Tarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina

Samfuri:Infobox dependencyTarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina (Serbo-Croatian: Федерација Босне и Херцеговине, romanized: Federacija Bosne da Hercegovine); hrhrhr) ɗaya ne daga cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu na Bosnia da Herzegovina, ɗayan kuma shine Republika Srpska. Tarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina ta ƙunshi gundumomi goma masu cin gashin kansu tare da gwamnatocinsu da majalisunsu.

An kirkiro Tarayyar ne ta Yarjejeniyar Washington ta 1994, wacce ta kawo karshen Yakin Croat-Bosniak a cikin Yaƙin Bosnia, kuma ta kafa majalisa wacce ta ci gaba da aikinta har zuwa Oktoba 1996. Tarayyar tana da Sarajevo" id="mwMQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sarajevo">babban birnin, gwamnati, shugaban kasa, majalisa, sassan kwastomomi da 'yan sanda da tsarin gidan waya guda biyu. Ya mamaye kusan rabin ƙasar Bosnia da Herzegovina. Daga 1996 har zuwa 2005 tana da rundunar kanta, Sojojin Tarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina, daga baya sun haɗu da Sojojin Bosnia da Herzegovina. Babban birni kuma birni mafi girma shine Sarajevo tare da mazauna 275,524.

Tarihi

Bosnia da Herzegovina a cikin 1997 Yankunan Bosniak mafi rinjaye   

Fadar Tarayyar daga 1996 zuwa 2007

Alamar makamai ta Tarayyar daga 1996 zuwa 2007

  Tushen kirkirar Tarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina an kafa shi ne ta Yarjejeniyar Washington ta Maris 1994. A karkashin yarjejeniyar, yankin da Sojojin Jamhuriyar Bosnia da Herzegovina da sojojin Majalisar Tsaro ta Croatia suka mallaka za a raba su zuwa yankuna goma masu cin gashin kansu tare da layin Shirin Vance-Owen. An zaɓi tsarin cantonal don hana rinjaye na wata kabilanci a kan wata. Koyaya, yawancin yankin Croats da Bosniaks da suka yi iƙirarin Tarayyarsu a wannan lokacin har yanzu suna ƙarƙashin ikon Bosnian Serbs.

An aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Washington a lokacin bazara na 1994, ta hanyar kiran Majalisar Tsarin Mulki, wanda a ranar 24 ga Yuni ya karɓi kuma ya ayyana Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina. A cikin 1995, sojojin Bosniak da sojojin Bosnian Croat na Tarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina sun ci sojojin Lardin Yammacin Bosnia, kuma an kara wannan yankin zuwa tarayyar (Una-Sana Canton).

Bayan yakin

Samfuri:Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Map  Ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Dayton ta 1995 wacce ta kawo karshen yakin shekaru hudu, an bayyana Tarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina a matsayin daya daga cikin bangarorin biyu na Bosnia da Hersegovina, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 51% na yankin ƙasar, tare da Republika Srpska. An gina cantons da tsarin tarayya a hankali bayan yakin. Cibiyoyin Croat Herzeg-Bosnia masu rabuwa sun wanzu kuma suna aiki tare da na Tarayya har zuwa 1996-97, lokacin da aka fitar da su. A ranar 8 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2000, an kafa Gundumar Brčko a matsayin gundumar mai cin gashin kanta a cikin Bosnia da Herzegovina kuma an kirkireshi ne daga wani ɓangare na yankin duka bangarorin Bosnian. Gundumar Brčko yanzu ita ce condominium wanda ke cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu.

A cikin 2001-02, Ofishin Babban Wakilin (OHR) ya sanya gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya da kuma dokar zabe, bisa ga hukuncin Kotun Tsarin Mulki na Bosnia da Herzegovina game da daidaiton siyasa na al'ummomin mazabun uku (U-5/98).[1] Wannan ya jawo korafe-korafen 'yan Croats na Bosnia, wadanda suka yi iƙirarin tauye musu haƙƙinsu na wakilci yayin da Bosniyak suka zo su mallaki mafi rinjaye a majalisar koli kuma.[2] 'Yan siyasar Croat da ba su gamsu ba sun kafa wata Majalisar Dokokin Croatia ta dabam, sun gudanar da zaben raba gardama mai kama da zabuka tare da shelanta mulkin kansu a yankunan Croat da ke da rinjaye a Tarayyar. Yunkurin nasu ya kare ne jim kadan bayan wani farmaki da SFOR da shari’a suka yi.

Ba su gamsu da wakilcin Croat a cikin Tarayyar ba, jam'iyyun siyasa na Croat sun dage kan ƙirƙirar rukunin tarayya mai rinjaye na Croat maimakon yankuna da yawa. SDA da sauran jam'iyyun Bosniak suna adawa da hakan. A cikin watan Satumba na 2010, Ƙungiyar Rikicin Ƙasashen Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa "husuma tsakanin shugabannin Bosniak da Croat da tsarin gudanarwa maras aiki sun gurgunta yanke shawara, sun sanya ƙungiyar a kan fatarar fatara da kuma haifar da tashin hankali na zamantakewa". [matattu mahada]

A cikin 2010-14 SDP ce ta kafa Gwamnatin Tarayya ba tare da yardar manyan jam'iyyun siyasa na Croatia ba, wanda ya haifar da rikicin siyasa. A layi daya da tattaunawar da EU ta shirya game da Batun Sejdic-Finci a matakin Jiha, a watan Fabrairun 2013 ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya goyi bayan ƙungiyar ƙwararru ta aiki wacce ta gabatar da shawarwari 188 ga Majalisar Wakilai ta FBIH a cikin 2013, da nufin magance tsarin mulki mai tsada da rikitarwa tare da ƙwarewar da ke tsakanin Tarayya, Cantons da kananan hukumomi kamar yadda a halin yanzu ke cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya. A ƙarshe majalisar ba ta amince da shirin ba.

Bayan daukaka kara ta HDZ BiH Božo Ljubić, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016 Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Bosnia da Herzegovina ta soke tsarin zaɓe don zaɓen kai tsaye na Majalisar Jama'a ta Tarayya, tana mai cewa ba ta tabbatar da wakilcin halatta na mutanen da ke cikin kundin tsarin mulki ba. Musamman, hukuncin bai dace da ra'ayin amicus curiae na Hukumar Venice a kan wannan al'amari ba. Rashin gyare-gyaren majalisa don sake duba Dokar Zabe, a lokacin bazara na 2018 Hukumar Zabe ta Tsakiya ta Bosnia da Herzegovina ta gabatar da sabon tsari na wucin gadi don abun da ke cikin Majalisar Jama'a, bisa ga mafi ƙarancin tsari na wakilci (mutumin daya ga kowane mutum mai mulki a kowane canton) da kuma ƙididdigar 2013.

A watan Janairun 2017, Majalisar Dokokin Croatia ta bayyana cewa "idan Bosnia da Herzegovina suna so su zama masu dorewa, to ya zama dole a sake tsara tsarin gudanarwa-ƙasa, wanda zai haɗa da ƙungiyar tarayya tare da mafi rinjaye na Croatian. Ya kasance burin dindindin na mutanen Croatia na Bosnia da Hercegovina. "

A cikin 2022, Babban Wakilin ya sanya gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na tarayya da Dokar Zabe, yana aiwatar da hukuncin Ljubic. Canje-canjen sun sake gina ma'aunin iko na asali tsakanin Croats da Bosniaks a cikin Tarayyar, kamar yadda aka gani a Yarjejeniyar Washington. A cikin 2023, Babban Wakilin ya dakatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na tarayya na kwana ɗaya don kafa sabuwar gwamnati. Wannan ya haifar da babban abin kunya da rikice-rikicen siyasa. Wasu sun ga wannan a matsayin aikin "cin amana".

Yankin ƙasa

  Layin iyakar Inter-Entity (IEBL) wanda ke rarrabe ƙungiyoyi biyu na Bosnia da Herzegovina yana gudana tare da layin gaba kamar yadda suke a ƙarshen Yaƙin Bosnia, tare da gyare-gyare (mafi mahimmanci a yammacin ƙasar da kewayen Sarajevo), kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Dayton ta bayyana. Jimlar tsawon IEBL kusan kilomita 1,080 ne. IEBL yanki ne na gudanarwa kuma ba a sarrafa shi da sojoji ko 'yan sanda kuma akwai motsi na' yanci a fadinsa. 

Biyar daga cikin cantons (Una-Sana, Tuzla, Zenica-Doboj, Bosnian Podrinje da Sarajevo) sune cantons na Bosniak mafi rinjaye, uku (Posavina, West Herzegovina da Canton 10) sune cantons masu rinjaye na Croat, kuma biyu (Central Bosnia da Herzegovina-Neretva) suna da 'haɗe da kabilanci', ma'ana akwai hanyoyin majalisa na musamman don kare mutanen da suka kafa. Wani muhimmin bangare na Gundumar Brčko ma wani bangare ne na Tarayyar; duk da haka, lokacin da aka kirkiro gundumar, ta zama yankin da aka raba na bangarorin biyu, amma ba a sanya ta a ƙarƙashin ikon kowanne daga cikin biyun ba, kuma saboda haka tana ƙarƙashin ikon kai tsaye na Bosnia da Herzegovina. A halin yanzu Tarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina tana da kananan hukumomi 79.

Siyasa

Gwamnati da siyasa na Tarayyar sun mamaye manyan jam'iyyu uku, Jam'iyyar Bosniak ta Democratic Action (SDA), Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SDP BiH) da Kungiyar Demokradiyyar Croatia (HDZ BiH).

Cibiyoyin sun hada da:

• Shugaban Tarayya tare da mataimakan shugabanni biyu (jerin shugabannin FBiH)
• Gwamnatin Tarayya tare da tabbatar da wakilcin kabilanci (jerin Firayim Ministocin FBiH)
• Majalisar Bi-Cameral: Majalisar Wakilai a matsayin ƙananan gida da Majalisar Jama'a a matsayin babban gida, kare bukatun mutane uku.
  • Gidan Wakilai a matsayin ƙaramin gida da
  • Gidan Mutanen a matsayin babban gida, kare bukatun mutane uku;
• Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayya.

Tun da Bosniaks sun hada da kusan kashi 70.4% na yawan jama'ar Tarayyar, Croats 22.4% da Serbs kawai a kusa da kashi 2%, Majalisar Jama'a ta Majalisar (tare da daidaito na wakilci ga dukkan kasashe uku) ya kamata ta tabbatar da cewa bukatun Croats, Serbs da 'yan tsiraru na kasa suna da wakilci sosai yayin kirkirar gwamnati da kuma tsarin majalisa. Har ila yau, an raba Tarayyar zuwa yankuna goma masu cin gashin kansu. Kowannensu yana da gwamnatocinsa, majalisunsu da ƙwarewar da aka raba. A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayya ta yanke hukuncin cewa ma'aikatu biyu na Tarayya - Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Kimiyya da Ma'aikalin Al'adu da Wasanni - ba su dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba tunda ilimi da al'adu ƙwarewar musamman ce ta cantons.

Rarrabawar siyasa

Tarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina ta ƙunshi cantons goma (Bosnian: kantoni, Croatian: županije):

	A'a.	Yankin	Cibiyar		A'a.	Yankin	Cibiyar
	1	Una-Sana	Bihać		6	Tsakiyar Bosnia	Travnik
	2	Posavina	Orašje		7	Herzegovina-Neretva	Mostar
	3	Tuzla	Tuzla		8	Yammacin Herzegovina	Široki Brijeg
	4	Zenica-Doboj	Zenica		9	Sarajevo	Sarajevo
	5	Bosnian-Podrinje	Goražde		10	Yankin 10	Livno

Yawan jama'a

Tarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina ta ƙunshi kashi 51% na yankin ƙasar Bosnia da Hersegovina, kuma gida ce ga kashi 62.85% na yawan jama'ar ƙasar.Samfuri:Political Divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Yawan jama'a na Tarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina bisa ga kabilanci 1991-2013

Ƙungiyar kabilanci rukuni	ƙidayar jama'a 1991		ƙidayar jama'a ta 2013
	Adadin	%	Adadin	%
Musulmai / Bosniaks'Yan Bosnia	1,423,593	52.34%	1,562,372	70.40%
Croats	594,362	21.85%	497,883	22.44%
Serbians	478,122	17.58%	56,550	2.55%
Yugoslavs	161,938	5.95%
Sauran	62,059	2.28%	102,415	4.61%
Jimillar	2,720,074		2,219,220

Dubi kuma

• Rarrabawar siyasa ta Bosnia da Herzegovina
• Tarihin Bosnia da Herzegovina
• Ƙungiyar tarayya ta Croatia da aka gabatar a Bosnia da Herzegovina

Tushen

• Rudman, George (1996). "Backtracking to Reformulate: Establishing the Bosnian Federation". International Negotiation. 1 (3): 525–545. doi:10.1163/157180696X00205.
• Pilav, Aida; et al. (2007). "Cardiovascular risk factors in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina". The European Journal of Public Health. 17 (1): 75–79. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckl066. PMID 16698884.
• Ljubic, Bozo; Hrabac, Boris (1998). "Priority setting and scarce resources: case of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina". Croat. Med. J. 39 (3): 7–12. PMID 9740639.
• McMahon, Patrice C.; Western, Jon (2009). "The death of Dayton: How to stop Bosnia from falling apart". Foreign Affairs: 69–83.
• Ivanković, Ante; et al. (2010). "Health status of population in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 15 years of transitional period". Collegium Antropologicum. 34 (1): 325–333. PMID 20402343.

Haɗin waje

• Shafin yanar gizon Gwamnatin Tarayya
• Majalisar Tarayya
• Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina
• Shafin yanar gizo don mutanen da ba a lissafa su ba dangane da rikici a yankin Bosnia da Herzegovina An adana su , Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya.
• BalkanInsight - Makomar Bosnia da Hercegovina