun kifi a tafkin. Amma an kuma yi gargaɗi cewa hakan na iya haifar da babbar illa ga kifayen asali, don haka aka buƙaci a yi bincike sosai kafin aiwatarwa.[54] Waɗannan gargaɗi sun fi mayar da hankali kan tilapia na asali (O. esculentus), domin ƙananan kifin haplochromine (duk da muhimmancinsu a kamun kifi na gida) an ɗauke su a matsayin “kifin sharar gida” a lokacin mulkin mallaka.[54]

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, matsin lamba na shigo da Nile perch ya ci gaba, haka kuma gargaɗi game da illarsa.[54] Shigar farko a yankin, da Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda ta yi (a lokacin tana ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka), ya faru ne a saman Murchison Falls bayan kammala Dam ɗin Owen Falls a 1954, wanda ya ba shi damar ya bazu zuwa Tafkin Kyoga.[54] Daga baya kuma an ƙara sakin shi a Kyoga a 1955, amma ba a fara shi kai tsaye a Victoria ba.[54]

Masana sun yi kira a dakata har sai an fahimci tasirin sa, amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 an fara kama Nile perch a Tafkin Victoria.[54] Da yake ya riga ya shiga tafkin, ba a yi tsayayya sosai ba lokacin da aka ƙara shigar da shi a 1962–63 domin ƙara yawan sa.[54]

Asalin yadda Nile perch ya fara shiga Tafkin Victoria ba cikakke ba ne kuma babu tabbataccen hujja. Jami’an Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda sun musanta hannu, amma wasu hujjoji da shaidun ma’aikatan da aka yi amfani da su a hukumar sun nuna cewa an shigo da shi a 1954–55 bisa umarnin manyan jami’ai.[54] Wasu sun ce kifin ya iya wucewa ta Dam ɗin Owen Falls ne lokacin gyara, amma masana da dama sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin abu mai wahala sosai.[54]

Nile perch ya bazu cikin duk tafkin zuwa shekarar 1970.[32] A farko yawan sa ya yi ƙasa, amma daga baya ya ƙaru sosai ya kai kololuwa a shekarun 1980, sannan ya fara raguwa daga shekarun 1990.[32]

Mamayar ruwan hyacinth

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Ruwan hyacinth ya zama babbar matsalar shuke-shuke masu mamaye muhalli a Tafkin Victoria.

Zubar da ruwan datti ba tare da tacewa ba, da kuma ruwan noma da masana’antu kai tsaye cikin tafkin a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya ƙara sinadaran nitrogen da phosphorus, wanda ya jawo girman shukar ruwan hyacinth mai yawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990.[56][57]

Wannan shuka tana rage iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, tana hana ruɓar shuke-shuke yadda ya kamata, tana ƙara guba da cututtuka ga kifi da mutane. Haka kuma tana hana jiragen ruwa motsi, tana toshe bakin ruwa, tana hana samar da wutar lantarki, da hana shan ruwa ga masana’antu.[56]

A gefe guda, tarin shukar na iya samar da wurin buya ga kifaye daga kamun kifi, har ma an ga dawowar wasu nau’o’in kifaye da ake tunanin sun ɓace. Amma har yanzu tasirinta gaba ɗaya ba a tabbatar da shi ba.[58]

An fara lura da yawan ta daga 1993, ta kai kololuwa a 1997, sannan ta fara raguwa a 2001.[59]

An yi ƙoƙarin cire ta da hannu, amma ta sake girma da sauri. Daga baya aka fara amfani da kwari na halitta da jiragen yanka shuka, wanda ya fi tasiri.[60]

Haka kuma an kafa wata tashar makamashi a Kisumu a 2013 da ke amfani da hyacinth wajen samar da gas da taki.[61]

Gurɓatar muhalli

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Gurɓatar Tafkin Victoria na faruwa ne sakamakon zubar da ruwan datti kai tsaye cikin tafkin, da zubar da shara daga gidaje da masana’antu, da sinadaran taki daga gonaki.

Birane da garuruwa da dama a kewayen tafkin suna fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da tsarkakewa ba, wanda ke ƙara lalata ruwa da jawo eutrophication, wanda kuma ke taimakawa yaduwar ruwan hyacinth.[62]

Yawan sare dazuka ya rage ikon ƙasa na tace gurɓataccen ruwa, wanda ya ƙara lalata ingancin ruwan tafkin.[63]

Bayanai na muhalli

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Akwai ma’ajiyar bayanan muhalli na Tafkin Victoria tun daga 2016, wanda ke ɗauke da bayanan bakin teku, zurfin ruwa, gurɓatawa, zafin ruwa, iska da sauran muhimman bayanai.

A shekarar 2026 an ƙara faɗaɗa wannan tsarin bayanai tare da sabon rahoton yanayin tafkin na 2025, wanda ya nuna yadda ake sa ido kan sauyin muhalli da yanayi ga miliyoyin mutane da ke rayuwa a yankin tafkin.

Tarihi da Bincike

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bismarck Rock

Bayanan farko da aka rubuta game da Tafkin Victoria sun fito ne daga ’yan kasuwar Larabawa da ke bin hanyoyin cikin nahiyar don neman zinariya, hauren giwa, wasu muhimman kayayyaki masu daraja, da kuma bauta.

Tafkin kamar yadda ake ganinsa daga gabar Speke Resort a Kampala, Uganda

Yawancin ƙabilun Afirka suna zaune a yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin. Turawan Turai na farko da ya fara ganin tafkin shi ne a shekarar 1858, lokacin da mai binciken Birtaniya John Hanning Speke ya isa kudancin gabar tafkin yayin tafiyarsa tare da Richard Francis Burton domin binciken Afirka ta tsakiya da gano Manyan Tafkuna. Speke ya yi imanin cewa ya gano tushen kogin Nile ne lokacin da ya ga wannan “babban shimfidar ruwa mai faɗi” a karon farko, don haka ya sanya wa tafkin suna na Sarauniya Victoria. Burton, wanda a lokacin yana jinya kuma yana hutawa a Kazeh (kusa da Tabora ta yau),[64][page needed] ya fusata sosai saboda Speke ya yi ikirarin cewa ya tabbatar da gano tushen Kogin Nile, abin da Burton ya ɗauka har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Wannan ya haifar da babbar rigima a fili, wadda ta tayar da muhawara mai zafi a cikin masana kimiyya na wancan lokaci, tare da ƙara sha’awar wasu masu bincike da ke son tabbatarwa ko karyata binciken Speke.[65]

Karamar jirgin ruwa mai motsi a Tafkin Victoria, kusa da gabar Uganda

A ƙarshen shekarun 1860, shahararren mai bincike kuma mishan ɗin David Livingstone ya kasa tabbatar da gano Speke, sai dai ya karkata zuwa yamma fiye da kima har ya shiga tsarin Kogin Congo.[66] Daga ƙarshe, mai binciken Birtaniya-Amurka Henry Morton Stanley, a cikin balaguron da jaridar New York Herald ta ɗauki nauyi, ya tabbatar da gaskiyar abin da Speke ya gano, inda ya zagaya tafkin tsakanin 1875–1876 kuma ya ruwaito babban hanyar fitar ruwan da ke Ripon Falls a arewacin gabar tafkin.

Amfani da Ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawancin garuruwa da birane sun dogara da Tafkin Victoria wajen samun ruwan sha, noma da sauran amfani.[67]

Tsarin Ruwan Lamadi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsarin ruwan Lamadi wani aikin ruwa da tsafta ne da ke yi wa biranen Mwanza da ƙananan garuruwan Lamadi, Misungwi, Magu, Bukoba, da Musoma hidima a bakin Tafkin Victoria. Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya fara aikin a shekarar 2013 da nufin kare lafiyar muhalli na tafkin, ta hanyar inganta ruwa da tsafta a garuruwan da gurɓataccen ruwansu ke taimakawa lalacewar tafkin. Aikin yana nufin samar da ruwan sha mai tsafta ga kimanin mutane miliyan guda, da kuma inganta tsafta ga mutane 100,000. Ana tace laka da ƙazanta da ke cikin ruwa ta amfani da yashi wanda ke aiki kamar matatar tacewa. Daga nan ruwan yana shirye don a saka masa sinadarin chlorin ko a bi wasu hanyoyin tsarkake shi. Tacewar yashi na taimakawa rage cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa, kuma yana amfani da albarkatun muhalli na yankin.[68]

Dam ɗin Nalubaale

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tashar wutar lantarki ta Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station a Njeru, Uganda.

Wurin da ruwan Tafkin Victoria ke fita shi ne a Jinja, Uganda, inda ya zama Kogin Victoria Nile. Shekaru sama da 12,000 ana samun fitar ruwan ta kan wata dutsen halitta mai kama da shinge. A shekarar 1952, injiniyoyi na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta British Uganda sun fashe wannan dutsen domin maye gurbinsa da wani ginin da aka yi da hannu (barrage) don sarrafa matakin ruwan tafkin da rage lalacewar dutsen. An kafa ƙa’ida mai suna “agreed curve” domin kwaikwayon tsohon tsarin fitar ruwan, inda aka kayyade yawan ruwan da ke fita tsakanin mita kubik 300 zuwa 1,700 a cikin dakika ɗaya dangane da matakin ruwan tafkin.

A shekarar 2002, Uganda ta kammala gina wani sabon tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa a yankin, wato Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station, tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya. Zuwa shekarar 2006, matakin ruwan Tafkin Victoria ya kai mafi ƙanƙanta cikin shekaru 80, kuma Daniel Kull, wani masanin ilimin ruwa mai zaman kansa da ke zaune a Nairobi, Kenya, ya ƙiyasta cewa Uganda na fitar da ruwa sau biyu fiye da adadin da aka amince da shi,[69] kuma hakan shi ne babban dalilin raguwar matakin ruwan tafkin a kwanan nan.

Sufuri

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Jirgin ruwan Ukerewe-Mwanza Ferry.

Tun daga shekarun 1900s, jiragen ruwan Tafkin Victoria sun kasance muhimmin hanyar sufuri tsakanin Uganda, Tanzaniya da Kenya. Manyan tashoshin jirgin ruwa a tafkin sun haɗa da Kisumu, Mwanza, Bukoba, Entebbe, Port Bell, da Jinja. Har zuwa 1963, mafi saurin da sabuwar jirgin ruwan MV Victoria (1959) an ayyana shi a matsayin Royal Mail Ship. A cikin 1966, an kafa sabis na jirgin ƙasa tsakanin Kenya da Tanzaniya tare da gabatar da MV Uhuru da MV Umoja. Jirgin ruwan MV Bukoba ya nutse a tafkin a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1996 inda aka rasa rayukan mutane tsakanin 800 zuwa 1,000, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan haɗuran ruwa a Afirka.[70] Wani mummunan haɗari ya faru kwanan nan a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2018 wanda ya shafi jirgin ruwan fasinja MV Nyerere daga Tanzaniya wanda ya jawo mutuwar fiye da mutane 200.[71]

A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2022, Tafkin Victoria ya kasance wurin hatsarin jirgin fasinja na kasuwanci. Jirgin Precision Air Flight 494, ATR 42–500 mai ɗauke da fasinjoji 39 da ma’aikata 4, ya yi hatsari yayin da yake kusantar Bukoba Airport, wanda ya jawo mutuwar mutane 19.[72][73]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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  2. ↑ Stuart, Hamilton (2016-10-05). "Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015". Harvard Dataverse (Data Set) (in Turanci). doi:10.7910/dvn/pwfw26.
  3. ↑ Saundry, Peter. "Lake Victoria".
  4. ↑ "Lake Victoria". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  5. 1 2 Empty citation (help)
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  8. ↑ "The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects". World Digital Library. 1899. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
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  12. 1 2 3 Reader, John (2001) [1998]. Africa: A Biography of a Continent. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. pp. 227f. ISBN 978-0-7922-7681-4. Retrieved 26 December 2024 – via Archive.org.
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  27. 1 2 3 Witte; Goldschmidt; Goudswaard; Ligtvoet; van Oijen; Wanink (1992). "Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria". Netherlands Journal of Zoology. 42 (2–3): 214–32. doi:10.1163/156854291X00298.
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  30. ↑ Turner; Seehausen; Knight; Allender; Robinson (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?". Molecular Ecology. 10 (3): 793–806. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x. PMID 11298988. S2CID 12925712.
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  50. ↑ Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (2016). "Lake Victoria Fisheries: An introduction". Archived from the original|archive-url= requires |url= (help) on 15 September 2016. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
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  73. ↑ Dausen, Nuzulack (6 November 2022). "Passenger plane crashes into Lake Victoria in Tanzania, 19 dead". Reuters. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)

Mahaɗu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:EB1911 Poster

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