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Talauci a kanada

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Masu bincike da gwamnatoci sun yi amfani da ma'auni daban-daban don auna talauci a Kanada ciki har da Rage-Kashe Ƙarshen Kuɗi (LICO), Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙimar (LIM), da Ƙimar Kwandon Kasuwa (MBM).[1] cikin Nuwamba 2018, Aiki da Ci gaban Jama'a Kanada sun ba da sanarwar kafa Layin Talauci na Farko na Kanada wanda zai dogara da MBM. MBM tana la'akari da farashin kwandon kayan masarufi da ayyuka da dangin manya biyu da yara biyu ke buƙata don kula da daidaitaccen yanayin rayuwa.[2] ,[3] [[4]

An sami karuwar talauci a Kanada da sauran ƙasashe masu masana'antu a cikin 1980s[5] shekara ta 2008, yawan talaucin Kanada yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma na ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziƙi da Ci Gaba (OECD) - ƙasashe mafi arziki a duniya.[6]

Adadin mutanen da ke ƙasa da layin talauci na hukuma ya ragu sosai daga 14.5% a cikin 2015 zuwa 10.1% a cikin 2019, ,[7] da 6.4% a cikin 2020.[8] Talauci na yara a Kanada ya ragu tun 2015, tare da adadin yaran da ke fama da talauci ya ragu da kashi 71 cikin 2020. Talauci na yara yana da tasiri mai yawa a kan gidaje na asali a Kanada.[8] Dangane da wani binciken 2019 da masu bincike a Majalisar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta farko da Cibiyar Canjin Canje-canjen Manufofin Siyasa (CCPA), kusan kashi 50% na ƴan asalin ƙasar Kanada - duka a ciki da waje - suna rayuwa cikin talauci.[9]

Ya zuwa 2020, kusan 'yan Kanada miliyan 2.4, ko kashi 6.4% na yawan jama'a, sun rayu ƙasa da layin talauci, bisa ga Binciken Kididdigar Kuɗi na Kanada Kanada, 2020 da aka fitar a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2022.[10]


Bayanin halin yanzu

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Binciken Kuɗi na Kanada na 2020 (CIS) wanda aka fitar a cikin Maris 2022 ta Aiki da Ci gaban Jama'a Kanada (ESDC) ya ce an sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin talauci daga 14.5% a cikin 2015 zuwa 6.4% a cikin 2020. Wannan yana wakiltar raguwar shekaru 5 mafi girma tun daga 1976.[11] kimanin 'yan Kanada miliyan 2.4 suna rayuwa ƙasa da Layin Talauci na Kanada, dangane da dawo da harajin shiga na 2020.[12] [13] yayin da sakamakon ya kasance abin ƙarfafawa, ministan ESDC ya yi gargaɗin cewa 2020 Binciken Kuɗi na Kanada yana buƙatar a daidaita shi da yanayin "matakan tallafin samun kudin shiga na gwamnati da ba a taɓa gani ba kuma na wucin gadi".[14] a cikin 2020, 84% na Kanada 15 da sama da su sami kudin shiga daga canja wurin gwamnati idan aka kwatanta da 69% a cikin 2015. Canje-canje sun haɗa da Fa'idodin Tsaro na Tsohon Age (OAS) / Garanti na Samun Kuɗi (GIS), Tsarin Fansho na Kanada (CPP) / Tsarin fensho na Quebec (QPP) fa'idodin, Inshorar Aiki (EI). Amma karuwar ya kasance ta hanyar gaggawa da fa'idodin murmurewa masu alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19 a Kanada, gami da COVID-19 Gaggawa da Amfanin Farko (ERB), Amfanin Farko na Kanada (CRB), Amfanin Kulawa na Farko na Kanada (CRCB), Amfanin Ciwon Lafiya na Kanada (CRSB), Amfanin Dalibai na Gaggawa na Kanada (CESB) da ya shafi fa'idodin gaggawa na COVID-9.

A cikin shekaru 0 zuwa 54 yawan ƙananan kudin shiga ya ragu sosai; an samu karuwar masu karamin karfi a cikin wadanda suka haura shekaru 65.[15] Ƙididdigar Gini ta ƙi daga 0.343 a cikin 2010 zuwa 0.302 a cikin 2020, wanda ke nuna ƙananan rashin daidaituwa.[16]

Ma'anar talauci a Kanada

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Rahoton kididdiga na Kanada na 1968 game da kudaden shiga na mutanen Kanada ya ba da "tushen ma'ana da auna ƙananan kuɗi a Kanada."[17]

Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Musamman na 1971 akan Talauci a Kanada "ya fitar da talauci daga cikin inuwa".[18] [19] A cikin 1976, Kanada ta amince da Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu, wanda ya wajabta wa gwamnatin tarayya la'akari da talauci a matsayin batun haƙƙin ɗan adam.[20] A cikin littafinsa na 2020, The Global Politics of Poverty in Canada: Development Programs and Democracy, 1964-1979, masanin tarihi Will Langford ya bayyana muhimmancin ci gaba a cikin shekaru ashirin na muhawara kan "siyasar talauci ta duniya" daga ƙarshen 1950s zuwa ƙarshen 1970s don mayar da martani ga "nau'i" a matakin gida da na duniya. A cikin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi, kamar Kanada a wancan lokacin, ana ganin ci gaba a matsayin kayan aiki mai dacewa don kawar da talauci. Langford ya bayyana yadda wannan kyakkyawan tsari ba shi da tasiri wajen kawar da talauci ta kowace hanya mai ma'ana yayin da talauci ya kunno kai cikin "dangantakar zamantakewar jari-hujja da tsarin tattalin arziki".[21] [22]

Sauye-sauye daga yanayin jin dadi ya faru ne a ƙarshen 1970s da 1980s, yayin da gwamnatocin ƙasa karkashin jagorancin Margaret Thatcher a Birtaniya a 1979, Ronald Reagan a Amurka a 1980, Helmut Kohl a Jamus a 1983, da Brian Mulroney a Kanada 1984 sun amince da manufofin tattalin arziki[m[23]. Kasuwar kyauta,[24] : 7 [[25] dunkulewar duniya, ciniki cikin 'yanci, da rage kashe kudade na gwamnati tare da karuwar masu zaman kansu.[26] [27] [28] [29] cewar David Harvey, gwamnatocin da suka aiwatar da manufofin neoliberal sun mayar da hankali kan inganta yanayin kasuwancin kasuwa da tara jari kuma sun fice daga tsarin zamantakewa da manufofin sake rarrabawa.[30] [31]

Ƙungiyoyin tunani, ƙungiyoyi masu sassaucin ra'ayi, da jam'iyyun siyasa sun inganta shawarwarin manufofi, [32] kuma su ne batun muhawarar masana.[33][34] ] A Kanada, Cibiyar Fraser da Cibiyar Broadbent ta ba da hujjoji a bangarorin biyu na waɗannan muhawarar yayin da suke da alaka da batutuwa kamar ma'anar talauci.[35]]. [36] Rahoton Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na 2002 kan "Talauci, Gidaje da Rashin Gida: Batutuwa da Zaɓuɓɓuka", ya ce talauci, gidaje da rashin matsuguni sun kasance babban ƙalubalen ƙalubale a Kanada kamar yadda ya kasance a cikin 1971 bisa ga Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Musamman kan Talauci na 1971 a Kanada, amma ta hanyar 2002, ƙarancin gidaje da talauci ya karu. hadaddun.[37]: 2

A shekara ta 2013, an sami sauyi daga binciken talauci, zuwa rashin daidaiton samun kudin shiga a matakin kasa da kasa a cikin bincike da wallafe-wallafen Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), Kungiyar Hadin Kan Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaba (OECD), da Dandalin Tattalin Arziki na Duniya (WEF). A shekara ta 2014, WEF ta bayyana karuwar gibin arziki a matsayin "babban hadarin da ke fuskantar duniya".[38] labarin 2014 a cikin mujallar Forum for Social Economics, ya ce manufofin neoliberal da aka kafa tun daga 1980s sun haifar da yanayin rashin daidaituwa a cikin rarraba kudaden shiga.[39] Wata Afrilu 29, 2014 Administrator Colloquium wanda Makarantar Sabis ta Jama'a ta Kanada ta shirya ya lura cewa an sami sauyi a cikin bincike daga talauci a Kanada zuwa jarrabawar rashin daidaiton samun kudin shiga, misali a cikin rahoton Kwamitin Tsararren kan Kudi na Disamba 2013.[40] 1,716 / 5,000 A karkashin umarninta na 2016 don haɓaka dabarun rage talauci na ƙasa, ma'aikatar aikin yi da ci gaban jama'a ta Kanada (ESDC) ta tuntubi al'ummomin First Nations, Inuit da Métis, matakan gwamnati uku, da al'ummomin da suka damu. Sakamakon rahoton—“Dama ga Duka: Dabarun Rage Talauci na Farko na Kanada”—an sake shi a ranar 21 ga Agusta, 2018,[41] Ya saita Ma'aunin Kwandon Kasuwa (MBM) a matsayin ma'aunin talauci na Kanada, ya kafa layin Talauci na farko na Kanada, kuma ya gabatar da manufofin rage talauci. yana nufin yanayi ko yanayin da mutum ko al'umma ba su da kayan aiki masu mahimmanci, kuɗi ko wani abu, don kiyaye rayuwa mai sauƙi.[42]  A cikin Nuwamba 2018, Aiki da Ci gaban Jama'a Kanada sun sanar da kafa Layin Talauci na Farko na Kanada wanda zai dogara ne akan Ma'aunin Kwandon Kasuwa (MBM). MBM tana la'akari da farashin kwandon kayan masarufi da ayyuka da dangin manya biyu da yara biyu ke buƙata don kula da daidaitaccen yanayin rayuwa.[43] [44]

Auna talauci a Kanada

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Ƙarin bayani: Auna talauci, ma'auni na rashin daidaiton kuɗin shiga, da rashi na dangi Masu bincike da gwamnatoci sun yi amfani da ma'aunin talauci iri-iri a cikin Kanada don sa ido kan adadin da adadin ƴan ƙasar Kanada waɗanda ke rayuwa ƙasa da layin talauci. Wannan ya haɗa da abin da ya haɗa da Rage-Kashe Ƙarshen Kuɗi (LICO), Ma'aunin Ƙarfin Kuɗi (LIM), da Ma'aunin Kwandon Kasuwa (MBM).[1][35]

Ma'aunin Kwandon Kasuwa (MBM)

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Gwamnatin Kanada tana amfani da Ma'aunin Kwandon Kasuwa (MBM) na talauci a matsayin layin talauci na hukuma tun watan Agusta 2018.[36] An haɓaka MBM a cikin 2003 [37] [38] kuma madaidaicin MBM yayi la'akari da girman al'umma, wuri da gida da abun da ke ciki, ana ƙididdige kudaden shiga da za a iya zubarwa da ake buƙata don biyan buƙatu na yau da kullun.[39][40] An haɗa al'ummomin Kanada arba'in da takwas cikin ma'aunin.[35] An ƙididdige ƙimar MBM har zuwa 2000 kuma a cikin shekaru har zuwa 2009 yana kan matsakaicin 10.4% tare da babban 11.9% a cikin 2000 da ƙarancin 8.8% a cikin 2007.[41]. Ƙimar da aka samu na baya-bayan nan don 2020 tana ba da rahoton ƙimar talauci na tushen MBM a 6.4%.[4]

Kididdigar Kanada da ESDC - tare da haɗin gwiwar Yukon da Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma - sun tsara ma'aunin Kwandon Kasuwar Arewa (MBM-N) don amfani a cikin yankuna.[42] MBM-N zai hada da abinci, tufafi, sufuri, matsuguni da sauran abubuwan bukatu wajen kafa bakin kofa. MBM-N kuma za ta yi la'akari da halaye na musamman na rayuwa a Nunavut wajen auna layin talauci na hukuma[42].

Kashe-Ƙarancin Kuɗi

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Source: Statistics Kanada A cikin 1959, gwamnatin tarayya ta yi amfani da saitin farko na ma'auni na Ƙarshen Samun Kuɗi (LICO) don ƙididdige kofa ga iyalai da ake sa ran za su kashe kan abinci, matsuguni da suturar da ke ƙasa wanda dangi za su ba da babban kaso na kuɗin shiga fiye da matsakaicin dangi zai dogara ne akan Binciken Kaddamarwar Iyali na Kanada.[43][44] Idan iyali sun kashe kashi 20% fiye da matsakaicin dangin Kanada akan waɗannan abubuwan kashewa, ana ɗaukar su ƙasa da layin talauci na LICO.[43] Majalisar Kanada kan ci gaban zamantakewar al'umma ta ba da rahoton cewa LICO ta sami rahoton LICO tun daga 1960s.[45]

1,329 / 5,000 Dangane da bayanai daga Binciken Kuɗi na Iyali na 1992, matsakaicin iyali ya kashe kashi 43% na kuɗin shiga bayan haraji akan abinci, matsuguni da sutura. Kididdigar Kanada ta ƙara ƙarin rata na 20%.

A cikin 2000, Statistics Kanada ta fara amfani da ƙimar LICO bayan haraji a karon farko, da kuma ƙimar "kafin haraji". Bayan-haraji LICO farashin komawa zuwa 1986, an retroactively lissafta.[44] Ya zuwa 2011, kashi 8.8% na mutanen Kanada suna cikin dangi waɗanda kuɗin shiga bai kai ƙasa da yanke-ƙananan kuɗin shiga ba.[46]

According to the Low-Income Cut-Off (LICO), there was a dramatic increase in poverty in Canada from the mid-1990s to 2020. LICO—which is updated annually for inflation but not for changes in spending patterns—measures the amount of money a family spends on necessities, such as housing, food and clothing, as determined by federal public servants. An tambayi ma'aunin LICO.[47][48] A shekara ta 2007, Kafofin watsa labarai sukan nakalto ƙididdige ƙididdiga masu ƙarancin shiga (LICO) a matsayin ma'auni na talauci[49] ko da yake Kididdiga Kanada ta bayyana cewa ba ma'aunin talauci ba ne.[50]

Tun daga 2011, 8.8% na Kanada sun kasance a cikin dangi wanda kudin shiga ya kasance ƙasa da raguwar ƙarancin kuɗin shiga bayan haraji.[46]

Tun daga 2004, Kididdiga Kanada ta yi amfani da LICO bayan-haraji maimakon LICO kafin haraji "don zana yanke shawara game da [iyali] lafiyar tattalin arzikin gaba ɗaya";[51]

  1. ↑ "Low Income in Canada: 2000-2006 Using the Market Basket Measure – October 2008"
  2. ↑ Opportunity for all: Canada's First Poverty Reduction Strategy
  3. ↑ "The Daily — Canadian Income Survey, 2017"
  4. ↑ "The Daily — Canadian Income Survey, 2020"
  5. ↑ AKazemipur, Abdolmohammad; Halli, Shiva (1 March 2000). "The invisible barrier: Neighbourhood poverty and integration of immigrants in Canada". Journal of International Migration and Integration. 1 (1): 85–100. doi:10.1007/s12134
  6. ↑ Growing unequal? Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries, Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation
  7. ↑ "Canadian Income Survey, 2019"
  8. ↑ "The Daily — Canadian Income Survey, 2020"
  9. ↑ Towards Justice: Tackling Indigenous Child Poverty in Canada
  10. ↑ "The Daily — Canadian Income Survey, 2020"
  11. ↑ "Income in Canada, 2020"
  12. ↑ "The Daily — Canadian Income Survey, 2020"
  13. ↑ "Canadian Income Survey, 2019"
  14. ↑ Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC) (23 March 2022). "Canada's poverty rate decreased significantly in 2020" (news releases). Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  15. ↑ "Income in Canada, 2020"
  16. ↑ "Income in Canada, 2020"
  17. ↑ , David P.; Scott, Katherine; Smith, Peter (2000), The Canadian Fact Book on
  18. ↑ Croll, David A. (1970). Poverty in Canada, Report of the Special Senate Committee on Poverty [Croll Report] (Report).
  19. ↑ Poverty, housing and homelessness: issues and options
  20. ↑ Canada, Canadian Human Rights Commission, Annual Report 2003 (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2003)
  21. ↑ "The Global Politics of Poverty in Canada: Development Programs and Democracy, 1964-1979 by Will Langford (review)"
  22. ↑ The Global Politics of Poverty in Canada: Development Programs and Democracy, 1964-1979
  23. ↑ Phillips, Stephen (1999), The demise of universality: the politics of federal income security in Canada, 1978-1993
  24. ↑ The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States
  25. ↑ The Ethics of Neoliberalism: The Business of Making Capitalism Moral
  26. ↑ A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford University Press. 2007 [2005]. p. 247. ISBN 9780199283262. OCLC 952123825.
  27. ↑ "Women, Poverty Policy, and the Production of Neoliberal Politics in Ontario, Canada"
  28. ↑ Infobase Publishing
  29. ↑ Duménil, Gérard; Lévy, Dominique (2004). Capital Resurgent: Roots of the Neoliberal Revolution. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674011589.
  30. ↑ A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford University Press. 2007 [2005]. p. 247. ISBN 9780199283262. OCLC 952123825
  31. ↑ "Women, Poverty Policy, and the Production of Neoliberal Politics in Ontario, Canada"
  32. ↑ "Neo-Liberal Ideas"
  33. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica,
  34. ↑ Studies in Comparative International Development
  35. ↑ [Sarlo, Christopher (November 2013). "Poverty: Where do we draw the line?": 64. Empty citation (help): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  36. ↑ "Another howler from the Fraser Institute". Institut Broadbent. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  37. ↑ Poverty, housing and homelessness: issues and options
  38. ↑ Torjman, Sherri (June 2014). "Book Review: Poverty in Canada" (PDF). Caledon Institute of Social Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 11 August
  39. ↑ Fiorentini, Riccardo (27 August 2014). "Neoliberal Policies, Income Distribution Inequality and the Financial Crisis". Forum for Social Economics. 44 (2): 115–132. doi:10.1080/07360932.2014.951376. ISSN 0736-0932. S2CID 154693538
  40. ↑ "Book Review: Poverty in Canada"
  41. ↑ Opportunity for all: Canada's First Poverty Reduction Strategy
  42. ↑  Opportunity for all: Canada's First Poverty Reduction Strategy
  43. ↑ Opportunity for all: Canada's First Poverty Reduction Strategy
  44. ↑ "The most important charts to watch in 2019"
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