Takunkumin kasa da kasa a kan Iraki

Takunkumin kasa da kasa a kan Iraki
Takunkumin tattalin arziki
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	sanction (en)
Ƙasa	Irak
Nufi	Ba'athist Iraq (en)

A ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1990, kwana hudu bayan mamayar Iraqi a Kuwait, Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSC) ta sanya cikakken takunkumi a kan Iraki. Takunkumin ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 22 ga Mayu 2003 (bayan da aka tilasta wa Saddam Hussein daga mulki), kuma ya ci gaba a wani bangare, gami da biyan diyya ga Kuwait. Dalilin da aka bayyana na asali na takunkumin shine ya tilasta wa Iraki ta janye daga Kuwait, ta biya diyya, da kuma bayyanawa da kuma kawar da duk wani makamai na hallaka jama'a'a (WMD).

UNSC ta sanya takunkumi na tattalin arziki a kan Iraki ta hanyar karɓar da aiwatar da Resolution 661 na Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Agustan 1990. Resolution 661 ya haramta duk cinikayya da albarkatun kudi tare da Iraki da Kuwait da aka mamaye sai dai magani da kayan abinci "a cikin yanayin jin kai", wanda aka tsara shigo da su sosai. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1991, bayan da aka ci Iraki a Yakin Gulf, Resolution 687 ya ɗaga haramcin cin abinci, amma takunkumi ya ci gaba da aiki tare da sake dubawa, gami da alaƙa da cire makamai masu hallaka jama'a.

Duk da tanadin Resolution 706, Resolution 712, da Resolution 986, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da gwamnatin Iraki ba za su iya yarda da sharuddan Shirin Man Fetur don Abinci ba (OFFP), wanda ya hana man Iraki daga kasuwar duniya na shekaru da yawa. Lokacin da aka cimma yarjejeniyar fahimta a shekarar 1996, sakamakon OFFP ya ba Iraki damar ci gaba da fitar da mai a cikin adadi mai yawa, amma an gudanar da kudaden a cikin ajiya kuma yawancin sayen Iraki dole ne "Kwamitin Sanctions na Iraki" ya amince da shi, wanda ya kunshi mambobi goma sha biyar na UNSC. (Bugu da kari, an hana wasu kudade don biyan diyya na Kuwait.) An ci gaba da canza tsarin takunkumi don mayar da martani ga karuwar damuwa ta duniya game da lalacewar farar hula da aka danganta ga takunkumin; a ƙarshe, an cire duk iyakokin yawan fitar da man Iraki (ta hanyar Resolution 1284), kuma an riga an amince da yawancin sayen Iraki (bisa Resolution 1409), ban da waɗanda suka shafi Fasahar amfani biyu. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Iraki ta yi amfani da OFFP don samar da kuɗi mai wuya don ma'amaloli ba bisa ka'ida ba, yayin da wasu ƙasashe makwabta suka fara watsi da takunkumin gaba ɗaya, suna ba da gudummawa ga farfadowar tattalin arziki. Ta hanyar rage shigo da abinci, takunkumin ya taka rawar gani wajen karfafa Iraki ta zama mai cin gashin kanta, kodayake duk da haka an bayar da rahoton rashin abinci mai gina jiki tsakanin 'yan Iraki.

Kira da ya gabata don takunkumi a Iraki

Gwamnatin Reagan gabaɗaya ta goyi bayan Iraki a lokacin Yaƙin Iran-Irak, duk da yawan amfani da makamai masu guba na Iraki a kan Iran bayan juyin juya hali. Dangane da rahotanni game da ci gaba da hare-haren sinadarai na Iraqi a kan 'yan tsirarun Kurdawa bayan karshen yakin da Iran, a watan Satumbar 1988 sanatoci Amurka (Amurka) Claiborne Pell da Jesse Helms sun yi kira ga cikakken takunkumi na tattalin arziki a kan Iraki, gami da takunkumin man fetur da ƙuntatawa mai tsanani kan fitar da Fasahar amfani biyu. Kodayake dokar da ta biyo baya ta wuce a Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka, ta fuskanci adawa mai karfi a cikin Majalisar Wakilai kuma ba ta zama doka ba. Yawancin bukatun kasuwanci na Amurka da ke da alaƙa da Iraki sun yi ta'addanci game da takunkumi, kamar yadda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta yi, duk da la'akari da Sakataren Harkokin Wajen George Shultz game da hare-haren sinadarai na Iraki. A cewar Pell a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1988: "Aikin noma sun ki amincewa da dakatar da tallafin masu biyan haraji don fitar da kayan gona zuwa Iraki; masana'antar mai ta nuna rashin amincewa da kauracewa man fetur - kodayake akwai wasu kayayyaki. Ko da kamfani mai sunadarai da aka kira don tambayar yadda za a iya shafar samfuransa. "

Gudanarwa

Kamar yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) ta bayyana, Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkinobho (UNSC) Resolution 661 ta sanya cikakkun takunkumi a kan Iraki bayan mamayar kasar a watan Agusta 1990 a Kuwait. Wadannan takunkumi sun hada da tsauraran iyakoki a kan abubuwan da za a iya shigo da su zuwa Iraki da kuma wadanda za a iya fitar da su. Ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 660, 661, 662, 664, 665, 666, 667, 669, 670, 674, 677, 678 da 687 sun bayyana burin kawar da makamai masu linzami (WMD) da makamai mai linzami masu nisa, hana duk wani tallafi ga ta'addanci, da kuma tilasta Iraki ta biya biyan diyya na yaki da duk bashin kasashen waje

Ƙuntatawa akan shigo da kayayyaki

Lokacin da Shirin Man Fetur-Food (OFFP) ya ba da izinin Iraki ta ci gaba da fitar da man fetur a cikin 1996, an gudanar da kudaden shiga a cikin ajiya; Iraki dole ne ta nemi "Kwamitin Sanctions na Iraki" (watau, mambobi goma sha biyar na UNSC) don amincewa da sayen ta, tare da "abinci da wasu kayan kiwon lafiya, kiwon lafiya da aikin gona da aka cire daga bita" a cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka. (Ƙari ga haka, an sake tura wasu kudaden shiga don wasu dalilai, musamman ma biyan kuɗi zuwa Kuwait. ) A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2002 an daidaita tsarin ta hanyar Resolution 1409, wanda ya kafa "List of Goods Review" don abubuwa masu ma'ana biyu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, duk sauran sayen Iraqi an amince da su ta atomatik, yayin da aka sake nazarin abubuwan da aka jera daban.