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Talauci da lafiya a Amurka

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Halin Talauci na Amurka

talauci da lafiya suna haɗuwa a Amurka.[1] Tun shekara ta 2019, an dauki kashi 10.5% na Amurkawa a cikin masu talauci, bisa ga matakin dakuma la akari da yanayin kudin na Gwamnatin Amurka. Mutanen da ke ƙasa da kuma a cikin layin talauci suna da haɗarin kiwon lafiya daban-daban fiye da 'yan ƙasa da ke sama da shi, da kuma sakamakon kiwon lafiya iri-iri. Mutanen da ke talauci suna fama da ƙalubale da yawa a cikin lafiyar jiki, lafiyar hankali, da kuma samun damar kiwon lafiya. Wadannan ƙalubalen galibi suna faruwa ne saboda yanayin yawan jama'a da kuma mummunan tasirin muhalli. Binciken bambance-bambance a cikin kiwon lafiya tsakanin matalauta da wadanda ba matalauta ba yana ba da haske game da yanayin rayuwa na waɗanda ke rayuwa cikin talauci. Abubuwa kamar jinsi, kabilanci da kabilanci, Jima'i, da Shekaru suna da alaƙa da tasirin talauci a Amurka.

Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Jaridar Kungiyar Likitocin Amurka ya gano cewa yawan talauci na shekaru 10+ shine karo na huɗu na haɗarin mutuwa a Amurka, wanda ke da alaƙa da kusan mutuwar 300,000 a kowace shekara. Shekara guda na talauci an haɗa shi da mutuwar 183,000 a cikin 2019, yana mai da shi na bakwai mai haɗari ga mutuwa a wannan shekarar.[2]

Tasirin Lafiya na Muhalli

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yanayin mutanen da ke cikin talauci yana tasiri lafiyarsu ta fuskoki da dama.[1] Wuraren talauci masu yawa suna fuskantar matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da rashin ingancin iska, gurɓataccen ruwa, datti mai haɗari da mai guba, da gurɓataccen hayaniya. Bisa ga garuruwa marasa lafiya: Talauci, Race, da Wuri a Amurka, rashin ingancin iska yana haifar da yawan yara masu fama da cutar asma da ke zaune a wadannan yankuna, kuma kusan yara miliyan 2 masu fama da asma suna rayuwa a wuraren da ba su cika ka'idojin ozone na kasa ba. Waɗannan yaran kuma suna fuskantar manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da asma. Gurbatacciyar ruwa kuma tana cikin garuruwan da ba su da talauci, wanda hakan ke haifar da rashin tsafta saboda rashin wadataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli. al'ummomi don ginawa, kuma wannan yana haifar da ƙarin farashin kiwon lafiya ga waɗanda ke yankin. Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su na wurare masu zafi (NTDs) su ma sun fi yawa a yankunan da ke fama da talauci kamar su Kudu da na cikin birni duk da cewa likitocin sukan yi watsi da su saboda wasu cututtuka.

Canjin yanayi kuma yana shafar lafiyar waɗanda ke zaune a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi. Canjin yanayi na iya haifar da yawan kwanakin rashin lafiyan da ke haifar da raunana tsarin rigakafi da karuwar cututtukan asma a cikin al'umma.[3] Daga gurɓataccen iska, cututtukan numfashi da na zuciya na iya kara muni saboda yawan sunadarai a cikin yanayi da yanayin zafi.[3] Yanayin zafi kuma yana haifar da ruwa mai zafi wanda shine mafi kyawun mahalli don cututtukan wurare masu zafi don samun tushe da yaduwa.[3] Canjin yanayi kuma yana haifar da yawan guguwa, guguwa da ambaliyar ruwa wanda zai iya haifar da mummunar lalacewar ababen more rayuwa wanda ke haifar da ƙarin damuwa na kudi ga mutane a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi.[3]   Sakamakon kiwon lafiya na wadanda ke cikin talauci za a iya ƙayyade su ta hanyar sararin samaniya, ko ƙasa, wuri wanda shine wani bangare na muhalli. Hanyoyi don kiwon lafiya, kayayyaki da aiyuka kamar abinci, da al'umma duk sun dogara ne akan yanayin ƙasa.[4] Yanayin yara / farkon balaga yana da tasiri sosai ga halayyar, ilimi, da kuma aiki.[4] Wadanda ba su da kwanciyar hankali a cikin kudi yawanci suna iya samun gidajen da ke da farashi mai rahusa a cikin unguwanni waɗanda ba a saka hannun jari ba kuma ba a sarrafa su da kyau.[5] Wadannan gidaje galibi suna da ƙarancin inganci, kuma farashin ya fi abin da za a iya sarrafawa.[5] A cewar The Link between Neighborhood Poverty and Wealth: Context or Composition? , Mazauna a cikin unguwar da ke fama da talauci sun ba da rahoton rashin lafiya sau 1.63 fiye da mutum a cikin unguwa mai talauci, koda kuwa suna sarrafa abubuwan da suka shafi ilimi, Matsayin aure, da matsayin ma'aikata.[4] Ga waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan karkara, sabis na kiwon lafiya ba su da sauƙin isa, kuma talakawa suna zuwa ga likitoci sau da yawa fiye da takwarorinsu.[1] Ana ganin tasirin wuri a cikin lafiyar jiki da tunani.

Talauci da lafiyar jiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Talauci na iya shafar sakamakon lafiya a duk tsawon rayuwar mutum. Ƙila ba za a iya bayyana tasirin a koyaushe ba yayin da mutum ke fama da talauci. Iyaye mata waɗanda ke cikin talauci a lokacin da suke da juna biyu na iya fuskantar ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya yayin haihuwa, kuma jarirai na iya fuskantar ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya da alama ƙarin matsalolin halayya yayin haɓakarsu. Bincike ya nuna cewa iyalai masu karamin karfi da ‘ya’yansu suna fuskantar kalubale mafi tsanani idan ana maganar karbar magani. Tun lokacin da aka sake ba da izini na kwanan nan a cikin 2018, Shirin Inshorar Kiwon Lafiyar Yara (CHIP) yana nufin haɓaka ɗaukar hoto ga iyalai masu rauni waɗanda ke fuskantar rashin matsuguni. Wannan ya hada da matasa masu shekaru 26, mata masu juna biyu, da sabbin iyaye mata. Shirye-shiryen matasa, da kuma yin rajista ta atomatik lokacin haihuwa, tare suna wakiltar wani muhimmin mataki don haɓaka ingantaccen damar kula da lafiya ga iyalai a cikin wannan yawan jama'a..[6][7][8]

Don ƙarin bayani, yaran da ke cikin talauci suna da mummunan sakamako na lafiya yayin girma.  Wannan tasirin yana bayyana musamman ga takamaiman cututtuka, kamar cututtukan zuciya da ciwon sukari.  Tasirin yana ci gaba da wanzuwa ko da matashi ya tsere daga talauci ta hanyar balagagge, yana nuna cewa damuwa na talauci da ake fuskanta a lokacin ƙuruciya ko samartaka yana da tasiri mai dorewa.  Binciken da aka yi a baya ya gano wuraren aiki na matalauta kamar yadda za su iya ƙunshi abubuwan haɗari ga cututtuka da nakasa dangane da takwarorinsu marasa talauci.  Ma'anar ita ce, matsalolin rayuwa na musamman a cikin al'ummar da ke fama da talauci suna taimakawa wajen haifar da rashin lafiya, koda kuwa mazaunin bai shiga kowane hali na musamman da ke cutar da lafiyar su ba.  Tun farkon barkewar cutar ta COVID-19 a Arewacin Amurka, talauci yana da alaƙa da haɓaka yuwuwar kamuwa da COVID-19, da kuma mutuwa daga gare ta.

Rashin gidaje yana haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da yawa. Hadari, cututtukan numfashi, da guba ta gubar na iya haifar da gidaje marasa kyau.[5] Hakanan akwai rashin ruwan sha mai aminci, kwari, da danshi a cikin gidan, kuma gonorrhea yana da alaƙa da gidaje masu lalacewa.[5] Uwaye da ke zaune a yankunan talauci suna da ƙananan kulawa da haihuwa da kuma yawan Mutuwar jarirai da ƙananan nauyin haihuwa. Yawan tarin fuka ma ya fi girma a yankunan da ke fama da talauci.[9] Girman kiba yana da alaƙa da talauci saboda rashin ababen more rayuwa wanda ke tallafawa salon rayuwa mai kyau.[10] Sau da yawa, yankunan talauci ba su da wuraren tafiya ko samun abinci mai kyau a kusa, kuma ana bombarded su da rashin lafiya gabatarwa kamar sigari, barasa, da kuma gaggawa abinci.[10] Yankunan da ke fama da talauci sosai suna da yawan mutuwar da ya fi na talauci.[9][11]

Kudin gidaje babban lahani ne ga lafiyar jiki. Gidaje shine abin da matalauta ke biya akai-akai, kuma wannan yana haifar da rashin kudade don wasu bukatun asali kamar abinci da kiwon lafiya.[5][10][12] A cikin Binciken Binciken Lafiya na Kasa, an gano cewa kusan kashi 10% na iyalai na Amurka ba su sami kulawa ta likita ba saboda tsada.[13] Rashin tsaro na abinci kuma yana ƙaruwa saboda rashin iya siyan abinci saboda tsada.[14]

Dangane da binciken 2023 da aka buga a cikin JAMA, yawan talauci na shekaru goma ko fiye shine babban haɗari na huɗu ga mutuwa a Amurka a kowace shekara, yana da alaƙa da mutuwar 295,000. Shekara guda na talauci an haɗa shi da mutuwar 183,000 a cikin 2019, yana mai da shi babban haɗari na bakwai. Har zuwa shekaru 40, yawan mutanen da ke rayuwa matalauta sun kasance daidai da na mutanen da suka fi wadata, a cewar masu binciken UCR, amma bayan wannan batu, sun mutu a matakin da ya fi girma.

Talauci da lafiyar kwakwalwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayan yanke shawara na shekarun 1980 na rufe wuraren zama na dogon lokaci na lafiyar kwakwalwa, mutane sun sha wahala ba tare da isasshen tsarin tallafi ba kuma ba tare da samun damar ayyukan al'umma ba.[15] Wadannan mutane sun fuskanci rashin aikin yi, rashin gida, da kuma fuskantar tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka, wanda ya kara tsananta rashin lafiyarsu.[15][16]

Talauci gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa mai rikitarwa da lafiyar hankali. Kasancewa cikin talauci na iya haifar da yanayin matsanancin damuwa, wanda aka sani da "matsalar talauci". Talauci kuma shine farkon ko haɗari ga Rashin lafiya na hankali, musamman rikicewar yanayi, kamar baƙin ciki da damuwa. Schizophrenia kuma yana da alaƙa sosai da talauci, yana faruwa akai-akai a cikin mafi talauci na mutane a duk duniya, musamman a cikin ƙasashe marasa daidaito. A cikin wani nau'i na dangantaka, samun rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa babban haɗari ne na kasancewa cikin talauci. Kasancewa da rashin lafiya na hankali na iya hana ikon mutum yin aiki ko hana ma'aikata daukar su aiki.

Wani ra'ayi da aka sani da "ra'ayi mai laushi", ya nuna cewa ga mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa (da farko schizophrenia), suna ci gaba da fadawa cikin matakan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki yayin da yanayinsu ya rage ayyukansu. Wannan ra'ayi ƙoƙari ne na tabbatar da cewa mutanen da ke da iyakancewar alamun ƙwaƙwalwa suna iya sauka ta hanyar tattalin arziki, ba cewa masu kalubalantar kuɗi sun fi dacewa da gabatar da cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa masu tsanani ba. Mutanen da ke fama da alamun da ba su da tsanani ba za su iya shafar "drift".[17]  

Samun magani ya nuna sakamako mai kyau ga waɗanda ke fama da rashin lafiya da talauci.

Tare da wadanda ke cikin talauci suna da yiwuwar shan wahala daga rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa, an bincika fa'idar samun damar maganin maganin kwakwalwa na asibiti. Duk da matsaloli da yawa don samun damar kulawa ga mutanen da ke da karancin kudin shiga, akwai shaidar cewa wadanda ke karɓar kulawa suna amsawa da gagarumin ci gaba. Wannan binciken yana tallafawa matakan manufofi don inganta ingantawa da matakan samun damar kulawa da aka tsara don amfanin waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kuɗi da cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa.[18]

Lafiyar kwakwalwa tana shafar wuri. Gidaje masu hayaniya suna tasiri ga karatu a cikin yara kuma suna inganta damuwa ta tunani.[5] Yawancin iyalai matalauta suna ƙaura sau da yawa kuma ba su da kwanciyar hankali. Wannan yana haifar da yara da ke fuskantar rashin kwanciyar hankali tare da dangantaka da takwarorinsu.[5] Har ila yau, suna fuskantar abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa wanda ke sanya damuwa a kan yanayin tunaninsu yayin da abubuwan suka faru suka tara.[5][3] Yayinda iyaye da yara ke ƙoƙarin jimrewa, suna iya yanke kansu daga hulɗar zamantakewa da ci gaba mai lafiya.[5]

Tseren da lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Talauci da kabilanci duk suna tasiri sakamakon lafiyar mutum.[1] Daga cikin mazauna yankunan talauci, fiye da rabin mutane ne masu launi. Idan aka kwatanta da White Amurkawa, duk sauran jinsi suna da ƙananan sakamako na mace-macen jarirai, ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, kulawa da haihuwa, da kuma mutuwa a cikin birane. Mutanen Launi suna da kashi 80% mafi girma na mace-mace fiye da fararen fata, kuma wannan ya haɗa da mace-mace daga cutar kansa, hatsarori/kisan kai, da cututtuka. Wadanda ke cikin tsananin talauci sun fi zama Bakar Amurka da Latin Amurka. Fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka da Alaska na rayuwa cikin talauci. Lokacin da aka daidaita don shekaru, adadin mutuwar ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka da Alaska ya kai kashi 40% sama da yawan jama'a, kuma kashi 39% na yaran suna da kiba ko kiba. Lafiyar hankali ita ce matsala ta ɗaya a cikin ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka da Alaska.[4] Ga Baƙar fata Amirkawa, rarrabuwar kabilanci a cikin unguwanni shi ne shinge ga daidaiton damar kiwon lafiya.[5] Yawancin unguwanni na yanzu waɗanda galibi Baƙar fata an raba su ta hanyar hukumomi kuma suna da ƙarancin ayyukan jama'a da ƙarin rashin tsaro.[5] Tare da waɗannan shingaye, yawancin Baƙar fata Amirkawa ba su da dukiyar gidan iyali da aka raba ta cikin tsararraki.[5] Latinx da Asiyawa na iya samun matsala tare da mallakar gida saboda keɓewar al'adu da harshe.[5]

Jama'ar Indiyawan Amurka da Alaska Native (AIAN) suna da mafi girman talauci a Amurka idan aka kwatanta da kabilu da kabilun daban-daban. Wannan ya shafi musamman ga matan AIAN waɗanda ke da mafi girman adadin kusan 1 cikin 4 mata da ke zaune cikin talauci.[19] Hoto na 1 a cikin wata kasida yana nuna jadawalin da ke bayyanawa da kwatanta yawan talauci a Amurka da aiwatar da jinsi da launin fata / kabilanci a matsayin dalilai. Maza na AIAN waɗanda ba 'yan Hispanic ba suna da yawan talauci 21.7% kuma matan AIAN waɗanda ke da ba 'yan asalin Hispanic suna da yawanci 24.6%.[19] Wani labarin ya bayyana cewa matan 'yan asalin Amurka sun kasance mafi yawan mutanen da ke ƙasa da matakin talauci a Amurka. A gefe guda, fararen maza suna fuskantar karancin talauci kuma su ne 'yan tsiraru na matakin talauci.[20] Sabili da haka, matan 'yan asalin Amurka suna da mafi girman talauci a Amurka, jinsi da duk sauran kabilun da kabilun.

Yawan talauci na 'yan tsiraru na launin fata ba daidai ba ne idan aka kwatanta da mafi rinjaye na fari. Wannan yana da tasiri daga batutuwan tarihi da yawa waɗanda suka shafi mutane masu launi kamar bautar, wariyar launin fata, da kuma damar aiki da ilimi da ba a iya samun su ba.[20] Don kawo karshen rata a cikin talauci da kuma samar da daidaito ga dukkan iyalai da dukkan kabilu, akwai wasu dabaru inda kowa zai iya aiki tare a matsayin ƙungiya don yin canji a duniya. Misalan sun hada da:

  • Haɓaka mafi ƙarancin albashi
  • Bayar da izini ga ƙarin wakilci na mutane masu launi a manyan ayyuka [20]
  • Kafa kula da haya ta hanyar samar da kariya ga mai haya da taimakon shari'a [20]
  • Bayar da ilimi mai araha ga yara a cikin iyalai masu karamin karfi [20]
  • Taimaka wa ƙananan kasuwancin / na gida
  • Samar da al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi kamar ruwa mai tsabta, kiwon lafiya, gidaje, abinci, da shirye-shiryen kare muhalli

Bambance-bambance tsakanin jinsi da lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai babbar rata a cikin yawan talauci yayin kwatanta bambance-bambance tsakanin maza da mata. A Amurka, mata sun fi fuskantar rashin aikin yi kuma suna fuskantar rashin gida.[19] Wadannan kudaden sun karu sosai tsakanin mata da iyalai saboda annobar COVID-19. Dangane da rashin tsaro na tattalin arziki da raguwar tattalin arziki, Majalisa ta zartar da shirye-shiryen taimako da yawa waɗanda suka ba da fa'idodin rashin aikin yi.[19] Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen shine mafi yawan The Pandemic Emergency Unemployment Compensation (PEUC). Wannan shirin ya ba da fa'idodi masu tsawo har zuwa makonni 79 ga mutanen da suka cancanci, maimakon wadatar gaba ɗaya har zuwa makamai 26.[21]

Abubuwa da yawa suna aiki tare da musayar juna a cikin bambancin jinsi da kuma iyakancewar damar aiki. Wasu daga cikin wadannan dalilai sun hada da bambancin albashi na jinsi, bambancin dukiyar jinsi, tashin hankali na gida, rashin wakiltar mata a cikin ayyuka, nakasassu, da rashin isasshen taimakon jama'a da tallafi.[19] Dukkanin wadannan bangarorin suna kira ga adalci da daidaito ga maza da mata a cikin zamantakewa da kuma aiki. Wasu kokarin rufe rata da bambance-bambance sun hada da 'yan majalisa da ke ba da manufofi waɗanda ke ba da ƙarin kariya ga ma'aikata da inganta ayyukan kudi marasa nuna bambanci. Sauran hanyoyin da za a rage gibin talauci shine kara mafi karancin albashi da samar da karin damar yin amfani da shirye-shiryen taimakon kudi kamar SNAP da WIC wanda ke bawa iyalai damar samun abinci mai kyau.[19] Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna da mahimmanci musamman ga matan da suke uwaye da ke da jarirai don ciyarwa. Don ƙarin bayani game da yadda za a rage yawan talauci tsakanin mata don Allah duba wannan labarin.

Ƙananan jima'i da lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jima'i wani abu ne wanda ke da tasiri a kan yawan talauci a Amurka. Wannan ya shafi 'yan tsiraru na jima'i da al'ummar LGBTQ saboda matakin nuna bambanci da suke fuskanta a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun.[22] Nuna bambanci babban abu ne a cikin yanayin jima'i wanda ke tasiri ga yawan talauci tsakanin jama'ar LGBTQ. Bambance-bambance da aka samu a cikin wannan yawan jama'a yana haifar da karancin damar yin aiki, yanayin aiki mai wahala, da abubuwan da ba za a iya biyan su ba kuma ba za a yiwu ba.[22] Ayyukan ƙiyayya da yanayin zamantakewa na iya haifar da raguwar lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako kamar baƙin ciki, damuwa, damuwa ta ciki, batutuwan iyali, rashin tsaro, da sakaci.[22]

Mutanen LGBTQ suna fuskantar matsaloli tare da bayar da ƙananan matsayi a cikin ma'aikata da kuma iyakantaccen fa'idodi.[22] Kididdiga kamar yadda ya nuna cewa al'ummar LGBTQ suna cikin haɗari ga rashin tsaro na kudi da gidaje da ƙananan fa'idodin kiwon lafiya.[22] Akwai rarrabuwar tsakanin waɗannan mutane inda suke fuskantar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga daban-daban bisa ga launin fata da jinsi.[23] Yawan da manya LGBTQ masu launi ba su da damar samun kiwon lafiya idan aka kwatanta da sauran manya LGBTQ sun fi girma.[23] Kimanin kashi 32% na manya masu launin fata waɗanda suke da ma'aurata ba su da kulawar kiwon lafiya idan aka kwatanta da kashi 22% na manya masu ma'auratunta.[22] Dangane da jinsi, kusan kashi 29% na mata masu canza launin fata suna guje wa ganin likita saboda ba za su iya biyan shi ba kuma ba su da inshorar kiwon lafiya.[22] Wannan yana da mummunan sakamako kamar matsalolin kiwon lafiya har ma da mutuwa.

Mutanen da ke canza launin fata suna daga cikin al'ummar LGBTQ waɗanda ke fuskantar matsaloli sakamakon talauci. Binciken da aka yi ta hanyar Halin Hadarin Hadari (BRFSS) ya haifar da samfurin maza masu canza launin fata, mata masu canza launin toka, da mutane marasa daidaituwa da jinsi.[23] Yawan talauci da aka samu ga maza masu canza launin fata shine 33.7%, ga mata masu canza launin toka shine 29.9%, kuma ga rashin daidaituwa da jinsi shine 23.8%.[23] Daga waɗannan sakamakon, ana iya lura da cewa maza masu canza launin fata suna fuskantar matsalolin kudi fiye da mata masu canza launin toka da mutane masu tsaka-tsaki. Koyaya, mutanen da ke canza launin fata gabaɗaya suna da mafi girman talauci wanda yake daidai da mata masu jima'i.[23] A gefe guda, maza masu luwadi na cisgender suna fama da ƙarancin matsalolin kuɗi kuma suna da mafi ƙarancin talauci fiye da sauran mutane na LGBTQ.[23]

Shekaru da lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Talauci tsakanin Tsofaffi a Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manya na manya suna kokawa da rashin tsaro na kuɗi, ƙara tsadar rayuwa, da basussuka. Wannan ya faru ne saboda haɗarin rashin aikin yi da raguwar tanadin ritaya. Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran jama'a, akwai sassan kek inda wasu tsiraru a cikin tsofaffi suka fuskanci gwagwarmaya daban-daban saboda jinsi, launin fata, da kuma yanayin jima'i. Adadin talauci ya fi girma a tsakanin tsofaffi mata fiye da mazan maza saboda rashin albashi da gibin arziki da alhakin gida. Baƙar fata da mutanen Hispanic a cikin tsofaffi sun sami ƙarin gwagwarmayar kuɗi da rashin tsaro na tattalin arziki. Kididdigar ta nuna cewa kusan kashi 43.4% na Baƙar fata da 44.1% na tsofaffin mutanen Hispanic suna ƙasa da 200% na Matakin Talauci na Tarayya (FPL). Don ba da fa'idodi ga tsofaffi, Tsaron Jama'a da fensho sun taimaka wajen haɓaka kudaden shiga na tsofaffi miliyan 16.5 sama da FPL. Wasu fa'idodin sun fito daga Medicaid, Medicare, da shirye-shiryen da ke ba da tamburan abinci kamar SNAP waɗanda ke taimakawa hana talauci a cikin yawan tsufa na Amurka.

Talauci tsakanin Matasa a Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Talauci tsakanin yara da matasa yana rinjayar talauci a cikin manya wanda ke haifar da ci gaba da sake zagayowar idan ba a hana shi ba.[24] Tasirin da talauci ke da shi a kan matasa sun hada da rashin samun ilimi da gidaje, nuna bambanci, matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, da Rashin abinci mai gina jiki.[24] Wannan yana haifar da matsala a cikin karuwar aikata laifuka da batutuwan zamantakewa wanda ke da mummunar tasiri ga tattalin arziki.[24]

  • Kasancewa cikin shirye-shiryen taimakon sa kai kamar UNICEF [25]
  • Bayar da gudummawa a cikin al'ummarku
  • Tabbatar da muhimman bukatun kiwon lafiya [25]
  • Taimako na shirye-shiryen muhalli
  • Inganta ilimin yara da abinci mai gina jiki [25]

Yankunan Amurka da Rashin Talauci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Talauci a Puerto Rico ya zama ruwan dare sosai kuma ƙimar ta yi yawa idan aka kwatanta da Amurka gaba ɗaya.[26] Bincike ya gano cewa yawan talauci na Puerto Rico ya ninka sau uku fiye da Amurka da sauran yankunan Amurka ban da Samoa ta Amurka. Yawan jama'ar Puerto Rican da ke ƙasa da Matsayin Talauci na Tarayya (FPL) ya kai kashi 43% a cikin 2021.[26]

Wani abin da za a yi la'akari da shi shi ne cewa Puerto Rico ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi yawan jama'a a Amurka.] Iyalai da yawa suna fuskantar gwagwarmayar kuɗi saboda iyakance damar yin aiki saboda babu isassun ayyuka ga yawan shekarun aiki waɗanda ke tsakanin 25 zuwa 54 shekaru. A sakamakon haka, yara suna fama da talauci kuma suna rayuwa cikin talauci saboda karancin kayan aiki da aka samar don ciyar da iyalai. Saboda haka, yara sun kasance kashi na biyu mafi girma na mutanen da ke rayuwa cikin talauci a Puerto Rico idan aka kwatanta da mafi girman sashi wanda shine yawan shekarun aiki.[26]

Ra'ayi da jinsi sune abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su idan ya zo ga rarraba talauci a Puerto Rico. A cikin 2021, yawan talauci na mutanen da ke ƙasa da FPL kuma suna nuna kansu a matsayin White ya kasance 41.5%.[26] Yawan talauci ga mutanen da ke nuna kansu a matsayin Black kuma a ƙasa da FPL ya kasance 44.2%.[26] Yawan talauci ga mutanen da suka bayyana kansu a matsayin wata kabila kuma a ƙasa da FPL ya kasance 47.5%.[26]

Jima'i a matsayin wani abu ya gabatar da bincike wanda ya gano cewa talauci ya rarraba daban-daban a tsakanin mata da maza. Mata da 'yan mata da ke zaune a kasa da Matsayin Talauci na Tarayya a Puerto Rico shine 23% yayin da maza da maza da ke zaune ƙasa da FPL shine 19% .[26] Sabili da haka, mata suna wakiltar mafi yawan mutanen da ke talauci fiye da maza.[26]

Don nuna wasu kwatance-kwatance, yawan talauci na Guam a shekarar 2019 ya fi na Mississippi wanda shine mafi talauci tare da mafi girman talauci tsakanin sauran jihohi.[27] Abin sha'awa, Guam ba ta da ƙididdigar gwamnati a kowace shekara kamar jihohi 50 da ke amfani da Ofishin Ƙididdigar Amurka don lissafin ƙimar talauci.[27] A cikin 2020, kididdigar ta nuna cewa yawan talauci na Guam ya ninka sau biyu fiye da matsakaicin ƙasa a Amurka. Yawan talauci na Guam a cikin 2020 ya kasance 29.7% idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin ƙasa na 10.8%.[27]

Lokacin la'akari da abubuwan jinsi, yawan mutanen Guam kamar Puerto Rico suna fuskantar ƙimar da ba daidai ba tsakanin mata da maza da kuma tsakanin matasa da tsofaffi.[27] Kashi na iyalai da ke da mata a matsayin shugaban gida da ke rayuwa cikin talauci ya kasance kashi 44% na kashi 25.6% na iyalai a ƙasa da ƙimar samun kudin shiga ta tarayya a cikin 2019. Sabanin haka, iyalai tare da maza a matsayin shugaban gida kuma suna rayuwa cikin talauci suna da kashi 15%.[27] Sabili da haka, iyalai masu shugabancin mata suna da yawa a cikin talauci na iyali. Yawancin mutanen da suka kai kashi 25.6% na talauci na gida mutane ne sama da shekaru 18 tare da kashi 54%.[27] Tsofaffin mutane masu shekaru 65 da haihuwa suna da kashi 4% idan aka kwatanta.[27]

Samoa ta Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ya zuwa 2019, yawan talauci na Samoa ta Amurka ya kai 50.7% wanda shine raguwa daga yawan da ya samu a shekara ta 2009, 54.4% . [28] A cikin 2020, annobar COVID-19 ta shafi tsibirin Samoa na Amurka da sauran yankunan Amurka. Ya shafi gidaje ta hanyar haifar da raguwar lambobin gidaje daga 6.00 a cikin 2010 zuwa 4.96 a cikin 2020.[28] Har ila yau, annobar ta shafi bayanan halayen tattalin arziki bisa ga talauci da kididdigar samun kudin shiga.[28]

Samoa ta Amurka ta ƙunshi mafi yawan mutanen da ke nuna kansu a matsayin 'yan asalin Hawaii da Sauran tsibirin Pacific. Adadin mutanen da aka haɗu an ruwaito su 46,233 lokacin da aka yi la'akari da mutanen da suka bayyana kansu a matsayin Asiya.[28] Adadin mutanen da aka ruwaito a Samoa ta Amurka a shekarar 2020 ya kai 49,710. An kuma saki halaye na zamantakewa mutanen Samoan a cikin 2020.[28]

Commonwealth na Tsibirin Mariana na Arewa (CNMI)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ya zuwa 2019, yawan talauci na Arewacin Mariana Islands ya kai 38.0% wanda ke nufin cewa kudin shiga na mutane 17,876 sun kasance ƙasa da matakin talauci na tarayya daga cikin yawan jama'a 47,035.[29] Akwai shirin taimakon abinci da ake kira Tsarin Taimako na Abinci (NAP) wanda ke ba da fa'idodi ga iyalai. Kimanin kashi 20.6% na iyalai a cikin tsibirai waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kuɗi sun cancanci kuma suna karɓar fa'idodin shirin.[29] Daga cikin iyalai da suka kasance wani ɓangare na shirin NAP, kashi 25.2% suna da mutum tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 24. Idan aka kwatanta, kashi 12.8% suna da mutum wanda ya kai shekaru 65 da haihuwa.[30]

Tsibirin Mariana na Arewa sun ƙunshi mutane waɗanda suka ba da rahoton cewa su Asiya ne kawai da kuma mutanen da suka ba da labarin cewa su 'yan asalin Hawaii ne da Sauran tsibirin Pacific.[30] Kimanin kashi 46.6% na yawan jama'a sun ba da rahoton tseren su a matsayin Asiya kadai. Kimanin kashi 43.7% sun ba da rahoton cewa su 'yan asalin Hawaii ne da Sauran tsibirin Pacific.[30]

Tsibirin Virgin Islands na Amurka (USVI)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 2019, Ofishin Ƙididdigar Amurka ya tattara halaye na yawan jama'a, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa na yawan jama-ar USVI don gudanar da lissafin giciye. Kididdigar ta nuna cewa kashi 22.8% shine yawan talauci ga gidajen USVI.[31] Don kwatanta launin fata, baƙar fata ko 'yan Afirka na Amurka suna da mafi girman talauci na 24.3% yayin da fararen mutane ke da ƙananan talauci na 11.5%.[31] Yawan mutanen da ke da mafi girman talauci yayin la'akari da launin fata shine mutanen Hispanic / Latino tare da talauci na 31.4%.[31]

Don taimakawa mutanen da ke fuskantar matsalolin kudi, shirin da ake kira Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Plan (SNAP) yana ba da iyalai masu cancanta fa'idodi kamar samun damar abinci da sauran albarkatu. Don kwatanta iyalai da suka sami waɗannan fa'idodi bisa ga shekarun, iyalai da ke da matashi suna da yawan mahalarta fiye da iyalai da tsofaffi. Daga cikin dukkan gidaje, kashi 32.4% tare da mutum tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 24 sun sami fa'idodi idan aka kwatanta da kashi 14.7% na waɗanda ke da mutum mai shekaru 65 da sama da haka.[31]

Rashin aikin yi na mutane masu shekaru 16 da haihuwa ba su da yawa tare da 90.3% suna da aiki kuma kawai 9.7% ba su yi ba.[31] Don kwatanta yawan rashin aikin yi bisa ga jinsi, mata suna da mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da maza. Mata suna da rashin aikin yi na 10.1% yayin da maza ke da rashin aikin e-na 9.3%.[31]

Tsibirin Virgin Islands na Amurka galibi sun kunshi baƙar fata ko 'yan Afirka na Amurka wanda ya kai kusan kashi 71.4% na yawan jama'a.[31] Mutanen Hispanic / Latino sun kai kusan 18.4% na yawan jama'a wanda ke nufin cewa su ne rukuni na biyu mafi girma a cikin USVI.[31] Fararen mutane sun kai kashi 13.3% tare da yawan jama'a da yawa kasance mafi ƙanƙanta wanda ya kai kusan kashi 7.5% na yawan jama'ar USVI.[31]

Rashin gida da lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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Manufofin kiwon lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsakanin 1987 da 2005, yawan mutanen da ba su da inshora na kiwon lafiya a Amurka ya tashi daga sama da miliyan 30, zuwa miliyan 46.6. Inshora tana kara farashin ayyuka, kuma a wannan lokacin, kashi 8.5% na mutanen da ke cikin gidajen da suka yi sama da $ 75,000 a kowace shekara ba su da inshora.[32] Ga iyalai da ke samun $ 25,000 ko ƙasa da haka, wannan kashi ya tashi zuwa 24.4% ba tare da inshora ba.[33] Wannan adadi ya nuna yadda rashin samun kulawa ta hanyar inshorar kiwon lafiya ya shafi wadanda ke cikin talauci.

Hoton daga Ofishin Ƙididdigar Amurka akan ƙimar ba tare da inshora ba Hoton da ke nunawa

Duk da farashin kiwon lafiya ya zama cikas ga waɗanda ke da ƙananan kuɗi, bincike ya nuna cewa ɗaukar hoto ba zai canza sakamakon da ya shafi lafiyar jiki ba. Samun Medicaid ga manya masu karamin karfi sun taimaka wajen gano cutar ta rayuwa, an ga raguwar ganewar cututtukan tabin hankali, da rage afkuwar "kudin likita mai bala'i" ta marasa lafiya da ban mamaki. Yayin da aka lura da waɗannan sakamako masu kyau, sakamakon cututtukan zuciya, ciwon sukari, da sauran halayen lafiyar jiki ba su inganta ba. An nuna cewa shekara guda, tsawon lokacin binciken, bai isa ba don cikakken lura da bambance-bambancen sakamakon lafiya wanda zai zama halayyar gwaji tare da lokaci mai tsawo. Har ila yau, 'yan tsiraru suna da adadin mace-mace da yawa saboda cututtuka kamar ciwon daji da cututtukan zuciya idan aka kwatanta da fararen fata.

Duk da yake Medicaid yana ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya daban-daban ga mutanen da ke fama da rauni, da yawa ba su cancanci karɓar waɗannan ba.[34] Don karɓar Medicaid, dole ne mutum ya nuna tabbacin samun kudin shiga, matsayin ɗan ƙasa, da zama. Mutanen da ba su da gidaje galibi suna gwagwarmaya don samar da irin waɗannan takardun, ko kuma ba za su iya cika ƙa'idodi da ƙimar samun kudin shiga ba, don haka suna iyakance damar su ga Medicaid da mahimman ayyukan kiwon lafiya da ke biyowa.[34][35]

Ko da za su iya karɓar ɗaukar Medicaid, wasu lokuta masu ba da kiwon lafiya suna karkatar da su ba tare da son kula da su ba. A bangaren su, masu ba da kiwon lafiya sun ambaci matsalolin biyan kuɗi da sauran nauyin gudanarwa.[34][35]

Har ila yau, Cibiyar kiwon lafiya da masana'antu tana ba da gudummawa ga matsalolin marasa lafiya da ke biyan magunguna da farashin kiwon lafiya.

Ayyukan da gwamnati ta dauka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin Amurka ta zartar da wasu matakai don samar da isasshen lafiya. Kodayake ba ta da ɗaukar hoto na duniya, ƙasar tana da nau'ikan inshorar jama'a guda biyu, Medicare da Medicaid. Medicare inshora ne ga waɗanda suka haura shekaru 65 ko kuma suna da nakasa na dogon lokaci ko cututtukan koda na ƙarshe. Medicaid yana ba da damar tallafin tarayya don dacewa da sabis na kiwon lafiya kuma ya ba da damar iyalai masu karamin karfi, mata masu juna biyu masu karamin karfi, yara masu karamin karfi har zuwa shekaru 18, makafi, da nakasassu don samun waɗannan ayyukan. Jihohi ne ke gudanar da Medicaid, don haka jihohi suna da hakkin saita ma'auni don cancanta. Dangane da gidan yanar gizon Asusun Commonwealth, Medicaid yanzu ya ƙunshi kashi 17.9% na Amurkawa. Shirin Inshorar Lafiyar Yara (CHIP) yana ba da inshora ga yara a cikin iyalai masu karamin karfi kuma yana rufe yara miliyan 9.6, a cewar Asusun Commonwealth. An zartar da Dokar Kulawa mai araha a cikin 2010, kuma ta faɗaɗa cancantar Medicaid kuma ta ba da kuɗi don cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na tarayya. Waɗannan cibiyoyin suna ɗaukar marasa lafiya ba tare da la'akari da ikon biyan kuɗi ba kuma suna ba da alluran rigakafi kyauta ga yara marasa inshora da marasa inshora. Gwamnatin tarayya kuma tana ba da tallafin ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwar al'umma ta hanyar tallafin da Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Halittu ta ke bayarwa ga jihohi.[36]

Shawarwari don kara inganta damar kiwon lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shawarwari ɗaya don magance rashin adalci na kiwon lafiya ga matalauta shine ɗaukar matakan da suka shafi al'umma. Misali ɗaya na wannan shine majalisar kula da lafiya na gunduma a Tennessee. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sa kai ne daga al'umma waɗanda ke tantance rashin daidaiton lafiya a cikin gundumarsu kuma suna yanke shawarar irin manufofin aiwatar da su. Wani ra'ayi shine aiwatar da kulawa ta farko ta al'umma inda likitoci ke la'akari da yanayi da al'adun marasa lafiya don inganta lafiyar su. Don inganta gidaje, ana ba da shawarar shirye-shiryen yanayin yanayi don sake gyara gidaje marasa kyau don zama mafi aminci ga lafiya.

Asibitocin kiwon lafiya, gami da asibitoci kyauta, na iya taimaka wa mutane tare da farashin sufuri da kiwon lafiya su sauƙaƙa batutuwan da suka taso kamar sufuri da matsalolin kuɗi.[37][38][39]

Manufofin da suka dace, ana ba da shawarar ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin lafiyar matalauta ta hanyar ƙirƙirar gyare-gyare ko doka da haɓaka gidaje masu araha.[3][40] Gyaran zai tabbatar da cewa isasshen gidaje haƙƙin kowa ne, kuma idan hakan ba zai iya faruwa ba, to za a iya zartar da doka don ingantaccen manufofin gidaje.[3] Za'a iya ƙara gidaje masu araha ta hanyar ƙara tallafi ta hanyar takardun shaida na gidaje don gidaje ko rage rance ga masu haɓakawa.

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Patrick, Donald L.; Stein, Jane; Porta, Miquel; Porter, Carol Q.; Ricketts, Thomas C. (1988). "Poverty, Health Services, and Health Status in Rural America". The Milbank Quarterly. 66 (1): 105–136. doi:10.2307/3349987. JSTOR 3349987. PMID 3262817.
  2. ↑ Brady, David; Kohler, Ulrich; Zheng, Hui (2023). "Novel Estimates of Mortality Associated With Poverty in the US". The Journal of the American Medical Association. 183 (6): 504–628. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.0276. PMC 10111231 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37067817 Check |pmid= value (help).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Tonn, Bruce; Hawkins, Beth; Rose, Erin; Marincic, Michaela (August 2021). "A futures perspective of health, climate change and poverty in the United States". Futures. 131. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2021.102759. S2CID 236380875 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Do, D. P.; Finch, B. K. (2008-07-15). "The Link between Neighborhood Poverty and Health: Context or Composition?". American Journal of Epidemiology. 168 (6): 611–619. doi:10.1093/aje/kwn182. PMC 2584357. PMID 18687664.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 Saegert, Susan; Evans, Gary W. (July 2003). "Poverty, Housing Niches, and Health in the United States: Poverty, Housing Niches, and Health". Journal of Social Issues. 59 (3): 569–589. doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00078.
  6. ↑ "Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Eligibility Requirements". HealthCare.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  7. ↑ Adams, Kali (2017-05-01). "HEALTHCARE AND HOMELESSNESS: How can we better service the health needs of homeless individuals? A Case Study of the City of Worcester, MA". International Development, Community and Environment.
  8. ↑ "A Case Study of Complex Care Management at a Student-Run Free Clinic". studentrunfreeclinics.org. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :5
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Woolf, S; Johnson, R; Geiger, H (October 2006). "The Rising Prevalence of Severe Poverty in AmericaA Growing Threat to Public Health". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 31 (4): 332–341.e2. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.06.022. PMID 16979459.
  11. ↑ Ram, Rati (December 2005). "Income inequality, poverty, and population health: Evidence from recent data for the United States". Social Science & Medicine. 61 (12): 2568–2576. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.038. PMID 15963618.
  12. ↑ Tonn, Bruce; Hawkins, Beth; Rose, Erin; Marincic, Michaela (March 2021). "Income, housing and health: Poverty in the United States through the prism of residential energy efficiency programs". Energy Research & Social Science. 73. Bibcode:2021ERSS...7301945T. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.101945. S2CID 233846605 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  13. ↑ Martinez, Michael E.; Clarke, Tainya C. (2020). "Percentage of Families That Did Not Get Needed Medical Care Because of Cost, by Poverty Status--National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2013 and 2018". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 69 (23): 727. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6923a4. PMC 7315793. PMID 32525851.
  14. ↑ Gundersen, Craig; Hake, Monica; Dewey, Adam; Engelhard, Emily (2021). "Food Insecurity during COVID-19". Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy. 43 (1): 153–161. doi:10.1002/aepp.13100. PMC 7537061. PMID 33042509.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Zlotnick, Cheryl; Zerger, Suzanne; Wolfe, Phyllis B. (July 2013). "Health Care for the Homeless: What We Have Learned in the Past 30 Years and What's Next". American Journal of Public Health (in Turanci). 103 (S2): S199–S205. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301586. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 3969140. PMID 24148056.
  16. ↑ Kamimura, Akiko; Christensen, Nancy; Tabler, Jennifer; Ashby, Jeanie; Olson, Lenora M. (2013-08-01). "Patients Utilizing a Free Clinic: Physical and Mental Health, Health Literacy, and Social Support". Journal of Community Health (in Turanci). 38 (4): 716–723. doi:10.1007/s10900-013-9669-x. ISSN 1573-3610. PMID 23463329.
  17. ↑ Kuruvilla, A.; Jacob, K. S. (October 2007). "Poverty, social stress & mental health". Indian Journal of Medical Research. 126 (4): 273–279. PMID 18032802. Samfuri:Gale ProQuest 195977890.
  18. ↑ Santiago, Catherine DeCarlo; Kaltman, Stacey; Miranda, Jeanne (February 2013). "Poverty and Mental Health: How Do Low-Income Adults and Children Fare in Psychotherapy?: Poverty and Mental Health". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 69 (2): 115–126. doi:10.1002/jclp.21951. PMID 23280880.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 "The Basic Facts About Women in Poverty". Center for American Progress (in Turanci). 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2025-02-14.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 "Poverty | National Equity Atlas". nationalequityatlas.org. Retrieved 2025-02-21.
  21. ↑ Oversight, Pandemic (2021-10-14). "How much money did pandemic unemployment programs pay out? | Pandemic Oversight". pandemicoversight.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-14.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 "Understanding Poverty in the LGBTQ+ Community". HRC (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-23.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 "The Complexity of LGBT Poverty in the United States". INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH ON POVERTY (in Turanci). 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2025-03-10.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "Child Poverty in America: 2024 Facts & Statistics". United Way NCA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-26.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "Ending child poverty". www.unicef.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2024-10-02. Retrieved 2025-03-10.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 "Pervasive Poverty in Puerto Rico: a Closer Look". CentroPR (in Turanci). 2023-09-19. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 "Guam - 2024 - III.B. Overview of the State". mchb.tvisdata.hrsa.gov. Retrieved 2025-03-14.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Bureau, US Census. "2020 Island Areas Censuses Data on Demographic, Social, Economic and Housing Characteristics Now Available for American Samoa". Census.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-16.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Bureau, US Census. "Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Demographic and Housing Characteristics Summary File for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands". Census.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-19.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Bureau, US Census. "Census Bureau Releases 2020 Island Areas Censuses Detailed Cross-Tabulation Data for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands". Census.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-19.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 31.8 Bureau, US Census. "Census Bureau Releases 2020 Island Areas Censuses Detailed Cross-Tabulation Data for the U.S. Virgin Islands". Census.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-24.
  32. ↑ Wagstaff, Adam (2022-09-01). "Poverty and Health Sector Inequalities". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 100 (9). doi:10.2471/blt.00.000922.
  33. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Fryling, Lauren R.; Mazanec, Peter; Rodriguez, Robert M. (2015-11-01). "Barriers to Homeless Persons Acquiring Health Insurance Through the Affordable Care Act". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 49 (5): 755–762.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.06.005. ISSN 0736-4679. PMC 4633336. PMID 26281811.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Technically Accessible, Practically Ineligible: The Effects of Medicaid Expansion Implementation on Chronic Homelessness". read.dukeupress.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  36. ↑ "United States". www.commonwealthfund.org (in Turanci). 2020-06-05. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  37. ↑ Bhathena, Shayan; Moczygemba, Leticia; Lawson, Kenneth (2020-08-01). "Emergency Department Use and Barriers to Health Care Among Homeless and Uninsured Patients at a Student-Run Free Clinic". Journal of Student-Run Clinics (in Turanci). 6 (1). doi:10.59586/jsrc.v6i1.91 Check |doi= value (help). ISSN 2474-9354.
  38. ↑ Chilukuri, Pranaya; Williams, Collier; Dowla, Shima; Paul, Shejuti; Sheets, Lindsay; Zinski, Anne; Wagoner, Nicholas Van (2021-11-10). "Findings from a Qualitative Needs Assessment of Equal Access Birmingham, a Student-Run Free Clinic in the Southern United States". Journal of Student-Run Clinics (in Turanci). 7 (1). doi:10.59586/jsrc.v7i1.226 Check |doi= value (help). ISSN 2474-9354.
  39. ↑ Dadlani, Akanksha; Johnson, Cooper T.; Fischbein, Rebecca; Gardner-Buckshaw, Stacey L.; Lee, Amy; Boltri, John M. (2021-06-21). "Using Social Determinants Screening/Mapping Tools to Identify Needs and Resources for Student-Run Free Clinic Patients". Ohio Journal of Public Health (in Turanci). 4 (1): 38–44. doi:10.18061/ojph.v4i1.8073. ISSN 2578-6180.
  40. ↑ Bor, Jacob; Cohen, Gregory H; Galea, Sandro (April 2017). "Population health in an era of rising income inequality: USA, 1980–2015". The Lancet. 389 (10077): 1475–1490. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30571-8. PMID 28402829. S2CID 13760884.
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