Takardar dabarun rage talauci
 Takardar dabarun rage talauci |
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Takardun dabarun rage talauci (PRSPs) takardu ne da Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya (IMF) da Bankin Duniya suka buƙaci kafin a iya la'akari da ƙasa don sauƙaƙe bashin a cikin shirin Kasashen Talauci masu Biya (HIPC). [1][2] Ana kuma buƙatar PRSPs kafin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi su sami taimako daga mafi yawan manyan masu ba da gudummawa da masu ba da rance.[2] IMF ta ƙayyade cewa ya kamata a tsara PRSP bisa ga ka'idoji guda biyar.[1] PRSP ya kamata ya zama ƙasa, sakamakon-daidaitawa, cikakke, haɗin gwiwa-daidaidaitawa. [1] Tsarin PRS yana ƙarfafa ƙasashe su haɓaka gwamnati mai da hankali ga talauci da kuma mallakar nasu dabarun ta hanyar haɓaka shirin tare da tuntuɓar jama'a.[3][4] Cikakken bincike kan talauci da kuma shiga cikin manyan sassan tsari ne na PRSP.[5][6] Akwai ƙalubale da yawa ga tasirin PRS, kamar ikon jihar don aiwatar da dabarun da aka kafa. Rashin amincewa da PRSP ya haɗa da yanayin taimako, tasirin mai ba da gudummawa, da rashin cikawa da bangaren shiga.[2]
Manufar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bankin Duniya da IMF suna buƙatar ƙasashe su samar da Takardar Dabarun Rage Talauci a matsayin yanayin sauƙaƙe bashin ta hanyar shirin HIPC da sauran taimakon kuɗi, kamar yadda masu ba da gudummawa da yawa suka yi.[2] PRSPs an yi niyya ne don taimakawa ƙasashe masu karɓa su cika Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). [1] Sun ba da cikakken bayani game da shirin kasar don inganta ci gaba da rage talauci ta hanyar aiwatar da takamaiman manufofin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da tsarin a tsawon shekaru uku ko fiye.[7][1] PRSPs suna ba da ƙungiyoyin rance, kamar Bankin Duniya da IMF, tabbacin cewa ƙasashen da ke karɓar taimako za su yi amfani da taimako don bin sakamakon ci gaban da aka bayyana a cikin PRSPs kuma masu ba da rance sun amince da su.
Manufofin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]IMF ta zayyana muhimman ka'idoji guda biyar don tsarin da aka fayyace PRSPs. Na farko, kamata ya yi a tafiyar da kasar, ma'ana ya kamata a kawo karshen ikon mallakar kasar ta hanyar shiga tsakani na jama'a. Har ila yau, ya kamata ya kasance mai dogaro da sakamako ta hanyar mai da hankali kan sakamakon da za su amfanar da matalauta, mai cikakken bincike da fahimtar nau'ikan talauci iri-iri, wanda ya dace da haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar shigar da abokan ci gaba kamar gwamnati, masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida, da masu ba da taimako na waje. A ƙarshe, ya kamata ci gaban PRSP ya dogara ne akan hangen nesa na dogon lokaci don rage talauci.] Waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi sune jigon manufofin tsarin PRS.
Gwamnatin da ke mai da hankali ga talauci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofi shine ƙirƙirar gwamnati mai da hankali kan talauci. A baya, rage talauci ya kasance damuwa ce a cikin gwamnatocin Kasashe masu tasowa.[3] Ta hanyar tsarin PRSP, batun talauci ya tashi da fifiko, samar da cikakkun tsare-tsare da ke magance talauci musamman fiye da kowane lokaci.[3] Har ila yau, an sami karuwar kashe kudi a cikin bangarorin kiwon lafiya, ilimi da sufuri.[3] Saboda buƙatun daga masu ba da gudummawa don nuna sakamakon, an sami karuwar saka idanu kan talauci ta hanyar kimantawa da binciken gidaje.[3]
Haɗin kai na jama'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan PRS shine ƙarfafa ƙarin shiga daga yawan jama'a. Manufar shigar da jama'a ita ce kara tasirin masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin kirkirar manufofi, aiwatar da shirye-shirye, rarraba albarkatu da saitin fifiko.[4] Manufar a nan ita ce haɓaka matakin yarjejeniyar ƙasa, ta haka ne ƙirƙirar dabarun rage talauci wanda ya fi wakiltar bukatun masu ruwa da tsaki.[4] Manufar wannan ita ce PRS za ta kasance mallakar jama'a kuma za ta kasance mai ɗorewa, saboda ya dace da bukatun da iyawar ƙasar.[4]
Mallaka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mallakar PRSP ta gwamnati da yawan jama'a muhimmiyar manufa ce ta PRS. Yana magance rashin tasirin mai bayarwa na sanya yanayin siyasa daga waje, tsarin gama gari na ƙungiyoyin ba da lamuni. Hanya ɗaya da tsarin PRS ke ƙarfafa ikon mallaka ita ce ta hanyar sa gwamnatoci su ƙirƙiri nasu PRSP tare da tuntuɓar jama'a. Wannan yana ba su damar mallakar hannu, kuma ta haka ne za su ci gaba da bin dabarun da su da al'ummarsu suke ganin ya dace don inganta yanayi a yankunansu. Bugu da kari, fatan shi ne, wajen bunkasa kungiyar ta PRSP tare, wata kasa za ta samu cikakkiyar fahimta game da matsalolin talauci da take fuskanta. Haka kuma tsarin na PRSP na nufin karfafa gwiwar shugabannin gwamnati wajen aiwatar da dabarunsu ta hanyar ba su damar ware kudaden tallafin da kansu bisa dabarun da suka tsara a cikin PRSP. An ba da fifiko ga shugabancin gwamnati daga matsalolin da ke tasowa lokacin da masu ba da gudummawa suka kafa hukumomin aiwatar da dabarun su a cikin kasashen abokan ciniki, suna ƙetare hukumomin jihohi don haka suna raunana ci gaban ƙarfin jihohi tare da samar da dogaro ga kungiyoyin agaji.[2]
Tsarin tsarawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Binciken talauci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin PRSP ya fara ne tare da nazarin talauci a cikin ƙasar, yana la'akari da bayanai masu yawa da masu inganci.[6] Wannan bincike ya zama tushen dabarun rage talauci kamar yadda yake nuna batutuwan fifiko.[6] Yana da mahimmanci a wannan matakin ga gwamnati ta fara shiga cikin farar hula, kodayake zuwa matakin da aka yi wannan ya bambanta da ƙasa.[6]
Tsarin shiga
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan PRSP shine tsarin shiga wanda aka kirkireshi. Yana da mahimmanci don kara mallakar ƙasar na PRS da inganta lissafi. Bankin Duniya ya tsara matakan shiga masu zuwa:
- Kasancewar gwamnati, gami da ma'aikatu, majalisa da gwamnatocin kasa
- Kasancewar masu ruwa da tsaki da kuma shiga tsakani. Wannan na iya haɗawa da ƙungiyoyin farar hula, ƙungiyoyin mata, ƙabilu, cibiyoyin bincike na manufofi da malamai, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin kwadago da wakilan daga yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar.
- Kasancewar abokan hulɗa na waje na kasashen biyu da na ƙasashe masu yawa
- Kasancewa da shawarwari na matalauta ko wakilan su [5]
Kungiyoyin farar hula, galibi kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ne suka sauƙaƙa shiga. Koyaya, tunda babu wani tsari mai kyau don tuntuɓar jama'a, ko kuma ma'anar shiga, gwamnatoci da yawa suna iya gudanarwa da shirya shi ta kowace hanyar da suka yanke shawara.[8] Wannan sau da yawa yana haifar da gwamnatoci da ke daidaita sa hannun jari da kuma amfani da wasu irin waɗannan dabarun da nufin rage tasirin jama'a akan manufofin gwamnati. Gwamnatoci kuma ba su da tabbas game da yadda ya kamata su haɗa ra'ayoyin matalauta a cikin PRSP, musamman yayin da suke ƙoƙarin kwantar da hankalin masu ba da gudummawa.[8] Bugu da ƙari, babu wata ma'auni da za a yi hukunci ko an cika bangaren shiga cikin PRSP.[8] Wannan yana nufin cewa IMF da Bankin Duniya na iya amincewa da PRSP ba tare da la'akari da rashin sa hannun jama'a na gaskiya a cikin aikinta ba.[8]
Abun ciki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cewar Bankin Duniya na PRS Sourcebook, PRSP ya kamata ya ƙunshi nazarin talauci, fifiko ga shirye-shiryen da ake buƙata don cimma burin ci gaba, manufofi da alamomi, shirin don bin diddigin ci gaba zuwa ga manufofi tare da kimanta tasirin aiwatar da shirye-shirye, da kuma bayanin tsarin shiga cikin shirya dabarun.[5]
Tattaunawa da ƙalubale
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ko da tare da amincewar PRSP, wasu ƙasashe suna da wahalar bin manufofi da aka nufa sabili da haka ba su kai ga sakamakon PRS ba. Babban abin da ya haifar da wannan shi ne rashin daidaituwa na kudaden kasafin kuɗi waɗanda aka nufa su je ga PRS.
An binciki tsarin PRSP don haɓaka yanayin taimako duk da cewa an ƙirƙiri shi ne don warware aiwatar da yanayin manufofin daga waje ta hanyar haɓaka ikon mallakar ƙasa.[1] Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa "sharadi ne na tsari" ba "sharadi na abun ciki ba". Wannan bambance-bambancen yana da mahimmanci saboda yana nufin masu ba da gudummawa suna sa ido ne kawai idan ƙasar ta yi PRSP kuma idan an yi ta ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Koyaya, wannan na iya haifar da matsala. Tun da a baya masu ba da gudummawa ba su iya aiwatar da abun ciki yadda ya kamata a cikin manufofin ƙasar abokin ciniki, da alama ba zai yiwu ba masu ba da gudummawa za su iya sanya ƙa'idodin tsari wajen yin PRSP. An riga an nuna cewa yunkurin masu ba da gudummawa na yin tasiri a siyasar cikin gida bai yi nasara ba a baya. Bugu da ƙari kuma, cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi na ƙasa da ƙasa suna kimanta abubuwan da ke cikin PRSP, ba tsari kaɗai ba.[9]
Ba a bayyana ma'anar abin da shiga cikin farar hula ke nufi ba ta IMF ko Bankin Duniya.[8] Wannan yana haifar da matsala yayin kimanta ɗayan mahimman bukatun PRSP, wanda shine cewa dole ne a tsara shi tare da shiga cikin farar hula. A zahiri, shiga da ya shafi yawan jama'a da ke aiki tare da gwamnati don haɓaka takamaiman dabarun rage talauci bai wanzu a kowace ƙasa mai tasowa ba. Wannan da alama yana nuna cewa WB da IMF sun amince da PRSPs ba tare da la'akari da cikawar wannan yanayin ba.[8]
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Factsheet -- Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers". IMF. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "IMF factsheet" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 3 4 5 Dijkstra, Geske (2011). "The PRSP Approach and the Illusion of Improved Aid Effectiveness: Lessons from Bolivia, Honduras and Nicaragua". Development Policy Review. 1. 29: 111–133. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2011.00522.x. S2CID 154715187. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "dijkstra" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 3 4 5 Driscoll, Ruth; Alison Evans (2005). "Second-Generation Poverty Reduction Strategies: New Opportunities and Emerging Issues". Development Policy Review. 23 (1): 5–25. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2005.00274.x. S2CID 153404316. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Driscoll" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 3 4 Lazarus, Joel (2008). "Participation in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: reviewing the past, assessing the present and predicting the future". Third World Quarterly. 29 (6): 1205–1221. doi:10.1080/01436590802201188. S2CID 58946172. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "lazarus" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 3 Klugman, Jeni. "PRSP Sourcebook: Overview" (PDF). World Bank. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "sourcebook overview" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 3 4 "Making PRSP Inclusive". CBM. Missing or empty
|url=(help) Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "cbm" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Craig, David; Doug Porter (2003). "Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: A New Convergence". World Development. 31 (1): 53–69. doi:10.1016/s0305-750x(02)00147-x.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kamruzzaman, Palash (February 2009). "Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and the rhetoric of participation". Development in Practice. 19 (1): 61–71. doi:10.1080/09614520802576385. S2CID 154376832. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "rhetoric" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Seshamani, Venkatesh (March 2005). "The same old wine in the some old bottle? Content, process and donor conditionalities of the PRSP" (PDF). Cite journal requires
|journal=(help)