Tankin Churchill

Tankin Churchill
combat vehicle model (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	infantry tank (en)
Rikici	Yakin Duniya na II da Korean War (en)
Mabiyi	Valentine (en)
Ƙasa da aka fara	Birtaniya
Ma'aikaci	British Army (en)
Manufacturer (en)	Vauxhall (en) , Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (en) , Newton Chambers (en) da Dennis Specialist Vehicles (en)
Designed by (en)	Harland and Wolff (en) da Vauxhall (en)
Service entry (en)	1941
Service retirement (en)	1952

Tankin, Jirgin Ƙasa, Mk IV (A22) Churchill wani tankin sojojin ƙasa ne na Birtaniya da aka yi amfani da shi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, wanda aka fi sani da manyan sulkensa, babban chassis mai tsayi tare da layukan da ke kewaye da shi tare da bogi da yawa, ikon hawan tsaunuka masu tsayi, da kuma amfani da shi a matsayin tushen motoci na musamman da yawa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tankunan yaƙi na ƙawancen da suka fi ƙarfi a yaƙin.

Asalin tsarin Churchill ya dogara ne akan tsammanin cewa za a yi yaƙi a Turai a cikin yanayi makamancin na Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, don haka ya jaddada ikon ketare wurare masu wahala. An gaggauta samar da Churchill domin gina kariyar Birtaniya daga harin da Jamus za ta iya kaiwa. Motocin farko suna da kurakurai da dole ne a shawo kansu kafin a amince da Churchill don amfani da shi sosai. Bayan an gina wasu alamomi (sigogi) da dama, wani tsari mai kyau na sulke, Mark VII, ya shiga aiki tare da Sojojin Burtaniya. An inganta sigar a matakan ƙarshe na yaƙin.

Sojojin Birtaniya da sauran ƙasashen Commonwealth sun yi amfani da Churchill a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓen Arewacin Afirka, Italiya da Arewa maso Yammacin Turai . Bugu da ƙari, an aika da jiragen ruwa na Churchill guda 344 a matsayin taimakon soja ga Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, kuma an aika da tankunan yaƙi na Churchill guda 301 zuwa 344 a yankin Gabas .

Suna

An sanya wa tankin Churchill suna ne bayan John Churchill, Duke na farko na Marlborough . Winston Churchill ya shaida wa Field Marshal Jan Smuts cewa "Wannan ita ce tankin da suka sanya wa sunana lokacin da suka gano cewa ba shi da kyau!"

Sunan ya yi daidai da abin da ya zama al'adar sojojin Burtaniya ta ba wa tankuna sunayen sojoji waɗanda suka fara da C. An bai wa tankunan Cruiser sunaye, kamar Covenanter na zamani, Crusader, Cromwell, Cavalier da Comet amma ba a ba wa tankunan sojoji sunaye na musamman ba.

Tarihi

A20

Da farko an ƙayyade shi jim kaɗan kafin barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, A20 (ƙayyadadden Ma'aikatansa) an yi shi ne don ƙara wa tankunan yaƙi na Matilda II da Valentine . Bisa ga ka'idar tankunan yaƙi na sojojin Birtaniya da kuma bisa ga buƙatun da ake tsammani na kai hari kan layin tsaro mai tsayayye, ketare ramuka masu faɗi, wataƙila ƙasa mai ramuka kamar yaƙin rami na Yaƙin Duniya na Farko an yi niyya ne a yi amfani da bindigogin yaƙi na Jamus na Pak 36 na yanzu na 3.7 cm kuma suna ɗauke da katako mai rauni .

Kamfanin gine-ginen jiragen ruwa na Belfast Harland &amp; Wolff ya faɗaɗa wani tsari na gaba ɗaya da Woolwich Arsenal ta samar tare da shawarwari daga Ma'aikatar Zane Tankuna. Rundunar Sojin ta gabatar da cewa tana dauke da makamai guda biyu kirar QF 2<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwYw">&nbsp;</span>bindigogin pulner, kowannensu yana cikin wani gefen bindiga mai linzami mai linzamin Besa mai coaxial. Za a saka Besa ta uku da na'urar haƙa hayaki a cikin jirgin ruwan gaba. Don rage nauyi, an sake duba ƙa'idodin don fifita mafi girman sulke a gaban 60 mm - ya isa ya kare daga harsashi na yau da kullun daga Jamusanci 37 bindiga mm. An ƙera zane-zanen da Woolwich Arsenal ta tsara bisa ga hasumiyar A12 Matilda - Daraktan Injini ya yi adawa da ƙirar da ba ta da hasumiya - kuma injin da kuma watsawar Wilson ta hanyar amfani da fasahar zamani don tankin A13 Mark III Covenanter . An bar wa Harland & Wolff zane da ginin A20 dalla-dalla, waɗanda suka kammala samfura huɗu kafin watan Yunin 1940. A lokacin ginin, an sake duba makaman, ciki har da sanya ko dai bindiga mai nauyin kilo 6 ko kuma bindigar Faransa mai gajeren zango 75. bindigar mm (kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita akan Char B1 ) a cikin harsashin gaba - an yi la'akari da cewa na farko ya yi tsayi sosai kuma na biyun zai buƙaci sake fasalin gaban harsashin. A ƙarshe, an zaɓi howitzer mai inci 3. Duk da haka, ƙirar A20 ba ta daɗe ba, domin a daidai lokacin da aka kori rundunar sojojin Burtaniya da aka kayar daga Dunkirk . Duk da cewa an yi shi ne don "yaƙin matsayi" da kuma kai hari kai tsaye kan katanga (an kira shi da "Tankin Yankin da aka Harbe", ko kuma kalmar Faransanci Char de Fortresse ) wanda aka mayar da shi ba shi da amfani saboda saurin yaƙin sulke na Jamus, har yanzu ana son a sami babban tanki wanda zai iya kare sojojin ƙasa daga wasu tankuna.

A farkon tan 32, tare da tan 300 Injin hp flat-12 Meadows DAV, A20 yana da ƙarancin wutar lantarki idan aka kwatanta da Covenanter mai nauyin tan 16. Wannan ba shi da wani tasiri sosai kamar yadda ake tsammani, saboda bambancin da Birtaniya ke da shi tsakanin tankunan ruwa masu saurin gudu da tankunan sojoji masu saurin gudu. An tuntubi Vauxhall, waɗanda suka riga suka shiga cikin masu ba da shawara kan dakatarwar, don ganin ko za su iya gina A20 kuma an aika da misali ɗaya zuwa Vauxhall da ke Luton don ganin ko za su iya samar da wani injin daban da ke haɓaka 350. bhp. Don haka, sun ƙera injin mai mai flat-12. Don saurin samarwa, wannan injin ya dogara ne akan injin Bedford Vehicles (aikin motocin kasuwanci na Vauxhall) mai silinda shida, wanda ya haifar da sunansa "Twin-Six". Duk da cewa an yi amfani da bawuloli na gefe don dacewa da sararin, an ƙera injin ɗin da pistons masu ƙarfi, masu kunna wuta biyu da kuma bawuloli masu sanyaya iska da sodium a cikin kujerun Stellite don samar da ƙarfin 350. bhp.

A22

Da Faransa ta sha kashi, yanayin yaƙin ramuka a Arewacin Turai bai sake aiki ba kuma Dr. HE Merritt, Daraktan Zane Tank a Woolwich Arsenal, ya sake duba tsarin, bisa ga yaƙin da aka gani a Poland da Faransa. An bai wa Vauxhall waɗannan sabbin bayanai, na A22 ko Infantry Tank Mark IV a watan Yunin 1940.

Ganin yadda mamayar da Jamus ta kai wa Birtaniya ke neman kubuta, da kuma asarar dimbin motocin soja a lokacin kwashe su daga Faransa, Ofishin Yaƙi ya ayyana cewa dole ne A22 ta fara kera ta cikin shekara guda. Zuwa watan Yulin 1940, an kammala ƙirar kuma a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar an kammala samfuran farko; a watan Yunin 1941, kusan shekara guda kamar yadda aka ƙayyade, tankunan Churchill na farko sun fara tashi daga layin samarwa.

An ƙara takardar bayani daga masana'anta a cikin Littafin Jagorar Mai Amfani, wanda kuma ya bayyana kurakurai da aka sani, tare da hanyoyin magance matsalar da kuma abin da ake yi don gyara matsalar. Ya ce: Harold Drew na Vauxhall ya cimma mu'ujizai tare da Churchill da akwatin gear ɗinsa na Merrit-Brown wanda David Brown Limited ya samar; "ƙirar kirkire-kirkire ce da aka yi daga allon zane ba tare da isasshen gwajin samfuri ba kuma ta sami matsaloli mafi muni na fitar da hakora" a cewar Robotham , amma tankunan Birtaniya ba su da ƙarfi sosai, ba su da isassun bindigogi kuma ba a iya dogara da su ba. A matakin Hukumar Tankuna, Daraktan Makamai yana ci gaba da yaba wa ingancin motar mai nauyin kilo 2, kuma wannan bindigar har yanzu tana nan a kan kowace tankin Burtaniya har zuwa Maris 1942. A wani atisaye na shekarar 1942, dole ne a canza akwatin akwatin motarsa sau biyar.

Saboda saurin ci gabanta, ba a yi gwaje-gwaje sosai ba kuma Churchill yana fama da matsalolin injiniya. Mafi bayyana a fili shine cewa injin Churchill ba shi da ƙarfi sosai, ba shi da aminci, kuma yana da wahalar samu don gyarawa. Wani babban gazawa kuma shine rashin isasshen tankin makamai, na 2 mai famfo (40) mm), wanda aka inganta ta hanyar ƙara howitzer mai inci 3 a cikin kwanson don isar da harsashin HE, kodayake ba a kan babban hanyar howitzer ta yau da kullun ba.

An fara samar da wata hasumiya da za ta ɗauki bindigar QF 6 mai nauyin kilo 6 a shekarar 1941, amma rashin wadataccen kayan farantin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙirar da aka haɗa da dukkan kayan haɗin kai ya haifar da ƙirƙirar wata hasumiya ta daban. Waɗannan sun haifar da bambanci tsakanin Markus na Uku da Markus na Huɗu.

A watan Agusta na shekarar 1942, an yi amfani da Churchill wajen kai hari a karon farko a harin Dieppe .

Rashin kyawun gudu na Churchill ya kusan sa aka dakatar da samar da tankin Cromwell mai zuwa; an ceto shi ta hanyar amfani da Mk III cikin nasara a Yaƙin Na Biyu na El Alamein a watan Oktoban 1942.

An fara amfani da babban jirgin ruwa na biyu da ya inganta Churchill, wato Mk VII, a yakin Normandy a shekarar 1944. Mk VII ya inganta manyan sulke na Churchill tare da babban chassis da kuma jirgin sama na Burtaniya 75<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mw6g">&nbsp;</span>bindigar mm, wadda aka gabatar a kan Mk VI. Ainihin wannan nau'in, A22F, wanda ya yi aiki har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin. An sake sanya masa suna A42 a shekarar 1945.

Aikin Churchill aiki ne mai amfani da yawa kuma an yi amfani da shi a fannoni daban-daban na ƙwararru.

Zane

Tankunan Churchill na Rundunar Sojojin Tanki ta 9 a lokacin wani atisaye a Tilshead a Salisbury Plain, 3 1 ga Janairu 1942. Tankin gaba shine Churchill MK. 1

An yi harsashin ne da faranti masu faɗi, waɗanda aka haɗa su wuri ɗaya a cikin samfuran da suka gabata kuma aka haɗa su a cikin samfuran da suka gabata. An raba harsashin zuwa sassa huɗu: matsayin direba a gaba, sannan sashin yaƙin da ya haɗa da hasumiyar, ɓangaren injin, da kuma ɓangaren akwatin gear. An sanya matattarar a ƙarƙashin manyan "kwando" guda biyu a kowane gefen jirgin, hanyar jirgin tana bi ta saman. Akwai bogie guda goma sha ɗaya a kowane gefe, kowannensu yana ɗauke da tayoyi biyu masu inci 10. Guda tara ne kawai daga cikin bogies ɗin suka fi ɗaukar nauyin abin hawa, gaban motar yana shiga ne lokacin da motar ta faɗa ƙasa ko kuma ta yi karo da wani cikas, bayan motar kuma yana aiki ne a matsayin abin da ke ƙara tada motar. Saboda yawan tayoyin, tankin zai iya tsira daga asarar da dama ba tare da wata illa mai yawa ba da kuma ketare shingen ƙasa mai tsayi. Yayin da hanyoyin ke gudana a kusa da fannin, za a iya haɗa maɓuɓɓugan tserewa a gefe cikin ƙirar. An riƙe waɗannan a duk tsawon gyare-gyaren Churchill kuma an yi amfani da su musamman lokacin da aka ɗauki Churchill a matsayin AVRE .

Injin Bedford Vehicles ya kasance injina biyu a cikin tsari mai kama da juna ("lebur goma sha biyu") a kan crankshaft na gama gari. Akwai carburettors guda huɗu na Solex kowannensu a kan wani nau'in manifold daban wanda ke ciyar da silinda uku da aka kafa a matsayin kan silinda ɗaya. An shimfida abubuwan da ke cikin injin da kayan haɗin gwiwa don a iya isa gare su don gyara ta hanyar murfin bene na injin. An jawo iskar injin daga sashin faɗa ta hanyar na'urorin tsabtace iska. An jawo iska mai sanyaya zuwa ɗakin injin ta hanyar louvres a gefe, a fadin radiators da kuma ta cikin ɗakin injin ta hanyar fanka da maƙullin ke tuƙawa. Wannan fanka ta hura iska a kan akwatin gear ɗin ta kuma fita daga bayan motar. Ta hanyar buɗe wani yanki tsakanin ɗakin faɗa da ɗakin injin, ana iya amfani da wannan iskar don cire hayakin da ake samarwa ta hanyar harba makamin. 1,296 cubic inches (21.238 L)An ƙididdige injin ƙarfin aiki zuwa 325 bhp (242 kW) a 2,200 rpm, yana isar da 960 pound-feet (1,300 N⋅m) karfin juyi a kan saurin injin daga 800 zuwa 1,600 rpm. Da gabatar da Churchill Mk VII da VIII, an ƙara ƙarfin injin zuwa 350 bhp (260 kW) a gudun rpm 2,200, ana tsammanin zai iya magance ƙaruwar nauyin.

Akwatin gear ɗin ya ƙunshi tsarin sitiyari mai sabuntawa wanda sandar tiller ke sarrafawa maimakon madaurin birki da aka saba amfani da shi ko kuma, kamar yadda yake da tankin nauyi na German Tiger I, sitiyari. An haɗa injin tirelar, tare da taimakon servo, ta hanyar amfani da ruwa zuwa ga birkin sitiyari. Churchill shi ma shi ne tankin farko da ya yi amfani da akwatin gear na Merritt-Brown mai siffar triple differential, wanda ya ba da damar sarrafa tankin ta hanyar canza saurin layukan biyu; wannan tasirin ya ƙara bayyana tare da kowace ƙaramin gear, wanda a ƙarshe ya ba tankin damar yin "juyawa tsaka-tsaki" lokacin da babu gear da aka haɗa, inda zai iya juyawa gaba ɗaya a cikin tsawonsa don haka ya juya a wurinsa. Akwai gears na ƙarshe na rage gudu, na nau'in duniyoyi, a cikin ƙafafun tuƙi. Duk da cewa yana iya samun 17 miles per hour (27 km/h) hayaniyar da ke wannan gudun ta yi yawa har Churchill ya takaita zuwa 10 to 12 miles per hour (16 to 19 km/h) ta hanyar rashin amfani da mafi girman kayan aiki.

Hasumiyoyin farko an yi su ne da siminti kuma an yi su ne da siffar zagaye, wanda hakan ya samar da isasshen sarari don ɗaukar ƙananan. bindiga mai bugun dutse. Domin cika aikinta a matsayin motar tallafi ga sojojin ƙasa, an sanya wa samfuran farko na howitzer mai inci 3 a cikin ɓawon a cikin tsari mai kama da na French Char B1 . Wannan ya ba tankin damar samar da ingantaccen ƙarfin fashewa yayin da yake riƙe da ƙarfin hana tanki na 2 mai bugun dutse. Duk da haka, kamar sauran tankunan yaƙi masu bindigogi da yawa, an iyakance shi da mummunan bugun wuta - ƙahonin hanya waɗanda ke iyakance wucewa - da tsayin 9° kawai. Duk da tsawon bindigar, saurin makullin bindigar ya kai 600 feet per second (180 m/s) kacal. . Jirgin ruwan Mark IVA (wanda aka fi sani da Churchill Mk II) ya ba da howitzer (manyan bindigogi ne kawai da za su iya samar da tankuna 300 ) sannan ya maye gurbinsa da bindiga mai sarrafa baka kuma a kan Mk III, 2 An maye gurbin mai famfo da 6 mai ƙarfi, wanda ke ƙara ƙarfin hana tanki na tanki sosai. An yi wa tankin gyaran filin wasa a Arewacin Afirka, inda aka sanya wa wasu Churchills 75. bindigar mm ta sojojin M4 Sherman da aka lalata. An yi amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan "NA75" a Italiya. Amfani da 75mm ya ƙaru duk da mummunan aikin hana tanki idan aka kwatanta da 6pdr saboda zagayen HE da 75mm ke amfani da su sun fi tasiri idan aka yi amfani da su a ayyukan tallafawa sojoji.

Churchills ya yi amfani da Vickers Tank Periscope MK. IV . A cikin Mark VII, direban yana da na'urori masu auna sigina guda biyu da kuma tashar hangen nesa a gaban jirgin ruwa wanda za a iya buɗewa. Mai harbin bindigar yana da periscope guda ɗaya da kuma na'urar hangen nesa da ke kan na'urar da ke sanya bindigar BESA. A cikin hasumiyar, mai harbi da mai ɗaukar kaya kowannensu yana da periscope guda ɗaya, kuma kwamandan yana da guda biyu a cikin hatchola ɗinsa.

Sulken da ke kan Churchill, wanda galibi ake ɗauka a matsayin mafi mahimmancin siffa, an ƙayyade shi da farko zuwa aƙalla 16 millimetres (0.63 in) kuma matsakaicin 102 millimetres (4.0 in) ; an ƙara wannan tare da Mk VII zuwa kewayon daga 25 millimetres (0.98 in) zuwa 152 millimetres (6.0 in) . Duk da cewa wannan sulken ya fi na abokan hamayyarsa kauri sosai (ciki har da tankin German Tiger I, amma ba Tiger II ba), bai yi gangara ba, wanda hakan ya rage ingancinsa. An ba wa samfuran da suka gabata ƙarin sulke ta hanyar yin walda a kan ƙarin faranti. A kan Mark VII, sulken gaba na harsashin an yi shi ne da wani yanki mai kusurwa ƙasa da 5.5 inches (140 mm), kusan 2.25 inches (57 mm) a kwance faranti da kuma a tsaye 6 farantin inci. Gefen kwanson, galibi, 3.75 inches (95 mm) . Na baya ya kasance 2 inches (51 mm) da kuma saman harsashi 0.525 inches (13.3 mm) . Hasumiyar Mark VII ta kasance 6 inches (150 mm) a gaba da 3.75 inches (95 mm) don sauran ɓangarorin. Rufin hasumiyar ya kasance 0.79 (20) mm) kauri. An ƙayyade farantin a matsayin IT 80, sassan da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin IT 90.

A22F, wanda aka fi sani da "Heavy Churchill", babban gyara ne na ƙirar. Babban ɓangaren da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne amfani da walda maimakon ginin da aka yi da rivet. An yi la'akari da walda a baya ga Churchill, amma har sai da aka tabbatar da makomarsa, wannan bai wuce gwada dabaru da ƙusoshin wuta a wuraren harba bindiga ba. Abin da walda ta rage a cikin nauyin gaba ɗaya (ƙiyasin ya kasance kusan 4%), kauri sulke na A22F ya rama. Walda kuma tana buƙatar ƙarancin sa'o'in aiki a gini. Ƙofofin jirgin sun canza daga murabba'i zuwa zagaye wanda hakan ya rage damuwa. Sabuwar runduna ta zo da sabuwar runduna. Gefen, waɗanda suka haɗa da tushe mai walƙiya don kare zoben hasumiyar, siminti ɗaya ne kawai yayin da rufin, wanda ba sai ya yi kauri haka ba, faranti ne da aka sanya a saman.

Tunda ba a taɓa inganta injunan Churchill ba, tankin ya fara raguwa yayin da aka ƙara musu kayan yaƙi da makamai kuma aka ƙara musu nauyi; yayin da Mk I ya kai nauyin 40 long tons (41,000 kg) kuma Mk III ya kai nauyin 39,630 kilograms (39.00 long tons), Mk VII ya kai nauyin 40,640 kilograms (40.00 long tons) . Wannan ya haifar da raguwar matsakaicin gudun tankunan daga 26 kilometres per hour (16 mph) na asali. zuwa 20.4 kilometres per hour (12.7 mph) . 

Wata matsala kuma ita ce ƙaramar hasumiyar tankin da ta hana amfani da makamai masu ƙarfi; an yi amfani da ingantattun nau'ikan tankin da ko dai QF 6-pounder ko kuma QF 75 da aka samo asali. bindiga mm. Jirgin mai nauyin kilo 6 ya yi tasiri a kan motocin sulke, amma ba haka yake a kan sauran abubuwan da aka hari ba; mm ya fi kyau a yi amfani da makamai masu linzami, amma ba shi da tasiri a kan sulke. Duk da cewa Churchills da jiragensu masu nauyin kilo 6 za su iya yin amfani da manyan tankunan Jamus na zamani (kamar Panzer IV da gajeren ganga 75) wajen harba manyan tankunan yaƙi na zamani bindigar mm, da kuma Panzer III dauke da makamai masu linzami 50 bindigar mm) da kuma sulke mai kauri na dukkan samfuran Churchill galibi suna iya jure bugun da dama daga kowace bindigar hana tanki ta Jamus, a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na yaƙin, tankin Panther na Jamus yana da tankin 75 manyan bindigogi masu sauri a matsayin babban makaminsa tare da ƙarin kariya, wanda galibi bindigogin Churchills ba su da isasshen sulke da za su iya kai hari yadda ya kamata.

Churchill yana da bambance-bambance da yawa, gami da gyare-gyare na musamman da yawa. Babban sauyi ga Churchill shine an ƙara shi daga kilo 2 zuwa kilo 6 sannan kuma kilo 75 bindigogin mm a lokacin yaƙin. A ƙarshen yaƙin, jirgin saman Churchill Mk VII mai suna Marigayi yana da manyan sulke - fiye da tankin German Tiger. Duk da haka, ba a taɓa magance raunin wutar lantarki gaba ɗaya ba. An tsara ginin Mark VII don 75 bindigar mm an yi ta ne da kayan haɗin gwiwa - an yi mata siminti da faranti na sama da na ƙasa a haɗe.

Duk da cewa tana da rauni, Churchill zai iya ketare cikas a ƙasa wanda yawancin sauran tankunan zamaninsa ba za su iya ba. Wannan ikon ya kasance mai amfani, musamman a lokacin yaƙin da aka yi a Normandy. Wani aiki da aka yi a Normandy inda aka gano cewa ikon tankin na shawo kan cikas yana da amfani shi ne kama jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na 309 a ranar 30/31 ga Yuli 1944 ( Operation Bluecoat ) wanda VIII Corps ta gudanar.