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Taimako na ƙaura na gandun daji a Arewacin Amurka

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Taimako na ƙaura na gandun daji a Arewacin Amurka
Biomes of North America - PROJECTED 2060 (Rehfeldt et al. 2012) [1]

Taimako na ƙaura shine motsi na yawan jama'a ko nau'o'in da mutane ke yi daga wannan yanki zuwa wani don mayar da martani ga Canjin yanayi. Wannan shine ma'anar da aka bayar a cikin takardar da ba ta fasaha ba da aka buga ta Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Amurka a cikin 2023, tana ba da shawarar cewa wannan nau'in daidaita yanayin yanayi "zai iya zama kayan aiki mai aiki, kayan aiki mai amfani don gina ƙarfin yanayi a cikin shimfidar wuri. "[2]

Shirye-shiryen taimakawa ƙaura na gandun daji a Arewacin Amurka an kirkiresu ne daga hukumomin gwamnati da na asali, masu mallakar gandun daji masu zaman kansu, da kuma amintattun ƙasa. Sun kasance suna bincike, gwaji, kimantawa, kuma wani lokacin aiwatar da ayyukan ƙaura na gandun daji a matsayin hanyar daidaitawa da Canjin yanayi.[3][4] Taimako na ƙaura a cikin mahallin gandun daji ya bambanta da taimakon ƙaura kamar yadda aka gabatar da shi a asali a cikin mahalli na ilmin halitta na kiyayewa, inda ake ɗaukarsa azaman kayan aiki na gudanarwa don taimakawa nau'in da ke cikin haɗari su jimre da buƙatar daidaita yanayin yanayi.[5] Mai da hankali a cikin gandun daji shine rage mummunan tasirin canjin yanayi akan kiwon lafiya da yawan amfanin gandun daji masu aiki [6]

Harkokin gandun daji da ke taimakawa ƙaura sun riga sun fara aiki a Arewacin Amurka saboda sauyin yanayi da ke canzawa da kuma ayyukan masana'antar gandun daji. Yanzu al'ada ce ga amfanin gona na gwamnati da masana'antu na bishiyoyi da za a bi ta hanyar dasa tsaba ko shuke-shuke a wuraren da aka girbe. Saboda haka, damar ta atomatik ta taso bayan girbi don zaɓar tsaba (kuma wani lokacin nau'ikan bishiyoyi daban-daban) daga yankunan da ke da yanayin da ake sa ran isa wuraren girbi shekaru da yawa a nan gaba. Gwamnatin British Columbia a Kanada ita ce jiha ta farko a nahiyar da ta yanke shawarar canza jagororin canja wurin iri daidai a cikin shekara ta 2009. [7] [8][9]

Duk da haka, ba a yi la'akari da nau'ikan ƙaura masu tsawo ba kafin ƙirar yanayi da kuma shaidar cikin gandun daji game da karuwar saurin canjin yanayi. Tattaunawar tattaunawa da muhawara ta biyo baya a cikin aikin gandun daji wanda ya fara a kusa da shekara ta 2008. [10] Tattaunawar ta mayar da hankali ne game da tasirin dabi'a na tsarin halittu na ƙaura, haɗari da fa'idodin irin waɗannan ƙoƙarin, da dabi'u a zuciyar ayyukan ƙaura na gandun daji.[11]

Har ila yau, akwai lokuta da aka rubuta na ƙaurawar da aka taimaka wa itatuwan Arewacin Amurka ba tare da saninsa ba. Da farko a farkon karni na 20, an dasa bishiyoyi biyu da suka shahara a California, giant sequoia da Redwood na bakin teku, don dalilai na gandun daji na birane zuwa arewa a birane a bakin tekun Pacific na Oregon, Washington, da British Columbia. A yau waɗannan samfurori ba kawai suna bunƙasa ba; suna da kyau a cikin birane kuma galibi sun fi itatuwan asali a cikin girman da aka samu. Hakanan, nau'ikan Magnolia da yawa na asali a kudu maso gabashin Amurka sun warwatse cikin gandun daji, godiya ga shuke-shuke masu ban sha'awa da ke samar da tsaba fiye da yankunansu na asali.

Canjin yanayi a matsayin abin da ke motsawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Canjin yanayi yana ƙara matsakaicin yanayin zafi na gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka.[12][13] A cikin shekarun 2020 sana'ar gandun daji a Arewacin Amurka ba ta sake yin muhawara ko taimakon mutum wajen taimakawa bishiyoyi na asali na iya zama dole. Wani labarin kimiyya na 2023 ya fara, "Canjin duniya yana sake fasalin yanayin yanayi a cikin saurin da ya wuce yawan ƙaura na halitta ga yawancin nau'ikan bishiyoyi. " Sakamakon shi ne cewa "wannan rashin daidaituwa na iya haifar da asarar bala'i na mahimman ayyukan yanayin gandun daji kamar su ƙwacewar carbon, samar da mazauni, da samfuran gandun daji. "[14]

Range yana canzawa zuwa sama zuwa mafi girman tsawo yana buƙatar ƙasa da nisa fiye da sauyawa yana bin yanayin yanayi a kan ƙasa mai laushi zuwa pole. [15] [10][16] Dabbobi a cikin iyakokin kudancin kewayon su sun riga sun nuna raguwa ko cirewa, gami da wasu bishiyoyi mafi mahimmanci na Arewacin Amurka (Joshua Tree da giant sequoia). Yanayi mai bushewa a Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka yana haifar da shrubby ciyawa maye gurbin pinyon-juniper woodland, biyo bayan fari da ya haifar da mutuwar bishiyoyi.[17] Masu kula da gandun daji a Minnesota suna hasashen cewa yanayin halittu zai fadada, maye gurbin gandun daji yayin da yankinsu ya zama mai dumi da bushe.[18] Canjin yanayi na yanki a cikin tsaunukan Sierra na California ya ba da damar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na asali su kashe itatuwan conifer da ke fama da fari, wanda hakan ya haifar da gobara mai yawa da bala'i.[19] Kodayake giant sequoia ya fi tsayayya da kwari fiye da bishiyoyi da firs da aka gauraya a ciki da kewaye da itacensa, gobarar yankin da ke cinye bishiyoyi masu mutuwa a cikin 2020 da 2021 sun tabbatar da haɗari ga giant sequoias waɗanda kuma an haɗiye rufin su.[20][21]

Ma'anar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani takarda na tattaunawa na 2011 a cikin British Columbia Journal of Ecosystems and Management ya ba da wannan ma'anar taimakon ƙaura: "motsi mai ma'ana na jinsuna don sauƙaƙe ko kwaikwayon yawan halitta ko fadada kewayon don taimakawa tabbatar da shuke-shuke na gandun daji su kasance masu jurewa a cikin yanayin gaba. " [22] Wani labarin bita na 2016 ya bayyana gandun daji da aka taimaka wa mutanen da ke da shi, ta hanyar sake fasalin su kasance a cikin yanayin da ya dace don gabatar da itace mai zuwa, a cikin itace mai sauyawa. "[23][23]

Nau'o'i Uku

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Nau'o'i uku na gandun daji sun taimaka wa ƙaura [24]

Akwai nau'ikan kiwon daji guda uku da ke taimakawa ƙaura, wanda albarkatun kasa na Kanada suka bayyana ta wannan hanyar: [25]

  1. Taimako na ƙaurawar jama'a: motsi na taimakon ɗan adam na yawan jama'a a cikin jinsin da aka kafa.
  2. Taimako na fadada kewayon: motsi na taimakon mutum na jinsuna zuwa yankunan da ke waje da kewayon da aka kafa, sauƙaƙe ko kwaikwayon fadada kewar halitta.
  3. Taimako na ƙaura mai nisa:: motsi na taimakon ɗan adam na jinsuna zuwa yankuna da ke nesa da kewayon su (bayan yankunan da za a iya samu ta hanyar warwatsewar halitta).

Nazarin farko da muhawara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Farawa a shekara ta 2004 da hanzarta a shekara ta 2007, masu bincike a fannin ilmin halitta sun buga takardu game da fa'idodi da abubuwan da suka dace na kara ayyukan gudanarwa na gargajiya don hana shuke-shuke da dabbobi tare da dabarun canzawa na jinsuna don karɓar sauye-sauyen kewayon da suka riga sun zama bayyane sakamakon canjin yanayi.[26][27][28][29] Masana ilimin halittu na kiyayewa sun kuma buga muhawara don da kuma adawa da manyan kalmomi guda uku da aka yi amfani da su don kiran wannan kayan aikin gudanarwa: taimakawa ƙaura, taimakawa mulkin mallaka, da kuma Gudanar da sake komawa. [30][31]

Beetles na asali yanzu suna iya kashe ko da itatuwan da suka fi tsayi (Engelmann spruce) a cikin gandun daji na Colorado. Hoto Yuni 2014, Wolf Creek Pass.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Rehfeldt, Gerald E; Crookston, Nicholas L; Saenz-Romero, Cuauhtemoc; Campbell, Elizabeth M (2012). "North American vegetation model for land-use planning in a changing climate: a solution to large classification problems" (PDF). Ecological Applications. 22 (1): 119–141. Bibcode:2012EcoAp..22..119R. doi:10.1890/11-0495.1. PMID 22471079.
  2. ↑ Halleaux, Savannah (April 6, 2023). "Traveling trees: Assisted migration for climate resilience". U.S. Forest Service. Archived from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  3. ↑ "Assisted Migration". Natural Resources Canada. Government of Canada. 27 June 2013. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  4. ↑ Beardmore, Tannis; Winder, Richard (January 2011). "Review of science-based assessments of species vulnerability: Contributions to decision-making for assisted migration". The Forestry Chronicle. 87 (6): 745–754. doi:10.5558/tfc2011-091.
  5. ↑ Hällfors, Maria H; et al. (July 2014). "Coming to Terms with the Concept of Moving Species Threatened by Climate Change – A Systematic Review of the Terminology and Definitions". PLOS ONE. 9 (7): e102979. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j2979H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102979. PMC 4108403. PMID 25055023.
  6. ↑ Tibbetts, John H (15 March 2024). "In Minnesota, Researchers Are Moving Trees Farther North to Save Forests". Smithsonian.
  7. ↑ O'Neill, Gregory A; et al. "Assisted Migration to Address Climate Change in British Columbia: Recommendations for Interim Seed Transfer Standards (2008)" (PDF). Ministry of Forests and Range. Government of British Columbia. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  8. ↑ "Climate-Based Seed Transfer". Ministry of Forests and Range. Government of British Columbia. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  9. ↑ Leech, Susan March; Almuedo, Pedro Lara; O'Neill, Greg (2011). "Assisted Migration: Adapting Forest Management to a Changing Climate". BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management. 12 (3): 18–34.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Aitken, Sally N; Yeamam, Sam; Holliday, Jason A; Wang, Tongli; Curtis-McLane, Sierra (25 January 2008). "Adaptation, migration or extirpation: Climate change outcomes for tree populations". Evolutionary Applications. 1 (1): 95–111. Bibcode:2008EvApp...1...95A. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00013.x. PMC 3352395. PMID 25567494.
  11. ↑ Aubin, Isabelle; et al. (January 2011). "Why we disagree about assisted migration: Ethical implications of a key debate regarding the future of Canada's forests". The Forestry Chronicle. 87 (6): 755–765. doi:10.5558/tfc2011-092.
  12. ↑ Prasad, Anantha; Pedlar, John; Peters, Matt; McKenney, Dan; Iverson, Louis; Matthews, Steve; Adams, Bryce (September 2020). "Combining US and Canadian forest inventories to assess habitat suitability and migration potential of 25 tree species under climate change". Diversity and Distributions (in Turanci). 26 (9): 1142–1159. Bibcode:2020DivDi..26.1142P. doi:10.1111/ddi.13078. ISSN 1366-9516. S2CID 225749363.
  13. ↑ Frelich, Lee E; Montgomery, Rebecca A; Reich, Peter B (April 2021). "Seven Ways a Warming Climate Can Kill the Southern Boreal Forest". Forests. 12 (5): 560. doi:10.3390/f12050560.
  14. ↑ Royo, Alejandro A.; et al. (15 October 2023). "Desired REgeneration through Assisted Migration (DREAM): Implementing a research framework for climate-adaptive silviculture". Forest Ecology and Management. 546. Bibcode:2023ForEM.54621298R. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121298.
  15. ↑ Jump, A.S.; J. Peñuelas (2005). "Running to stand still: Adaptation and the response of plants to rapid climate change". Ecology Letters. 8 (9): 1010–1020. Bibcode:2005EcolL...8.1010J. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00796.x. PMID 34517682 Check |pmid= value (help).
  16. ↑ McLane, Sierra C; Aitken, Sally N (2012). "Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) assisted migration potential: testing establishment north of the species range". Ecological Applications. 22 (1): 142–153. Bibcode:2012EcoAp..22..142M. doi:10.1890/11-0329.1. PMID 22471080.
  17. ↑ Allen, Craig D; Breshears, David D; McDowell, Nate G (August 2015). "On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene". Ecosphere. 6 (8): art129. Bibcode:2015Ecosp...6..203A. doi:10.1890/ES15-00203.1.
  18. ↑ Frelich, Lee E; Reich, Peter B (September 2009). "Review: Will environmental changes reinforce the impact of global warming on the prairie– forest border of central North America?". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 8 (7): 371–378. doi:10.1890/080191. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  19. ↑ Seidman, Lila (7 October 2021). "Hundreds of giant sequoias may have burned to death in KNP Complex, Windy fires". Los Angeles Times.
  20. ↑ Canon, Gabrielle (3 October 2021). "Giant sequoias and fire have coexisted for centuries. Climate crisis is upping the stakes". The Guardian.
  21. ↑ Markham, Lauren (November 2021). "Can We Move Our Forests in Time to Save Them?". Mother Jones.
  22. ↑ Leech, Susan March; Almuedo, Pedro Lara; O'Neill, Greg (2011). "Assisted Migration: Adapting forest management to a changing climate" (PDF). BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management. 12 (3): 18–34. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Sáenz-Romero, Cuauhtémoc; et al. (August 2016). "Review: Assisted migration of forest populations for adapting trees to climate change". Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente. 22 (3). doi:10.5154/r.rchscfa.2014.10.052. S2CID 89200060.
  24. ↑ Williams, Mary I; Dumroese, R Kasten (4 July 2013). "Preparing for Climate Change: Forestry and Assisted Migration". Journal of Forestry. 111 (4): 287–297. doi:10.5849/jof.13-016.
  25. ↑ "Assisted Migration". Natural Resources Canada. Government of Canada. 27 June 2013. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  26. ↑ "Forum: Assisted Migration of an Endangered Tree" (PDF). Wild Earth. 14. Winter 2004. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  27. ↑ McLachlan, Jason S; Hellmann, Jessica J; Schwartz, Mark W (26 March 2007). "A Framework for Debate of Assisted Migration in an Era of Climate Change". Conservation Biology. 21 (2): 297–302. Bibcode:2007ConBi..21..297M. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00676.x. PMID 17391179.
  28. ↑ Mueller, Jillian M; Hellmann, Jessica J (28 June 2008). "An Assessment of Invasion Risk from Assisted Migration". Conservation Biology. 22 (3): 562–567. Bibcode:2008ConBi..22..562M. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00952.x. PMID 18577085. S2CID 43612242.
  29. ↑ Guldberg, O Hoegh; et al. (18 July 2008). "Policy Forum: Assisted Colonization and Rapid Climate Change". Science. 32 (5887): 345–346. doi:10.1126/science.1157897. PMID 18635780. S2CID 206512777.
  30. ↑ Seddon, Philip J (31 August 2010). "From Reintroduction to Assisted Colonization: Moving along the Conservation Translocation Spectrum". Restoration Ecology. 18 (6): 796–802. Bibcode:2010ResEc..18..796S. doi:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00724.x. S2CID 84866686.
  31. ↑ Barlow, Connie. "Assisted Migration or Assisted Colonization: What's In a Name? Chronological History of the Debate on Terminology". Torreya Guardians. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
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