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Taimako na ƙaura

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

 

Nau'o'i uku na taimakon ƙaura; taimakon ƙaura na yawan jama'a (hagu), taimakon ƙaura mai nisa (cibiyar) da taimakon ƙaurawar jinsuna (dama)

Taimako na ƙaura shine "kafa da gangan na yawan jama'a ko meta-mutane fiye da iyakar tarihin jinsin don manufar bin diddigin wuraren da suka dace ta hanyar sauya yanayi...." Saboda haka dabarar kiyaye yanayi ce wacce ake motsa shuke-shuke ko dabbobi da gangan zuwa wuraren da suka fi dacewa da bukatun mazauninsu na yanzu ko na gaba da haƙurin yanayi - kuma ba su iya ƙaura ko warwatse da kansu ba.

A cikin ilmin halitta na kiyayewa, kalmar ta fara bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen a shekara ta 2004. [1][2] Ya nuna wani nau'in nau'in jinsuna wanda aka yi niyya don rage asarar halittu saboda Canjin yanayi. A cikin mahallin kula da nau'in da ke cikin haɗari, an ba da gudummawa (2007) [1] da kuma Gudanar da sake komawa (2009) nan da nan a matsayin ma'ana - na ƙarshe a cikin takarda wanda ya ƙunshi masu haɗin gwiwa 22.[3][4]

A cikin kimiyyar gandun daji da gudanarwa, ana tattauna ƙaura mai taimako a cikin mujallu nasa kuma daga ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga na masu Ilimin halittu. Wannan shi ne, a wani bangare, saboda masana kimiyyar halittu sun riga sun kammala cewa akwai manyan lags a cikin motsi na arewa har ma da itatuwan da suka fi rinjaye a Arewacin Amurka a cikin dubban shekaru tun lokacin da glacial ya koma baya na ƙarshe.[5][6][7][8] A cikin shekarun 1990s, masu binciken gandun daji sun fara amfani da tsinkayen canjin yanayi ga kokarin rarraba nau'ikan bishiyoyi na kansu, kuma wasu sakamakon akan yiwuwar nesa na sauye-sauyen gaba sun haifar da hankali.[9] Hakanan, ma'anar fassarar ba ta da rikici tsakanin masu binciken gandun daji saboda ƙaura ita ce ma'auni da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin ilmin halittu don motsi na halitta na nau'ikan bishiyoyi da aka rubuta a cikin rikodin ilimin ƙasa.[10] Wani muhimmin bambanci tsakanin ayyukan gandun daji da ilmin halitta na kiyayewa shine cewa tsohon, dole ne, ana jagorantar shi ta hanyar "jagorancin canja wurin tsaba" a duk lokacin da aka bi katako ko girbi ta hanyar dasa bishiyoyi. Gwamnatin lardin British Columbia a Kanada ita ce ta farko da ta sabunta jagororin su tare da, abin da suke kira, "canjin yanayi".[11][12]

Gabaɗaya, muhawara game da ka'idojin taimakon ƙaura a cikin aikin gandun daji ya kasance na ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ya yi shiru [13] idan aka kwatanta da ɗabi'a da ke cikin ilmin halitta na kiyayewa. [14] [15] Saboda wannan dalili, an ƙaddamar da shafin Wikipedia daban mai taken Taimako na ƙaura na gandun daji a Arewacin Amurka a cikin 2021 kuma an sanya shi kayan aiki mai amfani don ilimin daidaita yanayin yanayi da yanke shawara a cikin aikin gandun daji.

Sauran wannan shafin don haka yana mai da hankali kan batun taimakon ƙaura a cikin ilmin halitta na kiyayewa kuma musamman aikace-aikacensa don gudanar da nau'in da ke cikin haɗari.

Tarihi

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Ana sa ran Canjin yanayi zai kori nau'o'i da yawa daga sassan kewayon su na yanzu yayin da suke ƙirƙirar sabbin wuraren zama masu dacewa a wasu wurare.[16][17] Don kauce wa raguwar yawan jama'a da halaka, jinsuna da yawa za su buƙaci daidaitawa ko mallaki sabbin wuraren da suka dace. Yin amfani da tsarin ƙira, masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa gazawar ƙaura ko daidaitawa zai haifar da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na jinsunan duniya da ke mutuwa a wannan ƙarni a ƙarƙashin canjin yanayi.[17] Yawan warwatsewar halitta ga nau'o'i da yawa sun fi jinkiri fiye da waɗanda ake buƙata don ci gaba da samfurin sauye-sauyen mazaunin da aka tsara a yankuna da yawa na duniya.[18][19][20][21][22]

Canje-canje na yanayi na prehistoric sun haifar da mummunar lalacewar duniya, kuma yawan zafin da aka tsara don nan gaba yana da sauri sau da yawa fiye da canje-canje a cikin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata.[23] Yanayi ko shingen da mutum ya haifar da yaduwar halitta na iya zama sanadin jerin sunayen a matsayin "mai haɗari sosai" ƙananan nau'o'i biyu na da ke taimakawa ƙaura yanzu suna gudana: Turtle na yammacin Australia da itacen Florida torreya na Amurka. [24] Rashin iyawar jinsuna su yi ƙaura don mayar da martani ga canjin yanayi da mutum ya haifar ya haifar da wasu masana kimiyya da manajojin ƙasa don la'akari da bincika ƙaura mai taimako a matsayin hanyar hana halaka jinsuna.[25] Ya zuwa 2023, duk da haka, akwai wasu misalai na ayyukan taimakawa ƙaura da ke gudana: Wani takarda na bita ya kammala, "Taimakon ƙaura ya fi yawa ga shuke-shuke (musamman itatuwa), sannan tsuntsaye, kuma ba a aiwatar da shi sosai ga wasu takardu ba".[26]

Taimako na ƙaura v. gabatarwar jinsuna

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Taimako na ƙaura takamaiman nau'in gabatarwa ne na jinsuna. Gabatar da nau'o'in wani aiki ne na kafa nau'in a cikin mazaunin da ba ya zama a halin yanzu. Sau da yawa yana nufin ƙaura mai nisa, kamar gabatarwar haɗari na nau'in mamayewa daga wata nahiya zuwa wata, ko ƙaura da gangan na nau'ikan da ke raguwa zuwa wurin zama inda zai iya ci gaba. Sabanin haka, ƙaura mai taimako ya yarda cewa yawan warwatsewar halitta na nau'o'i da yawa na iya zama ƙasa da ƙasa don amsawa ga canjin yanayi mai saurin mutum kuma a maimakon haka yana mai da hankali kan inda jinsin zai iya warwatse da sauri ta hanyar Zaɓin halitta don ci gaba da tafiya tare da canjin yanayi. Masu aikin ƙaura masu taimakawa suna la'akari da taimakawa jinsin su warwatse cikin irin waɗannan shafuka, waɗanda galibi suna kusa da kewayon tarihin jinsin.[27] A idanunsu, taimakon ƙaura yana wakiltar ƙaramin haɓaka na wucin gadi zuwa tsarin halitta.[28]

Rikici

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Duk da yake taimakon ƙaura yana da damar ba da damar jinsunan da ke da ƙarancin ƙwarewar warwatsewa don kauce wa halaka, ya kuma haifar da muhawara game da yiwuwar cewa jinsunan da suka yi ƙaura na iya yada cututtuka ko ma sun yi nasara sosai (wato, mamayewa) a cikin tsarin halittu masu karɓa. Duk da haka, ayyukan ƙaura da yawa da aka taimaka ko gwaje-gwaje sun fara ne ga nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari.[29]

Farawa a kusa da shekara ta 2007, [25] masu adawa da matsayi na pro da con sun zama bayyananne a fagen ilmin halitta na kiyayewa, yayin da har yanzu ba a san su ba ga masu gabatar da kiyayewa da manajojin ƙasashen kiyayewa. Magoya bayan gabaɗaya sun yi imanin cewa fa'idodin da ake tsammani na taimakon ƙaura, gami da adanawa da ƙarfafa nau'ikan, sun fi ƙarfin haɗarin kowane aikin. Masu adawa gabaɗaya sun yi imanin cewa wasu dabarun kiyayewa waɗanda ba su haɗa da babban haɗarin nau'ikan mamayewa ba kawai sun fi dacewa ba amma kuma suna iya cin nasara. Wannan muhawara ta ci gaba a cikin wallafe-wallafen, gabaɗaya saboda rashin aikace-aikacen duniya da bin diddigin. Kodayake waɗannan ƙoƙarin kiyayewa suna ƙara zama ruwan dare gama gari, an gudanar da ƙananan dubawa game da nasarar su.[16]

A cikin 2022 wata takarda ta bita ta masu bincike bakwai a Amurka sun kimanta sauye-sauye a cikin abin da suka kira "dabaru na kiyayewa don rikicin yanayi". [30] Daga cikin "dabaru masu mahimmanci" da aka bincika shine "daidaitaccen yanayi". Kungiyar ta gano cewa wallafe-wallafen ilimi sun zama marasa mayar da hankali kan fa'idodi da rashin amfani na manufar cikin shekaru. Maimakon haka, an ba da ƙarin hankali ga ƙira ko taswirar inda za a iya motsa wasu nau'o'in. Duk da yake tsire-tsire sun kasance abin da aka mayar da hankali ga mafi yawan wallafe-wallafen farko, dabbobi sun jagoranci a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Corals, invertebrates, dabbobi masu shayarwa, da tsuntsaye sune manyan nau'ikan dabbobi da aka tantance don taimakon bukatun ƙaura da kuma tsammanin. Duk da haka, "mafi yawan marubutan sun gabatar da ƙaura mai taimakawa nau'in kamar yadda ya dace kawai ga nau'in da ke ƙarƙashin babbar barazana daga canjin yanayi. " [30] A shekara ta 2023, wani labarin labarai a cikin mujallar Nature ya ba da rahoton, "halayen da ke fuskantar ƙaura mai taimako suna canzawa a hankali yayin da masu kiyayewa suka fahimci yadda yanayin ke canzawa da sauri. "[31]

Hadarin jinsuna masu mamayewa

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Wataƙila babban abin damuwa da masana kimiyya suka nuna game da taimakon ƙaura shine yiwuwar jinsunan da aka sake komawa su zama masu mamayewa a cikin sabbin wuraren zama, suna fitar da jinsunan asali.[32] Tsoron cewa taimakawa ƙaura zai sauƙaƙa mamayewa ya samo asali ne daga lura da yawan nau'ikan jinsunan da suka zama mamayewa a waje da yankunansu na asali ta hanyar (sau da yawa ba tare da saninsa ba) gabatarwa ta mutane. Kodayake yawancin sun yarda cewa kokarin taimakawa na ƙaura, ba kamar gabatarwa ta haɗari ba, ya kamata ya haɗa da cikakken shiri da kimantawa na haɗari, ga wasu, duk wata barazanar gabatar da nau'o'in mamayewa, komai yadda karami, ya hana taimakawa ƙaura a matsayin amsawar gudanarwa mai yiwuwa ga canjin yanayi.[32]

Wadanda suke so su ci gaba da taimakawa ƙaura a kan teburin sau da yawa suna lura cewa yawancin mamayewar jinsuna na tarihi sun samo asali ne daga jigilar jinsuna daga nahiya zuwa nahiya ko daga tsibirin kuma cewa ƙananan mamayewa sun samo asali daga ɗan gajeren nesa, a cikin nahiyar motsi na jinsunan da aka ba da shawarar don taimakawa ƙaura.[28][33][34] Misali, Mueller da Hellman sun sake nazarin mamayewar nau'ikan halittu 468 kuma sun gano cewa kashi 14.7% ne kawai suka faru a wannan nahiyar inda jinsin suka samo asali.[28] Daga cikin kashi 14.7%, yawancin su kifi ne da crustaceans. Dabbobi na ƙasa waɗanda suka zama masu mamayewa a wannan nahiyar inda suka samo asali galibi ana jigilar su a kan manyan shingen biogeographic, kamar tsaunuka. Wadannan nesa, a cikin nahiyar ba kamar yadda ake tsammani amfani da ƙaura mai taimako ba, wanda gabaɗaya ya haɗa da taimakawa jinsuna su mallaki wuraren zama nan da nan kusa da kewayon su na yanzu.[27]

Rashin tabbas a cikin tsarin shiryawa

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Don gano yawan mutanen da ke cikin haɗari da kuma gano sabbin wuraren zama, masu kiyayewa galibi suna amfani da samfuran niche. Wadannan samfurori suna hango yadda za a iya samun wuraren zama a nan gaba bisa ga yadda yanayin su ya yi kama da yanayin da jinsin ke zaune a halin yanzu. Kodayake yana da amfani don bayyana yanayin da ya dace, waɗannan samfuran suna yin wasu zato marasa yiwuwa waɗanda ke ƙuntata amfanin tsinkayinsu.[35] Misali, ba su yi la'akari da yiwuwar cewa jinsuna na iya haɓaka haƙuri ga sabon yanayi ta hanyar daidaitawa ko daidaitawa.[36] Bugu da ƙari, ba su lissafa gaskiyar cewa jinsin da aka ba su na iya yin mafi kyau (misali, zama mai mamayewa) ko mafi muni (misali., ya kasa kafawa) a cikin sabon mazaunin fiye da na yanzu ba idan al'ummar mai fafatawa, masu cin nama, da nau'in juna sun bambanta a can.[36][37] Bugu da ƙari, saboda sauye-sauyen yanayi daban-daban (misali, mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki na Janairu, matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara) da wuya a canza tare, yana yiwuwa yankuna kaɗan za su dace da yanayin tarihi na nau'in da ke fuskantar barazanar canjin yanayi.[38] Irin wannan sauye-sauyen yanayi na hanyoyi da yawa zai sa ya zama da wahala musamman a tantance nau'in da ke cikin haɗarin asarar mazaunin saboda canjin yanayi da kuma hango hasashen mazaunin da ya dace a nan gaba. Rashin tabbas a cikin tsinkaya na mazaunin da ya dace a nan gaba yana iyakance amincewa da yanke shawara na ƙaura da aka taimaka kuma ya haifar da wasu su ƙi ƙaura da za a taimaka gaba ɗaya.[32]

Duk da rashin tabbas da ke cikin tsinkaya game da wurin zama mai dacewa a nan gaba, wasu binciken sun nuna cewa tsinkaya na iya zama daidai. Binciken Hesperia comma butterflies a Burtaniya ya gano wuraren zama marasa zama waɗanda zasu iya tallafawa jinsin a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai zafi bisa ga kamanceceniyarsu da wuraren da aka mamaye.[39] Yayin da yanayin ya yi zafi, malamin ya mallaki yawancin shafuka; yawancin shafuka da bai mallaki ba suna da nisa daga yawan mutanen da ke akwai, yana nuna cewa ba a mallake su ba saboda malamin bai iya isa gare su da kansa ba. Bayanan sun ba da shawarar cewa wuraren da suka dace, wuraren da ba a mallaka ba na iya zama manufofi masu kyau don taimakawa ƙaura. Sakamakon ya ba da shawarar cewa idan masu bincike za su iya nuna samfurin su yana yin tsinkaya mai aminci tare da bayanan duniya na ainihi, ana iya amincewa da samfuran don sanar da yanke shawara na ƙaura.

Haɗari da fa'idodi

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Kimiyya a bayyane yake cewa canjin yanayi zai fitar da nau'o'i da yawa, kuma al'ada, ka'idar kiyaye ƙasa ba za ta hana halaka ba.[25] Wadanda ke taka tsantsan da nau'o'in da ke motsawa a maimakon haka suna ba da shawarar fadada hanyoyin sadarwar hanyoyin zama, suna ba da damar jinsuna su yi ƙaura zuwa sababbin wuraren da suka dace.[40] A karkashin yawan canjin yanayi da aka tsara don shekarun da suka gabata, duk da haka, ko da wuraren da aka haɗa da cikakke tabbas ba su isa ba.[41] Dabbobi waɗanda ba za su iya ci gaba da tafiya tare da sauyin yanayi ba za su kasance cikin haɗari ba tare da la'akari da haɗin mazaunin ba. Shaidu sun nuna cewa a hankali da kuma sannu a hankali rarraba jinsuna (ciki har da jinsunan da ke da iyakacin rarraba saboda raguwar mazaunin) za su ragu ko su ƙare ba tare da shirye-shiryen taimako na ƙaura ba.[34]

A cikin kin amincewar da suka yi na taimakawa ƙaura, Ricciardi da Simberloff sun ambaci ka'idar kariya, suna mai cewa duk wani haɗari da ba a sani ba, komai yadda yake ƙarami, na taimakon ƙaura wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar sababbin nau'o'in mamayewa ya isa ya bukaci kada a gudanar da shi.[32] Masana kimiyya da yawa sun ki amincewa da wannan matsayi, duk da haka, suna lura da cewa a lokuta da yawa inda yiwuwar lalacewa saboda canjin yanayi, haɗarin lalacewa daga rashin sauƙaƙe ƙaura tabbas ya fi muni fiye da haɗarin sauƙaƙe shige da ƙaura.[33][42] Suna jayayya cewa ka'idar kariya ta yanke hanyoyi biyu, kuma dole ne a kwatanta haɗarin rashin aiki da haɗarin aiki. Sauran sun lura cewa ka'idojin taimakawa ƙaura za su dogara da dabi'un masu ruwa da tsaki da ke cikin takamaiman yanke shawara maimakon matsayin masana kimiyya kan taimakon ƙaura gabaɗaya.[43] Aƙalla, wasu bayanin kula, ya kamata masana kimiyya su ci gaba da gudanar da bincike game da taimakon ƙaura da inganta ikonmu na hango hasashen takamaiman sakamako maimakon ƙin shi gaba ɗaya.[42]

Saboda amincewa da sakamakon da ake tsammani sau da yawa ya fi girma a cikin gajeren lokaci (misali, shekaru 20) fiye da makomar dogon lokaci, yana iya zama mafi ma'ana don amfani da tsinkaye na gajeren lokaci don jagorantar ayyuka.[44] Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da ko yanayin zai kasance mai dacewa har tsawon lokaci don mulkin mallaka na jinsuna don balaga da haifuwa, idan wannan shine burin gudanarwa.[45]

Saboda canjin yanayi, gabatarwar jinsuna ta haɗari, da sauran canje-canje na duniya, babu wani wuri a duniya ba tare da rikice-rikice na ɗan adam ba.[46] Don haka, ra'ayin cewa manajojin ƙasa ya kamata su guji ƙirƙirar al'ummomin da suka canza mutane ta hanyar taimakon ƙaura na iya zama rikici saboda mutane sun canza dukkan al'ummomi har zuwa wani mataki ko manajoji suna gudanar da ƙaura mai taimako ko a'a.[47][48][49] Idan aka ba da gaskiyar canjin duniya, ba zai yiwu a kula da al'ummomin muhalli da suka gabata ba har abada. Mutane da yawa saboda haka sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata mu yi ƙoƙari mu kula da bambancin halittu da tsarin halittu masu aiki a fuskar canjin yanayi, koda kuwa yana nufin ƙaura da nau'o'in halittu fiye da yankunansu na asali.[48] A cikin rashin taimakon ƙaura, canjin yanayi ya riga ya haifar da nau'o'in da yawa masu motsi, kamar butterflies, don mallaki wuraren da ba su taɓa zama ba.[48] Ta hanyar taimakawa ƙaura, manajoji na iya taimakawa nau'o'in da ba su da yawa ko waɗanda ba su da motsi, mai yiwuwa hana halakawa a nan gaba saboda rashin iya mamaye sabbin wurare da sauri. Kodayake wasu suna jayayya cewa yanayi sau da yawa yana amsawa ga ƙalubalen yadda ya kamata ba tare da sa hannun ɗan adam ba, wasu suna lura cewa canjin yanayi na yanzu, da kansa, sa hannun ɗan Adam ne.[48] Yawancin jinsunan da za su kasance masu rarraba masu tasiri a hankali, canjin yanayi na halitta na iya barin su ta hanyar nau'ikan da ke motsawa a ƙarƙashin yawan canjin yanayi da mutum ya haifar. Don haka, ta hanyar canza yanayin, mutane na iya zama masu rarraba nau'o'in ko da ba tare da sake mayar da su ba.[48]

Masu sukar na iya samun manyan damuwa game da batutuwan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban yayin la'akari da ƙaura mai taimako kamar maladaptation ga yanayin muhalli na zamani da haɗuwa da irin waɗannan nau'o'in. Wadannan sau da yawa sun dogara da tsarin kwayar halitta da matakin bambancin kwayar halitta a cikin yawan jama'a. Dole ne a yi la'akari da yanayin muhalli wanda ake gabatar da waɗannan al'ummomin. Don inganta bambancin kwayar halitta, kuma ta haka ne yiwuwar daidaitawa, ana iya samun kayan daga al'ummomi da yawa. Wannan an san shi da hadawa.[50] Koyaya, idan yanayin muhalli sananne ne, kamar canje-canje masu tsinkaye a cikin tsawo ko busasshiyar ƙasa, ya kamata a 'daidaita yawan jama'a ta hanyar kwayar halitta' zuwa shafukan masu karɓa kamar yadda ya kamata don tabbatar da cewa mutanen da aka canza ba su da kyau. Wannan dabarar motsa nau'o'in fiye da kewayon su na yanzu an ba da shawarar ga waɗanda ke fuskantar barazana ko haɗari. Ta hanyar motsa su a waje da asalin su, da fatan za a iya kauce wa barazanar da ke tattare da farauta, cututtuka, da asarar mazaunin. Koyaya, waɗannan nau'o'in yawanci sun riga sun sha wahala daga wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka haifar da ƙarancin ƙimar yawan jama'a kamar su ɓacin rai, asarar bambancin ƙwayoyin cuta, ko maladaptation. Saboda haka, dole ne a yi taka tsantsan tare da mutanen da suka rage kuma saurin karuwar yawan jama'a dole ne ya zama babban burin. Game da wasu nau'o'in, ana iya cim ma wannan tare da shirin kiwo [51]

Sauran hanyoyin

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Ko da a karkashin saurin canjin yanayi, warwatsewa cikin sababbin yankuna bazai zama dole ba ga wasu nau'o'in su ci gaba. Maimakon bin diddigin sauyin yanayi ta sararin samaniya, wasu nau'o'in na iya rayuwa a wuraren da suke yanzu ta hanyar haɓaka haƙuri ga sababbin yanayi ta hanyar daidaitawa da daidaitawa.[52][53] Halin da za a iya amfani da shi ko daidaitawa don ba da damar ci gaba a fuskar canjin yanayi ya bambanta da nau'o'in kuma ba a fahimta sosai ba. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya tabbatar da cewa juyin halitta na haƙuri mafi girma a cikin wasu nau'ikan amphibians da dabbobi masu rarrafe zasu iya faruwa da sauri don ba da damar waɗannan nau'ikan su tsira daga karuwar zafin jiki na 3 ° C sama da shekaru 100, daidai da ƙarancin- zuwa matsakaici tsinkaye na dumamar duniya.[53] Sabanin haka, nau'o'i da yawa, kamar yawancin bishiyoyi masu matsakaici, suna da lokutan ƙarni mai tsawo sabili da haka suna iya daidaitawa da sannu a hankali; suna iya ɗaukar dubban shekaru don haɓaka irin wannan karuwar haƙuri na zafin jiki.[52][53] Daidaita wannan jinkiri ba zai isa ba don ci gaba da sa ran dumama duniya a nan gaba idan ƙaurawar sabbin wuraren zama ba zaɓi ba ne. Baya ga daidaitawa da daidaitawa, taimakon juyin halitta shine madadin taimakawa ƙaura wanda ke karuwa kwanan nan saboda rikicin coral reef na duniya. Taimako na juyin halitta shine aikin yin amfani da sa hannun ɗan adam don hanzarta yawan hanyoyin juyin halitta na halitta. Akwai manyan nau'ikan taimakon juyin halitta guda uku. 

Yanayin damuwa

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Matsalolin damuwa ya ƙunshi fallasa kwayoyin zuwa damuwa ta sublethal, tare da burin haifar da canje-canje na jiki wanda ke kara haƙuri ga abubuwan damuwa na gaba. An rubuta shaidar cewa wasu canje-canje za a iya wucewa a cikin tsararraki a cikin tsire-tsire da dabbobi. Za'a iya haifar da yanayin damuwa ta wucin gadi a cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje don ƙirƙirar martani da ake so bisa ga mahallinsu. Shahararrun misalai sun haɗa da gwajin 1989 wanda ya yi amfani da yanayin damuwa ta hanyar girgizar zafi a kan koda na bera don tsawaita lokacin ajiyar sanyi zuwa awanni 48. Kwanan nan, ana nazarin yanayin damuwa a matsayin mafita mai yuwuwa don adana coral reefs yayin da suke ci gaba da fallasa su ga dumamar teku da ƙarancin acid.

Gudanar da kwayar halitta

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Gudun kwayoyin halitta (AGF) yana aiki don kara kasancewar kwayoyin halitta da ake so a cikin zuriya. AGF ya dogara da kwayoyin halitta da suka riga sun kasance a cikin kwayar halitta, maimakon halittar wucin gadi da saka lambar kwayar halitta a cikin kwafin halitta na jinsin. Gudun kwayar halitta mai taimako na iya gabatar da kwayoyin halitta masu alaƙa a cikin tafkin kwayar halitta don ba da damar gabatar da halayen da ba za a iya samu a baya a cikin sababbin jinsuna. AGF tana gano kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke samar da halayen da ake so ko haƙuri ga yanayin muhalli, kuma tana aiki don ƙara damar da iyayen ke watsa kwayar halitta da ake tambaya ke faruwa (wanda aka fi sani da gado). Tabbatar da wane kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayar halitta suna samar da halayen da ake so ko haƙuri na muhalli ya ƙunshi gwaje-gwaje waɗanda ke auna girma, rayuwa, da nuna halayyar zuriya tare da nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban. AGF wata dabara ce mai yuwuwa don adanawa nau'in da ke fuskantar barazanar canjin yanayi, [54] kuma ana iya amfani da shi ga tsire-tsire biyu (misali Maido da gandun daji) ko yawan dabbobi. A halin yanzu, ana haɗuwa da yankuna daban-daban na murjani mai girma don gwada ko 'ya'yan suna nuna ƙarin juriya ga yanayin rayuwa mai zafi. Ƙarin juriya ga yanayin rayuwa mai zafi yana ba da damar adana Babban Barrier Reef koda yayin da yanayin ruwa ke ci gaba da tashi.

Haɗuwa

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Hybridization yana nufin taki inda kwai da maniyyi daga nau'o'i daban-daban guda biyu zasu iya shayarwa da samar da yara. Johann Gregor Mendel ne ya yi nazarin haɗuwa a cikin shekarun 1800, wanda bayan mutuwarsa aka yaba da gano kwayoyin halitta da alamomi da tasirin su akan kwayar halitta. Fa'idodin haɗuwa sun haɗa da ƙaruwa a cikin bambancin kwayoyin halitta da kuma yiwuwar haɗuwa da kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke iya daidaitawa da, da haifuwa a cikin, yanayin da ke da wuya. Ana gwada haɗuwa da coral reefs a lokacin haihuwar coral na shekara-shekara don ƙirƙirar zuriyar haɗe-haɗe waɗanda za su sami rayuwa mafi girma da girma a cikin yanayi daban-daban na canjin yanayi.

Sabanin haka, ga nau'in neoendemic, haɓakawa zai iya haifar da asarar bambance-bambancen halittu saboda nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da ke da alaƙa da aka ba da damar yin hulɗa da juna na iya haifar da nau'in nau'i ɗaya maimakon na asali biyu ko fiye. Cupressus abramsiana shine irin wannan misali. Sabuntawar 2016 na tarayya na shirin dawo da wannan bishiyar cypress mai barazana, wanda ke fama da ƙananan yanki a bakin tekun California, ya yi gargaɗi game da hatsarori na haɓaka. Wani sashe na shirin mai suna "Genetic introgression" (wanda aka fi sani da introgressive hybridization) ya bayyana yadda amincin wannan nau'in ke fuskantar barazanar dasa shuki na kusa da nau'in 'yar'uwa, Monterey cypress, wanda asalinsa na tarihi yana kusa: a gefe na Monterey Bay. Hybridization an san ya faru tsakanin biyu endemics - da kuma tare da yadu shuka 'yar'uwar jinsuna 'yan asalin zuwa Arizona: Arizona cypress.[1] Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da haɓakawa sun haɗa da tarin ƙwayoyin halitta masu lalacewa, ɓarnar baƙin ciki, da swaming kwayoyin halitta. Game da batun rashin damuwa wanda ya rage dacewa da nau'in halittar halittu, akwai hadarin lalacewa. Wannan yana faruwa a lokacin da yawan karuwar yawan jama'a ya kasa da adadin maye gurbin, yana bata damar haifuwa na al'ummomi biyu.[2]

Manufofin gwamnati

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Manufofin kiyayewa na duniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani takarda na bita da aka buga a cikin mujallar Science a cikin 1989, mai taken "Translocation as a Species Conservation Tool: Status and Strategy," ya tattara amfani da translocations ga nau'o'in da ba a saba gani ba (na tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa) daga 1973 zuwa 1989 a Amurka, Hawaii, Kanada, Australia, da New Zealand.[55] Halakar mazauni, raguwar mazaunin, da farauta sune manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da raguwar da aka jera a cikin wannan takarda. Ba a ambaci Canjin yanayi a matsayin dalilin damuwa ba.

Shekaru talatin bayan haka, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi (IUCN) ta buga cewa "canjin yanayi a halin yanzu yana shafar akalla nau'in 10,967 a kan IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. " [56] A wani littafin IUCN a cikin 2021, an ambaci canjin yanayi sau 20 a cikin rahoton shafi 355 ta ƙungiyar Conservation Translocation Specialist Group; amma "taimako mulkin mallaka" a matsayin amsa mai daidaitawa da aka ambata sau ɗaya kawai. [57]

A cikin 2022, sabuntawar Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Yarjejeniyar Biological Diversity ta amince da "canjin yanayi" a matsayin babbar barazana ta uku ga bambancin halittu na duniya. "Cance-bambance a cikin amfani da ƙasa da teku" tare da "amfani kai tsaye da kwayoyin" an dauke su a matsayin babbar barazana. Saboda yarjejeniyar ta kasance a matakin "ma'auni" da "ma'ana", ba a ambaci kayan aikin kiyayewa ba, kamar su translocation, ko kuma yanayin sauyawa (taimako na ƙaura). [58]

Dokar Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Amurka

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Kodayake Dokar Dabbobi Masu Hadari ta 1973 ba ta ƙuntata ƙaura mai taimako ba, canjin tsari a cikin 1984 game da "al'ummomin gwaji" ya sa yiwuwar canji ya fi wuya a tabbatar da shi.[59] Yuni 2022, Hukumar Kifi da namun daji ta Amurka ta buga wata doka da aka gabatar a cikin Tarihin Tarayya wacce za ta "maido da sashi na 10 (j) ka'idojin a karkashin Dokar Dabbobi Masu Hadari don sauƙaƙe farfadowa ta hanyar ba da izinin gabatar da nau'ikan da aka lissafa zuwa wuraren da suka dace a waje da tarihin su. Canjin da aka gabatar zai taimaka wajen inganta kiyayewa da dawo da nau'in da aka lissafin ESA a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, yayin da ke karuwa daga Canjin yanayi da nau'o'in da suka sa wuraren zama a cikin tarihin su canzawa da suka zama marasa dacewa a kan layi da kuma sun ƙare" Magana a kan layi na Agusta 2022,[60] An shirya yanke shawara ta ƙarshe don bugawa Yuni 2023 . [61] Wata takarda ta 2010 a cikin Wasikun Tsaro ta nuna cewa, yayin da babu canje-canje na doka da suka zama dole don sauƙaƙe wannan sabon nau'in daidaitawar yanayi, "ka'idojin yanzu suna da cikas ga taimakawa mulkin mallaka ga nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa da ke cikin haɗari, yayin da ka'idoji ba lallai ba ne su ƙuntata mulkin mallaka na tsire-tsire masu haɗari. "[62]

Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Amurka a watan Yunin 2023 ta sanar da shawarar da ta yanke na canza sashi na 10 (j) ta hanyar share ambaton "yanayin tarihi" a matsayin siginar inda aka ba da izinin "mutanen gwaji". Wannan ya ba da izini sosai ya taimaka wa ƙaurawar jinsuna ga tsire-tsire da dabbobi da ke cikin haɗari ko barazana.[63] Sanarwar manema labarai ta taƙaita dalilin canjin kamar yadda, "A lokacin da aka kafa ka'idojin asali 10 (j), ba a fahimci tasirin canjin yanayi a kan jinsuna da wuraren zama ba, duk da haka a cikin shekarun da suka gabata tun lokacin da suka zama mafi ban mamaki. Wadannan gyare-gyare za su taimaka wajen hana halakawa da tallafawa dawo da jinsunan da ke cikin haɗari ta hanyar ba da sabis ɗin da abokan hulɗarmu damar aiwatar da gabatarwa masu aiki, gabatarwa na kiyayewa don rage tasirin canjin sauyin yanayi da sauran barazanar halittu masu mamayewa. "[64]

Aiwatarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rahotanni da yawa na masana sun rubuta sauye-sauye na yanayi na nau'o'in masu tafi-da-gidanka - musamman, butterflies da tsuntsaye, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na dumamar duniya. Wannan shi ne musamman a cikin Ƙasar Ingila, inda abubuwan da aka lura da Tarihin halitta suke da daraja kuma sun dawo da ƙarni da yawa.[65] Har ila yau, an rubuta cewa ana sayar da tsire-tsire a wuraren kula da yara a Turai da ke arewacin yankunansu na tarihi, kuma tare da gagarumin nasara a wuraren sanyi.[66] Shaidar irin wannan "motsa jiki mai taimako", saboda cinikin lambu, an kuma rubuta shi don shuke-shuke a Amurka.[67]

A cikin yanayin Arewacin Amurka, sau da yawa ana tattauna ƙaura mai taimako a cikin mahallin sake komawa gandun daji na nahiyar. A ƙarshen 2000s da farkon 2010s, lardunan Kanada na Alberta da British Columbia sun canza jagororin sake dasa bishiyoyi don lissafin motsi zuwa arewacin mafi kyawun gandun daji.[68] Har ma British Columbia ta ba da haske mai kore don sake komawa jinsin guda ɗaya, Western Larch, kilomita 1000 zuwa arewa.[69] 

A cikin jerin da ke ƙasa na ainihin da kuma yiwuwar ayyukan taimakawa na ƙaura, duk sai daya (Florida torreya itace) ana ba da shawarar kuma ana aiwatar da su ta hanyar masana kimiyya masu ƙwarewa, kuma yawanci tare da kulawar shirye-shiryen jinsunan da ke cikin haɗari na gwamnati. Muhimmancin haraji a cikin nasarar fassara nau'in shuka da dabbobi ya kasance daga (a) kiyaye kwayoyin halitta na <b id="mwAjk">yawan jama'a</b> (Pika na Amurka), zuwa (b) hana halakawar nau'in (Quino checkerspot butterfly), zuwa (c) hana haukawar nau'i (Florida torreya tree), da kuma (d) hana hawan jinsin (Western swamp tortoise).

Ayyuka na farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Florida torreya, Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taurari masu launin shudi suna nuna wuraren da masu kula da Torreya suka aika da tsaba tun lokacin da aka kafa su a shekara ta 2005. Tauraron turquoise shine inda aka fara samar da iri a cikin 2018.[70]

Florida_Torreya" id="mwAkw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Florida Torreya">Florida torreya (Torreya taxifolia) itace mai haɗari ne na dangin yew, Taxaceae, wanda aka samo a Kudu maso gabashin Amurka, a yankin iyakar jihar na arewacin Florida da kudu maso yammacin Georgia. An kirkiro wata kungiya mai zaman kanta mai suna Torreya Guardians a shekara ta 2004 don gudanar da ƙaura mai taimakawa wannan itace mai tsinkaye ta hanyar sake ginawa shi a wasu sassan arewacin Amurka.[29] Rashin jituwa da ya ci gaba shi ne cewa 'yan ƙasa sun yi amfani da banbanci (kawai ga tsire-tsire) a cikin Dokar Tsire-tsare ta Amurka ta 1973 don fara ƙaura da suka taimaka wa jinsunan da ke cikin haɗari - koda kuwa shirin farfadowa na hukuma bai riga ya ba da izini ba.

A shekara ta 2018 'yan ƙasa sun kammala rubuce-rubuce na nau'ikan jinsuna a cikin shuke-shuke na kayan lambuce da yawa - gami da samar da tsaba da shuke-shiryen ƙarni na gaba a shafuka da yawa a Arewacin Carolina.[71] A cikin 2018 nasu shuka a Cleveland, Ohio, sun fara samar da tsaba (tauraron turquoise a hoton da ke dama).[72]

Tattaunawar masana na farko game da fa'idodi da rashi na taimakawa ƙaura a matsayin kayan aiki na daidaita yanayi don kiyaye jinsunan da ke cikin haɗari sau da yawa sun ambaci aikin Florida torreya. ,[73][74] kamar yadda kafofin watsa labarai na duniya suka yi[75]

Yammacin Swamp Turtle, Ostiraliya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Turtle na yammacin marmara (Pseudemydura umbrina) dabba ce mai rarrafe da ke cikin haɗari wanda ke cikin karamin yanki na kudu maso yammacin Australia. An yi la'akari da shi har sai an sake gano shi a cikin 1954 kuma an ruwaito shi a cikin 1981 don zama "nau'in jinsin jinsin, na ƙuntataccen kewayon da kuma mazaunin musamman. " Wannan nau'in sananne ne a tarihin kiyayewa don kasancewa misali na farko na dabba mai haɗari wanda aka sauya shi zuwa wuri mai nisa (kilomita 300 zuwa pole) a bayyane saboda canjin yanayi.[76]

A lokacin da aka fara gwajin ƙaura, mafaka ta asali kawai ga wannan nau'in ta kasance kawai ta hanyar tururuwa da aka sake gabatar da su.[77] An fara gwajin farko a cikin 2016, tare da sakin yara 24 da aka haifa.[78] Sabanin misalin itacen Florida torreya, wannan gwaji na farko a cikin taimakon ƙaura na nau'in da ke cikin haɗari a Ostiraliya "an riga shi da cikakken tsarawa da bincike. " Sakamakon da ya dace gaba ɗaya, duk da cikas ga mahimman bayanai, an ruwaito shi a cikin wata mujallar shekaru huɗu bayan haka.[77]

An fara gwaji na biyu a 2022 a wannan yankin, a wannan lokacin a Scott National Park. Babban masanin kimiyya shine Nicola Mitchell, farfesa a fannin ilimin kiyayewa a Jami'ar Western Australia. Ta yi magana a bayyane ga International New York Times game da ka'idar ɗabi'a: Ya kamata mutane su bar yanayi ya gudana, don haka ya hallaka wannan nau'in zuwa halaka saboda canjin yanayi? "Ko kuma muna da alhakin ɗabi'a" don yin aiki a madadinsa?

Mark Schwartz, masanin kimiyyar kiyayewa a Jami'ar California, Davis, an nakalto shi a cikin labarin. Da yake magana game da sikelin barazanar bambancin halittu da canjin yanayi ya haifar, idan aka kwatanta da amfani da ƙaura mai taimako a matsayin dabarun daidaitawa, Schwartz ya ce: "Don motsa isasshen nau'o'in don warware wannan barazanar da ba za a iya jurewa ba. " Duk da haka ya kuma lura cewa sauye-sauyen yanayi sun fi karɓa fiye da wata hanyar da ake la'akari da ita: fara gyaran kwayoyin halitta don yin nau'in da ke da yanayin yanayi. Babban masanin kimiyya Mitchell ya yarda da haɗarin, yayin da yake ba da "za mu iya warware kuskurenmu ta hanyar sake kama su". Ƙarin jujjuyawar jarirai sun ci gaba zuwa 2023. [31]

Tallafin farko ba tare da aiwatarwa ba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kwango na Quino Checkerspot, US

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

<b id="mwArE">Quino checkerspot</b> (kwai">Euphydryas editha quino) malam buɗe ido ne na asalin kudancin California da arewa maso yammacin Baja California . Yana da nau'ikan nau'ikan Edith's checkerspot (Euphydryas editha), wanda ya kai arewacin kudancin British Columbia da Alberta. A shekara ta 1997 ya zama nau'i na biyu na Edith's checkerspot da za a jera a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsuntsaye Masu Hadari ta Tarayya. (Na farko shi ne Bay checkerspot, wanda aka jera a matsayin "mai barazana" a 1987.) [79]

Musamman, ya zama nau'in farko da ke cikin haɗari wanda aka ruwaito canjin yanayi a matsayin barazanar yanzu kuma ta haka ne abin da za a yi la'akari da shi a cikin shirin farfadowa.[80] Koyaya, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a cikin The Guardian Afrilu 2014

Quino Checkerspot Butterfly a kan hyacinth na daji

Wani nau'in malam buɗe ido wanda yawan jama'arsa ya rushe saboda canjin yanayi da asarar mazaunin ya kalubalanci tsinkayen halaka don saurin motsawa zuwa yanayin sanyi da canza shuka mai cin abinci. Quino checkerspot (Euphydryas editha quino), wanda aka samo a Mexico da California, ya sauya zuwa tsawo mafi girma kuma abin mamaki ya zaɓi nau'in shuka daban-daban wanda za a sa qwai, bisa ga binciken da aka gabatar a taron kasa da kasa na bakwai na Butterfly Conservation a Southampton.... "Kowane masanin ilimin halitta na malam buɗe ido wanda ya san komai game da quino a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ya yi tunanin zai ƙare a yanzu, gami da ni, "in ji Farfesa Camille Parmesan na Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Marine a Jami'ar Plymouth.... "[81]

A cikin wata takarda mai taken, "Mafin Quino checkerspot mai haɗari da canjin yanayi: Nasarar gajeren lokaci amma rashin ƙarfi na dogon lokaci?", marubutan sun yarda da ikon mamakin malamin don amfani da sabon abincin tsire-tsire a cikin wurin zama mai sanyi da ke kusa da shi kuma sun kammala cewa: "Quino ya bayyana mai jurewa ga yanayin zafi. Koyaya, tsinkaye sun nuna cewa mafi yawan ko duk yankin Quino na yanzu a Amurka, gami da sabon tsawo, zai zama ba za a iya zama ba.[82]

Amurka Pika (rashin ruwa) da Joshua Tree, Amurka

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A cikin shekaru goma na farko na sharuɗɗan sun taimaka wa ƙaura da kuma taimakawa mulkin mallaka da ke bayyana a cikin mujallu na kimiyyar kiyayewa, an bincika nau'o'i biyu masu yawa a yammacin Amurka (hoto dama) don yiwuwar amfani da sabon kayan aikin daidaita yanayin. Pika na Amurka, Ochotona princeps, (dangi na kusa da zomo) [83] [84] da Itacen Joshua, Yucca brevifolia, (itace mai daraja na Desert Mojave) suna fuskantar raguwar yanayi a cikin yawan mutanen da suka fi kudu.

A lokacin, lokacin da aka fara tattauna kayan aikin daidaita yanayin yanayi, aikace-aikacen kimiyya ga sanannun nau'ikan sun jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai.[1] Domin samun nasarar kamawa, jigilar kaya, da sakin dabbar dabbar mai tsayi na buƙatar tsarawa da "kyakkyawan albarkatun kuɗi,"[2] ba da shawara mai mahimmanci don ƙaddamar da irin wannan aikin na pika bai faru ba. Dangane da bishiyar Joshua, a cikin 2019 Ma'aikatar Kifi da Namun daji ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin kin sanya wannan shukar hamada a matsayin nau'in "barazana", [3] kuma gwamnatin jihar California ta yi haka a cikin 2022.[4] A wannan lokacin, masana kimiyya uku na Kifi & Namun daji na Amurka sun tattara binciken da ake da su (ciki har da ƙirar yanayin canjin yanayi) a cikin wani rahoto mai taken, "Bincika abubuwan da suka gabata, yanzu, da makomar wani Iconic Mojave Desert Species, the Joshua Tree." [5] An buga shi a cikin Disamba 2020. Ba a ambaci kowane nau'i na yanayin ƙaura ba, gami da yanayin ƙaura na gaba, gami da yanayin ƙaura. canji.

Stitchbird (hihi), New Zealand

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Stitchbird, wanda aka fi sani da Hihi, tsuntsu ne na New Zealand. Canje-canje a cikin yanayi sun nuna cewa suna da tasiri sosai a kan ikon hihi na bunƙasa da haifuwa. A sakamakon haka, canjin yanayi da mutum ya haifar yana da barazana ga jinsin. Gidan asalin hihi na yanzu yana zama mara daidaituwa saboda hauhawar yanayin zafi, kuma yanayin da ya dace yana motsawa zuwa kudu. Ana ɗaukar ƙaura mai taimako a matsayin hanyar tabbatar da cewa hihi na iya kasancewa a cikin mazauninta na yanzu. Masu sukar, duk da haka, suna jayayya da haɗarin da aka gabatar ga sabon mahalli ba su cancanci fa'idodin da za a iya samu na taimakawa ƙaura ba.[85]

Shuka da dabbobi da aka haɗa suna gudana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Abubuwan addini - Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Vol. 110

A cikin 2024, an bayar da rahoton sakamako mai kyau na nasarar da aka samu a cikin yankin dutsen wuta kusa da Mexico City. An gwada wani itace mai tsawo wanda yawancin mutanen Arewacin Amurka suka fi so a kan wani dutse mai fitattun wuta wanda ya ba da tsawo mafi girma ga bishiyoyi su girma fiye da masallacin masarautar da ke akwai kilomita 75 daga nesa.[86][87] Masana kimiyya goma sha uku sun hada hannu da takarda mai taken, "Sanya wuraren da aka shuka malamin sarkin sarakuna don yanayin yanayi na gaba: Abies religiosa upper altitudinal limit expansion by assisted ƙaura". Sun rubuta, "Mun kammala cewa kafa A. religiosa a mita 3,600 da 3,800 yana yiwuwa kuma wannan shuka na iya zama wuraren da aka yi amfani da su don malamin sararin samaniya a ƙarƙashin yanayin da aka tsara a nan gaba".[88]

Kafa itace mai saurin girma don zama wuri mai tsarki na gandun daji a ƙarshen ƙarni don kwari mai ƙaura matsala ce ta mataki na biyu fiye da ayyukan jinsin guda ɗaya waɗanda har yanzu ana ɗaukar su masu rikitarwa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyar ta fara kafa a mafi girman tsaunuka na gwaji wani shrub na asali, Baccharis conferta, don aiki a matsayin shuke-shuke masu kula da yara da ke kare sabbin shuke-huke na fir daga sanyi da fari a farkon shekarunsu.[89]

Mawallafin jagora ya ba da labarin muhimman abubuwan da aka gani na malamin a kusa da shafin da aka yi amfani da itace: "Masu malamin Monarch a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun kafa sabbin yankuna masu girma a wurare masu sanyi a cikin Nevado de Toluca, wanda ke nuna cewa sun riga sun nemi sabbin wurare don yin hunturu. Da zarar shuke-shuke sun girma sosai, za su kuma gano wurin shukamu. " [87] An zaɓi wannan shafin ne saboda yana ba da gangaren dutse sama da mita dubu fiye da adanawar malam buɗe ido na yanzu.

Gudanar da ƙaura mai taimako

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Umbrella magnolia, itace mai laushi, a cikin furen arewa maso gabashin Alabama

Tsire-tsire masu tsufa na itatuwa a arewacin yankunansu sune nau'in taimakon ƙaura da aka riga aka fara.[90] Saboda shuke-shuke na asali bazai haɗa da burin taimakawa bishiyoyi su yi ƙaura zuwa arewa a cikin yanayin zafi ba, wannan nau'in daidaita yanayin da ba a yi niyya ba wanda mutane suka ba da damar za a iya kiransa ƙaura mai taimako ba tare da saninsa ba. Jesse Bellemare da abokan aiki na iya kirkirar kalmar a cikin takarda da aka buga a cikin 2017: "Ya bayyana cewa wasu tsire-tsire na asali, musamman wadanda ke da ƙimar kayan ado, na iya samun damar canza kewayon su zuwa arewa ta hanyar taimakon ɗan adam ba tare da saninsa ba. " Itacen subcanopy na asali a kudu maso gabashin Amurka, laima magnolia, wanda ya zama cikakke a cikin gandun daji kusa da asalin shuka a Massachusetts shine batun takarda na Bellemare. [67][91] Wannan da sauran misalai suna nuna ba kawai cewa ƙaura mai taimakawa tsire-tsire na iya samun nasara ba, amma rarrabe 'yan asalin daga jinsunan da ba na asali ba a wannan lokacin na saurin canjin yanayi zai buƙaci sababbin ƙa'idodi.[92]

Tarihin tarihi na Torreya taxifolia da aka dasa a waje da asalin ƙasar an rubuta su ne ta hanyar Torreya Guardians kuma an sanya su a matsayin rubutun hoto a shafin yanar gizon kungiyar [93] da kuma bidiyo. [94]

An yi amfani da rahotanni game da cikakken zama na tsire-tsire na tsire na wasu bishiyoyi na asali a matsayin tallafi don turawa da gangan na taimakon ƙaura a manyan ma'auni a matsayin kayan aiki don daidaita yanayin yanayi. Coast redwood (native a California) da Torreya taxifolia (native to Florida) misalai ne guda biyu. A cikin 2022 wani wallafe-wallafen Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Kanada ya nuna nasarar shuke-shuke na lambu a cikin British Columbia da Jihar Washington, tare da bita na bincike da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da paleobiogeography na redwood da yanayin kewayon yanzu, a matsayin dalilan da za su ba da shawarar cewa Tsibirin Vancouver na Kanada ya riga ya ba da "ƙananan sassan mafi kyawun mazaunin" don fadada kewayon Redwood na bakin teku.[95] Game da Florida torreya, takardun "tsarin tarihi a jihohin arewa" ƙungiyar Torreya Guardians ta gabatar da su a matsayin mai tallafawa a cikin 2019 "Kotu zuwa Downlist daga haɗari zuwa barazanar Torreya taxifolia". [71][96] Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an ba da shawarar kuma an buga ta, ba tare da canji a cikin yanayin jinsin imperilment ba.[97] Amma Factor E na yanke shawara, "Documentation of Historical Groves," ya amince da nasarorin 'yan ƙasa a wannan batun.

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Canjin yanayi
  • Gudanar da gandun daji
  • Tasirin canjin yanayi akan bambancin halittu
  • Hemerochory
  • Shuka da ta tsere

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Barlow, Connie. "Assisted Migration or Assisted Colonization: What's In a Name?: Chronological History of the Debate on Terminology". Torreya Guardians. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  2. ↑ "Wild Earth Forum: Assisted Migration for an Endangered Tree" (PDF). Wild Earth. Winter 2004. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  3. ↑ Hunter, M. L. (2007). "Climate Change and Moving Species: Furthering the Debate on Assisted Colonization". Conservation Biology. 21 (5): 1356–1358. Bibcode:2007ConBi..21.1356H. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00780.x. PMID 17883502. S2CID 8050923.
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  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Barlow, Connie. "Historic Groves of Torreya Trees: Long-term Experiments in Assisted Migration". Torreya Guardians. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  72. ↑ Bess, Fred. "Torreya taxifolia in Cleveland, Ohio". Torreya Guardians. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  73. ↑ Torreya Guardians. "Torreya Guardians in the Media". Torreya Guardians. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
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  96. ↑ Barlow, Connie. "Petition to DOWNLIST from endangered to threatened Torreya taxifolia, Florida Torreya (2019)" (PDF). ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  97. ↑ "Evaluation of a Petition To Downlist Florida Torreya" (PDF). Federal Register. 86 (186): 53939. 29 September 2021.
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