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Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka

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Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka
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Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka ( Swahili Mashariki ) kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta ta tarayya wacce ta kunshi kasashe takwas membobi na yankin Gabashin Afirka a yankin manyan tabkunan Afirka. – Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan ta Kudu, Tanzania da Uganda . [1]

Tun a farkon shekarun 1960 ne ra'ayin wannan tarayya ya wanzu amma har yanzu bai yi tasiri ba saboda wasu dalilai. [2] [3] Duk da cewa har yanzu ba a kafa hukumar ba, amma an dauki matakai da dama don ci gaban wannan buri. [4] Cibiyoyi da hukumomin gudanarwa sun riga sun wanzu don haɗin gwiwar waɗannan al'ummomi, [5] tare da wakilai daga dukan ƙasashe masu dangantaka suna aiki tare don wannan manufa guda ɗaya. Za a kafa ƙungiyar sa kai a matsayin matsakaicin mataki kafin kafa cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa.

A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, an kafa kwamiti don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yanki, kuma an tsara daftarin tsarin mulkin tarayya a ƙarshen 2021 tare da aiwatar da shi nan da 2023. [6] [7] Koyaya, cutar ta COVID-19 ta rushe tsare-tsaren tsarawa da aiwatar da tsarin mulki. A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2023, an dawo da rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya.

Siffofin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A 5,449,717 km 2 (2,104,147 sq mi) [note 1], Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka (EAF) za ta kasance ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, ta maye gurbin Indiya . Zai ratsa nahiyar daga Tekun Indiya zuwa Tekun Atlantika . Tare da yawan jama'a 343,328,958 kamar na 2024, kuma za ta kasance ƙasa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka kuma ta uku a duniya. Yawan jama'arta zai fi na Rasha, Japan, Pakistan, Brazil, Mexico, da Indonesiya, za su zarce na Amurka, kuma za su kasance a bayan Indiya da China kawai .

An gabatar da Swahili a matsayin yare na hukuma. Babban birnin da aka tsara shi ne Arusha, wani birni a Tanzaniya kusa da iyakar Kenya, wanda kuma shine hedkwatar kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka a halin yanzu. [1] A halin yanzu, kashi 22% na mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan yankuna suna zaune ne a cikin birane. [4]

Dangane da rahoton da aka buga na 2013, an tsara ƙungiyar kuɗin don 2023. Koyaya, saboda COVID-19 da shigar sabbin ƙasashe membobi kamar DRC da Somaliya, an mayar da ranar aiwatar da ƙungiyar kuɗi zuwa 2031. Wannan zai kunshi samar da Babban Bankin Gabashin Afirka, wanda ake kira Cibiyar Bayar da Lamuni ta Gabashin Afirka (Eami) . A halin yanzu, har yanzu ba a yanke shawarar wurin Eami ba. Kiyasin GDP (PPP) zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 1,027.067, wanda zai zama na 34 mafi girma a duniya kuma na uku mafi girma a Afirka, bayan Najeriya da Masar . Kiyasin GDP (PPP) ga kowane mutum ya kai kusan dalar Amurka 2,991, wanda ya sanya Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas ta 172 a duniya.

Ya zuwa ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2024, William Ruto, shugaban kasar Kenya, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban al'ummomin gabashin Afirka. Deng Alor Kuol, ministan harkokin yankin gabashin Afirka a Sudan ta Kudu, shi ne shugaban majalisar ministocin EAC na yanzu. [8] Veronica Nduva ita ce Sakatare-Janar na EAC na yanzu, an nada shi a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 biyo bayan kiran da Kenya ta yi wa tsohon Sakatare-Janar na EAC Peter Mathuki bisa zargin karkatar da dala miliyan 6 daga asusun zaman lafiya a Sakatariya.

Tsarin lokaci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fage

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A cikin 1920s, Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka Leo Amery ya nemi ƙirƙirar Masarautar Gabashin Afirka ta farar fata wadda ta ƙunshi Kenya, Uganda da Tanganyika. Hukumar da ke kula da Tanganyika (yankin da aka ba da izini), ta yi adawa da shirin Amery. [9] Jama'a da ba farar fata ba a Afirka sun nuna adawa da shirin.

1960s shawara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 1960s

A farkon shekarun 1960, kusan lokacin da Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda da Zanzibar ke samun 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya, shugabannin siyasa na kasashe hudu sun fara sha'awar kafa tarayya. Julius Nyerere ma ya yi tayin a 1960 don jinkirta samun 'yancin kai na kusa da Tanganyika (sakamakon 1961) domin dukkanin yankunan gabashin Afirka su sami 'yancin kai tare a matsayin tarayya.

A watan Yunin 1963, Firayim Ministan Kenya Jomo Kenyatta ya gana da Shugaban Tanganyika Julius Nyerere da Firayim Ministan Uganda Milton Obote a Nairobi. Mutanen uku sun tattauna yuwuwar hade kasashensu uku (da Zanzibar) zuwa ga kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka guda daya, inda suka bayyana cewa za a cimma hakan nan da karshen shekara. [ 24 ] Bayan haka, an fara tattaunawa kan shirin irin wannan kungiya.

A sirri, Kenyatta ya fi jinkiri game da tsarin kuma kamar yadda 1964 ya zo, tarayya ba ta zo ba. [10] A watan Mayun 1964, Kenyatta ya ki amincewa da wani kuduri na baya-bayan nan da ke kira da a gaggauta yin tarayya. [10] Ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa maganar kafa tarayya ta kasance yaudara ce don gaggauta samun 'yancin kai daga kasar Kenya, amma Nyerere ya musanta gaskiyar wannan magana. [10] A daidai wannan lokaci, Obote ya fito ya nuna adawa da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, maimakon haka ya goyi bayan hadin kan kasashen Afirka, wani bangare saboda matsin lambar siyasar cikin gida tare da adawar masarautar Buganda mai cin gashin kanta na kasancewa cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a matsayin wani bangare na Uganda amma a matsayin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta.

Ya zuwa ƙarshen 1964, fatan samun babbar tarayyar gabashin Afirka ta mutu, kodayake Tanganyika da Zanzibar sun kafa ƙungiya a cikin Afrilu 1964, a ƙarshe sun zama Tanzaniya .

Ana kyautata zaton cewa kasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka a kasar Kenya, da sauran kasashen da suka shiga Tarayyar, an zaburar da su ne domin su toshe tarayyar ko da bayan wadannan kasashe sun samu nasarar mayar da mulkin mallaka. [3] Misali, a cikin 1965, lokacin da Tarayyar ta fara rushewa, Biritaniya ta bukaci Kenya da ta kare dukkan bangarorin tattalin arzikin mazauna daga kasashe makwabta (wadanda ke yunkurin hadewa da Kenya ga Tarayyar). [3] Wannan ya haifar da shingen shiga Kenya kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da suka hana Tarayyar tarayya haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1960s. [3] [2]

Shawarar 2010-2020s

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Shirin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a cikin 2010s

A farkon 2010s, an fara tattaunawa game da ƙungiyar gamayya ta Gabashin Afirka ta yanzu a cikin ƙasa guda, tare da kiyasin farko na kafuwar tarayyar a 2013. [11] A cikin 2010, EAC ta ƙaddamar da kasuwancinta na gama gari a cikin yankin, tare da burin samun kuɗin bai ɗaya ta 2013 da cikakkiyar ƙungiyar siyasa a 2015. [12]

An amince da Sudan ta Kudu don zama memba na EAC a cikin Maris 2016, kuma ta amince a cikin Satumba 2016. Sudan ta Kudu ta amince da yakin basasar Sudan ta Kudu .

A ranar 14 ga Oktoban 2013, shugabannin kasashen Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda da Burundi suka fara wani taro a Kampala da nufin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas, [13] amma ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2014, an mayar da kokarin kafa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa zuwa 2016 ko kuma daga baya. [14]

A watan Fabrairun 2016, shugaban Uganda Yoweri Museveni ya bayyana kungiyar a matsayin "manufa ta daya da ya kamata mu sanya a gaba". A watan Nuwamban 2016, Majalisar Ministocin EAC ta amince da samar da wata gamayyar gamayyar kasashen gabashin Afirka kafin a kafa kungiyar ta Gabashin Afrika daga karshe.

A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, an kafa kwamitin kwararrun kundin tsarin mulkin yankin da masu rubutawa don fara aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin yankin. Kwamitin wanda babban alkalin kasar Uganda Benjamin Odoki mai ritaya ya jagoranta kuma tsohon Atoni-Janar na Kenya Amos Wako ya wakilta, [15] yana shirin yin shawarwari a kowace ƙasa memba don jagorantar masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida na gwamnatocin gundumomi, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin farar hula, shugabannin siyasa, limamai, da kuma masana. An kaddamar da wannan ne tare da wani taron tuntuba na kwanaki biyar a kasar Burundi daga ranar 14 zuwa 18 ga watan Janairun 2020, inda aka sanar da cewa, za a samar da kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar nan da karshen shekarar 2021, tare da kafa shi nan da shekarar 2023. An jinkirta wannan ta hanyar shigar DRC da Cutar COVID-19. A cikin Afrilu 2021, an gudanar da shawarwari a Uganda.

A cikin watan Afrilun 2020, Yoweri Museveni ya sake nanata burinsa na ganin kololuwar Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas a wani jawabi da ya yi wa al'ummar kasar, yana mai karfafa matsayinsa na cewa Tarayyar Afirka ta Gabas na iya samar da fa'idar siyasa da tattalin arziki ga yankin.

A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2022, DRC ta shiga cikin EAC a hukumance [16] kuma a ranar 11 ga Yuli 2022, DRC ta zama mamba a hukumance. Tun bayan hawanta, DRC ta gaza fitar da ko wane kudi, bisa bashin dalar Amurka miliyan 14.7, kuma har yanzu ba ta daidaita ka'idojinta na doka da EAC ba kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta tanada. Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken EAC sun bayyana cewa DRC ba ta cika shiga cikin taro ba. [17] Ministan harkokin wajen DRC Christophe Lutundula ya bayyana cewa, DRC ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC "saboda hadewar yanki da kuma dalilai na tattalin arziki, amma kuma don kara yin kira ga kasar Kongo ta tabbatar da tsaro, inda Ruwanda ke jin muryarta," yana mai nuni da kungiyar 23 ga Maris, wata kungiyar 'yan tawaye da ke aiki a gabashin DRC. [17] DRC ta kira jakadanta a Kenya a watan Disambar 2023 saboda shugaban Kenya William Ruto ya musanta hannun Rwanda a harin M23. [17]

A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2023, an ci gaba da aikin daftarin aiki tare da yin shawarwari na kwanaki 20 tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida a Kenya. Salva Kiir ya bayyana a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024 cewa za a gudanar da shawarwari a Sudan ta Kudu a watan Yulin 2024 kuma ya bukaci gaggauta kafa kungiyar. Koyaya, bisa ga sanarwar manema labarai na 30 ga Nuwamba 2024, an jinkirta wannan shawarwarin. Rwanda da Tanzaniya sun tsaida ranakun tuntubar tsarin mulki.

Somaliya ta nemi zama memba a cikin EAC a cikin Maris 2012, kuma ta amince a cikin Disamba 2023. Somalia ta amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 4 ga Maris 2024, don haka ta zama memba ta takwas a EAC. Tun daga ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024, Somaliya tana shirin shiga cikin Tarayyar Kwastam da Kasuwa ta gama gari.

Shugaban Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta ya ba da shawarar fadada EAC zuwa Habasha a cikin 2022. [1] Da yake jawabi a wajen bude ofishin kan iyaka na One Stop a Moyale a shekarar 2020, firaministan kasar Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya tabbatar da kudurinsa na dunkulewar yankin yana mai cewa al'ummar gabashin Afirka al'umma daya ne, kuma hadakar tattalin arziki wata babbar manufa ce da yankin zai cimma ta yadda za a iya bude karfinsa. [2] A cikin Afrilu 2023, Sakatare Janar Peter Mathuki ya ba da shawarar EAC ya kamata ta yi la'akari da shigar da Habasha bayan shigar Somaliya. [3] A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2024, Ma'aikatar EAC Aid da Ƙasar Bazara da Sakatariyar Majalisar Ci gaban Yanki Peninah Malonza ta yi iƙirarin EAC da Habasha suna cikin matakin ƙarshe na shawarwari don shigar da su cikin ƙungiyar. [4] Daga baya mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Habasha Nebiu Tedla ya musanta hakan ya ce Habasha ba ta yi wata bukata ta shiga kungiyar ta EAC ba, kuma bayanan ba su da tushe balle makama. [5] Bugu da kari, shugaban kasar Kenya William Ruto ya gabatar da ra'ayin Comoros shiga kungiyar EAC yayin da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zurfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Kenya da Comoros a watan Yulin 2023. Comoros da memba na Tanzaniya suna da iyakar teku.

Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka mataki ne na tsaka-tsaki da aka gabatar gabanin samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda aka hango a matsayin haɗin kan siyasa na mambobi takwas na Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka.

Bayyani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manufar ita ce zurfafa haɗin kai a fannin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da zamantakewa, wanda zai bai wa ƙasashe mambobi damar daidaita harkokin mulki, tsaro, da manufofin tattalin arziki yayin da suke kiyaye wani mataki na ikon mallakar ƙasa a lokacin miƙa mulki. Da zarar an samu nasara da daidaito a tarayyar, babban burin zai kasance samar da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka, wadda za ta yi aiki a matsayin cikakkiyar ƙungiya ta siyasa tare da gwamnati guda, kuɗi guda, da tsarin shari'a guda.

Kasancewa memba a cikin tarayyar zai zama na son rai ne, yayin da kasancewa memba a tarayyar ta gaba zai zama tilas ga duk ƙasashen abokan tarayya.[18] Tarayyar za ta sami ikon dakatarwa ko korar ƙasashe mambobi da suka taka kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.[19]

Manyan masu goyon bayan wannan tarayyar sune farko-farko Kenya, Uganda, da Tanzania, tare da ƙarin sha'awar Rwanda, Burundi, da Sudan ta Kudu.[Ana bukatan hujja] An tattauna ra'ayin tsawon shekaru, inda shugabanni da masu tsara manufofi suka tattauna ƙalubale kamar bambancin tsarin siyasa, bambance-bambancen tattalin arziki, da buƙatar tsarin shari'a guda ɗaya.

Tarihi

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Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka tana gabatar da shawarwari don hanzarta haɗin kan siyasa tun daga 2004. Wani taro na musamman da aka gudanar a Nairobi a ranakun 27-29 ga Agusta 2004 ya bincika hanyoyi da hanyoyin hanzarta aiwatar da haɗin kai ta hanyar tsarin gaggawa. Taron ya kafa Kwamitin Hanzarta Tarayyar Siyasa ta EAC, wanda ake kira Kwamitin Wako, don gudanar da cikakken shawarwari da kammala aikin tarayyar siyasa. Kwamitin ya gabatar da rahotonsa ga taron a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2004.[20]

Sakamakon tsarin shawarwari, an kafa ofishin Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar mai kula da Tarayyar Siyasa a 2006. Tsakanin 2006 zuwa 2008, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki da kuma bincike daban-daban don bincika da kuma sauƙaƙe haɗin kan siyasa.[20]

A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2017, Shugabannin Kasashe na EAC sun amince da Tsarin Tarayyar Siyasa a matsayin mataki na riƙon kwarya zuwa cikakkiyar tarayyar siyasa.[20]

Tun daga 2020, an gudanar da shawarwari na ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi da yawa na EAC don tsara kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar.[21]

Yanayin Ƙasa

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A faɗin murabba'in kilomita 5,449,717 (mil murabba'in 2,104,147)—ciki har da DRC da Somaliland—EAF za ta zama ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, inda za ta maye gurbin Indiya. EAF za ta mamaye nahiyar daga Tekun Indiya zuwa Tekun Atlantika, da yawan jama'a miliyan 343,328,958 kamar na 2024.[22] Kinshasa ce za ta zama birni mafi yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashe mambobin a halin yanzu ta iyakokin birni da yankin birni, inda Dar es Salaam ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a iyakokin birni kuma Nairobi ke biye mata a yawan jama'a a yankin birni.

EAF za ta sami manyan wuraren ajiyar ruwan sha. Tafkin Victoria, wanda a halin yanzu aka raba tsakanin Uganda, Tanzania, da Kenya, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na biyu mafi girma a duniya, yayin da Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda aka raba tsakanin DRC da Tanzania, shi ne tafkin ruwan sha na uku mafi girma a duniya. Tafkin Victoria da Tafkin Tanganyika sun ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Manyan Tafkunan Afirka, waɗanda aka samar ta hanyar Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka, wani yanki na nahiyar da ke ratsa Tanzania, Kenya, da Habasha. Waɗannan tafkunan sun haɗa da Tafkin Kivu da ke iyaka da Rwanda, Tafkin Edward da Tafkin Albert a kan iyakar Uganda-DRC, Tafkin Rukwa a Tanzania, da Tafkin Turkana a Kenya, a tsakanin sauran tafkunan da yawa waɗanda suka fi ƙanƙanta amma har yanzu suna da mahimmanci. Tafkunan sune tushen tururin ruwa, kuma suna haifar da samuwar tsarin iskar tafkin, wanda ke shafar yanayi a manyan yankuna na Gabashin Afirka. Kwarurukan koguna daga gabas zuwa yamma a cikin tsarin tsaga, ciki har da Tashar Turkana a arewacin Kenya da kwarin kogin Zambezi, suna tattara iskar gabas mai ƙarancin mataki kuma suna hanzarta su zuwa Afirka ta Tsakiya.[23] Wannan yana barin Gabashin Afirka ta bushe fiye da yadda za ta kasance, kuma yana tallafawa yawan ruwan sama a cikin dajin Ruwan Sama na Kogin Kongo.[24] Yankuna masu tsayi, ciki har da tsaunukan Habasha da tsaunukan Kenya, sune wuraren da ake samun ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin ƙananan wuraren bushewa zuwa marasa ruwa na Gabashin Afirka.[25]

Yankin gabashin DRC yana da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai masu yawa, musamman hakar cobalt. Sashen hakar ma'adinai na EAC yana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 2.3% na GDP na ƙasa, inda zinariya ke zama na biyu mafi girma a cikin kayayyakin da ake fitarwa bayan man fetur a cikin kwata na huɗu na 2023.[26] A kudu maso gabashin DRC tana nan Copperbelt, wadda aka sani da hakar tagulla. A halin yanzu, galibin tagulla ana fitar da ita ta hanyar hanya ban da Layin Dogon Jirgin Sama na Lobito, wanda ya taso daga Lobito, Angola zuwa Kolwezi. Aikin Lobito Corridor, tare da saka hannun jari na kuɗin Amurka dala miliyan 250, zai gina kusan kilomita 550 (mil 350) na layin dogo a Zambia tare da iyakar Zambia-DRC, tare da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da ke haɗa ma'adinan tagulla na DRC zuwa sabon layin dogo.[27]

Tsaga ta Gabashin Afirka ita ce mafi girman tsarin tsaga mai aiki a duniya a yau. Wannan zai sa EAF ta fuskanci girgizar ƙasa mai yawa da ayyukan volcanic. EAF za ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na dutsen wuta masu aiki da kuma waɗanda ba sa aiki, a tsakanin su: Dutsen Kilimanjaro, Dutsen Kenya, Dutsen Longonot, Menengai Crater, Dutsen Karisimbi, Dutsen Nyiragongo, Dutsen Meru da Dutsen Elgon, da kuma Crater Highlands a Tanzania.

Somalia, Kenya, da Tanzania suna da bakin teku na kilomita 4,985 a kan Tekun Indiya.[22][note 1] Idan Somalia ta daidaita, yanayin ƙasan zai zama mai dacewa ga aikin tashar jiragen ruwa mai faɗi.[28]

Shugabanci

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Fa'idoji

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Kasuwanni da Ciniki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yarjejeniyar Kafa Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka ta samar da muhimman manufofi guda huɗu na ƙungiyar, waɗanda aka fi sani da " ginshiƙan haɗin kai".[29] Ginshiƙi na farko shine ƙungiyar kwastam, wanda aka gabatar a 2005, wanda a ka'ida ke ba da damar ciniki kyauta a cikin al'umma. Ginshiƙi na biyu, kasuwa ɗaya, shine matakin EAC na yanzu. Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana kasuwar haɗin gwiwa a matsayin "kasuwa ɗaya inda akwai 'yancin motsin jari, aiki, kayayyaki da ayyuka."[30] Wannan ya haɗa da daidaita manufofin kuɗi da na kasafin kuɗi ciki har da sauye-sauyen kuɗi, manufofin canjin kuɗi, da manufofin ruwa. Haɗin kai da daidaitawa a waɗannan fannoni na tattalin arziki a ƙarƙashin kasuwa ɗaya yana sa yankin ya zama mai ban sha'awa a fannin tattalin arziki ga kamfanoni masu yawa da ke neman yin aiki a yankin.[3] Maimakon bin kowace manufofin haraji da na kasafin kuɗi na kowace ƙasa memba, za su kasance suna mu'amala da tsarin dokoki guda ɗaya, wanda zai haifar da rage farashin aiki a yankin.[3] Bayan ƙungiyar kwastam da kasuwa ɗaya, yarjejeniyar EAC ta bayyana cewa za a sami ƙungiyar kuɗi a ƙarƙashin kuɗi guda, tare da cikakken tarayya a baya.[30] Wannan zai ƙara inganta ciniki na ciki da kuma sauƙaƙa saka hannun jari na tattalin arziki na waje. An ambaci waɗannan fa'idodin tattalin arziki a matsayin dalili na manyan ƙasashe kamar Amurka ba su nuna adawa ga tarayyar EAC ba.[3]

Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa mafi yawan waɗanda suka amsa sun yi tunanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai haifar da ingantattun damar ciniki a yankin, kuma mafi yawan sun amsa cewa haɗin kan zai samar da ingantattun damar aiki a yankin.[31]

Yawan Matasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawan al'ummar ɓangarorin EAC na ka'ida sun ƙunshi kashi 65% na 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 30.[32] Ana sa ran wannan yawan matasa zai kai kashi 75% na yawan jama'a masu ƙasa da shekaru 25 a wannan yankin nan da 2030.[32] Idan aka kwatanta da kashi na duniya na yawan jama'ar da ke ƙasa da shekaru 25, wanda a halin yanzu yake kashi 42%, wannan yana nuna matasa da damar da ke cikin wannan yankin. Samar da dama ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga yankin kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin babban abin da ke tafiyar da ƙungiyar.[32]

Ƙalubale

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Goyon Baya da Sanin Tarayya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taimakon EAC (Binciken 2014-15)
Kasa EAC
"yana
taimaka
sosai" 		EAC
"yana
taimaka
kaɗan" 		EAC
"yana
taimaka
da
ƙanƙanta" 		EAC
baya
yi
komai 		Ban
sani
ba
Uganda 20% 21% 15% 7% 37%
Kenya 16% 28% 27% 8% 20%
Tanzania 16% 28% 13% 16% 28%

Goyon baya da sanin sassan EAC da tsare-tsaren tarayya ya kasance ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mambobi. Binciken Tanzaniya a 2012 ya nuna cewa kashi 45% na 'yan Tanzaniya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka yayin da kashi 55% ba su ji komai ba ko kuma kaɗan.[33] Kashi 75% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da majalisar dokoki ta haɗin gwiwa kuma kashi 77% ba su ji komai ba ko kaɗan game da shugaban Gabashin Afirka guda ɗaya.[33] Kashi 70% na 'yan Tanzaniya a 2012 sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka, kashi 55% sun amince da ƙungiyar kwastam kuma kashi 54% sun amince da haɗin kan kuɗi da aka gabatar.[33] A kan duk batutuwa uku, adadin mutanen da suka amsa "Ban Sani Ba" ya ragu da fiye da rabi tun daga 2008 wanda ke nuna yawan shiga tsakani na jama'a a kan batutuwan EAC.[33] Amincewar sojojin haɗin gwiwa ya tashi daga kashi 26% a 2008 zuwa kashi 38% a 2012, inda mafi rinjaye (kashi 53%) har yanzu ba su amince ba.[33] Kashi 32% suna goyon bayan samar da gwamnati ɗaya, yayin da kashi 59% ba su amince ba.[33]

Binciken da aka yi a Kenya a 2021 ya nuna cewa kashi 34% na 'yan Kenya ne kawai suka ji kaɗan ko kuma sosai game da Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka da aka gabatar, haɓakar kashi 9% daga 2008.[34] Sanin ya fi yawa a tsakanin maza, tsofaffi, masu arziki, da waɗanda ke da ilimin bayan sakandare. Goyon bayan tarayya ya tsaya a kashi 44%, tare da kashi 50% ba su amince ba. Duk da haka, kashi 66% na mutanen da ke da ilimin bayan sakandare ba su amince ba. Waɗanda ba su da ilimin boko sun fi yiwuwa su amince.[34] Kashi 52% sun amince da 'yancin motsin mutane, kayayyaki, da ayyuka yayin da kashi 49% suka amince da haɗin kan kuɗi.[34] Sanin sassan EAC a Kenya yana da ƙasa; kashi 43% ba su ji komai ba game da EALA, tare da kashi 29% kawai sun ji "kaɗan" ko "sosai".[34] Kashi 47% na 'yan Kenya sun ce ya kamata a zaɓi wakilan su na EALA kai tsaye maimakon a zaɓi su ta Majalisar Dokokin Kenya.[34] Binciken da aka yi a Mayu 2015 a Uganda ya gano cewa kashi 69% suna goyon bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin iyakoki a yankin.[35] A Burundi, kashi 64% sun goyi bayan 'yancin motsi tsakanin yankin.[35] Haɗaɗɗen kashi 56% na 'yan Uganda sun yi tunanin cewa EAC "yana taimaka sosai", "yana taimaka kaɗan", ko "yana taimaka da ɗan kaɗan" a ƙasarsu.[35] Kashi 71% na 'yan Kenya sun yi tunanin cewa EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya yayin da kashi 57% na 'yan Tanzaniya suka yi tunanin EAC yana taimaka ta wata hanya.[35][note 2] Bayan waɗannan ƙasashe, an yi ɗan ƙaramin zaɓe. Duk da haka, wani mai yiwuwa alama ta goyon bayan Kongo shine zanga-zangar 31 ga Oktoba a Goma da ke buƙatar cewa DRC ta bar EAC saboda goyon bayan Rwanda ga M23.[17]

Bambance-bambancen Kabilanci da Harshe

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yayin da ƙasashe suka ɗauki Harshen Swahili a matsayin harshensu na ƙasa, akwai bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe masu yawa a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Ana magana da yarurruka daban-daban na yanki da harsuna daban-daban gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasashen da kansu, musamman idan aka kwatanta su da juna. Tanzaniya ta sami maki 0.93 cikin 1 a wani bincike kan yawan bambance-bambancen kabilanci da harshe,Samfuri:Explain inda ta kasance mafi girma cikin ƙasashe 81.[36] Haɗin kai a yankin da ake magana da yarurruka daban-daban zai zama mai wahala kuma yana iya hana wasu fa'idodin tattalin arziki na EAC.

Gwamnatocin Membobi na Yanzu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Waɗannan ƙasashe kuma sun bambanta sosai dangane da amincewa da dimokuradiyya. Rwanda tana da zaɓe da aka rufe,[37] inda Paul Kagame ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa tsawon shekaru 24 da suka gabata kuma ya samu sama da kashi 99% na ƙuri'un a babban zaɓen 2024 don lashe wa'adinsa na huɗu.[38] Akasin haka, sauran ƙasashe mambobi kamar Kenya suna gudanar da zaɓe na jam'iyyu daban-daban inda zaɓen bai da cikas sosai.[39] Wani abu mafi mahimmanci ga wannan Tarayyar shine rashin gwamnati mai 'yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas.[40] A cewar tsarin ma'aunin Freedom House, Kenya da Tanzaniya suna da mafi girman maki na 'Yanci a cikin ƙasashe takwas kuma har yanzu suna matsayin 'yan 'yanci kaɗan.[40] Takaita kafofin watsa labarai, takaita haƙƙin masu jefa ƙuri'a, zamba a zaɓe, da kuma ƙarin lokuta na murkushe masu jefa ƙuri'a suna nan a dukkan jihohi.[41][42] Haɗa ƙasashe masu irin wannan cin hanci da rashawa da kuma tsare-tsare na rashin dimokuradiyya na iya haifar da rikicin jin kai ga al'ummar da za su iya shan wahala daga raguwar 'yanci da kuma sa haɗin kai tsakanin gwamnatoci daban-daban ya fi wahala. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Tanzaniya ya nuna cewa kashi 38% na waɗanda aka bincika sun yi imanin cewa haɗin kan EAC zai sa cin hanci da rashawa ya ƙara muni, yayin da kashi 33% kawai suka yi tunanin zai rage cin hanci da rashawa.[31]

Kalubalen Tattalin Arziki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yayin da aka fahimci haɗin kan waɗannan ƙasashe a matsayin mai fa'ida ga tattalin arziki, yadda za a bi ka'idojin EAC ya haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki ga wasu ƙasashe masu neman shiga EAC. Ci gaban tattalin arziki na ƙasashe masu neman shiga a nan ya bambanta sosai, inda Burundi ke riƙe da mafi ƙasƙanci GDP a kusan dala biliyan 3 na Amurka, sama da biliyan 100 ƙasa da GDP na Kenya (dala biliyan 115 na Amurka).[43] Wannan bambancin dukiya ya hana ƙasashe marasa wadata yin biyayya ga wasu ka'idojin da aka saita don EAC. Misali, Sudan ta Kudu ta ɗauki shekaru huɗu don shiga EAC kuma har yanzu ta kasa cika yawancin ka'idojin da aka saita don Al'umma.[44] Shugaban Sudan ta Kudu ya nemi taimako daga ƙasashen mambobi don cika waɗannan ka'idojin, yana mai ambaton rashin ma'aikata a kwastam, shige da fice, da tattara kuɗaɗen shiga/haraji a matsayin babban tushen gazawar cika ka'idojin aikin haɗin kai na EAC.[44] Ƙasashe mambobi ba su yi gaggawar taimakawa ba; ƙasashe kamar Kenya da Uganda har yanzu suna cajin kuɗaɗen biza ga 'yan ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu, wani abu da ya kamata ƙasashen EAC su kebe daga gare shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Kwastam.[44]

Alƙaluma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Addini

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Addinai na EAF[45]

  Kiristanci (79.80%)
  Musulunci (15.97%)
  Addinan gargajiya na Afirka, Animism (2.48%)
  Babu Addini (1.49%)
  Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) (0.27%)

Bayanan sun fito ne daga CIA World Factbook[22] ko kuma ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020.[45]

  • Burundi: Roman Katolika 58.6%, Furotesta 35.3% (ya haɗa da Adventist 2.7% da sauran Furotesta 32.6%), Musulmi 3.4%, sauran 1.3%, babu 1.3% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2016-17)
  • Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo: Sauran Kirista 36.5%, Roman Katolika 29.9%, Furotesta 26.7%, Kimbanguist 2.8%, Musulmi 1.3%, babu 1.3%, sauran 1.2%, ba a bayyana ba .2% (ƙididdigar CIA na 2014)
  • Kenya: Kirista 85.5% (Furotesta 33.4%, Katolika 20.6%, Ikklesiyoyin Bishara 20.4%, Ikklesiyoyin Afirka 7%, sauran Kirista 4.1%), Musulmi 10.9%, sauran 1.8%, babu 1.6%, ban sani ba/babu amsa 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2019)
  • Rwanda: Furotesta 57.7% (ya haɗa da Adventist 12.6%), Roman Katolika 38.2%, Musulmi 2.1%, babu 1.1%, sauran 1% (ya haɗa da na gargajiya, Shaidun Jehobah) (ƙididdigar CIA na 2019-20)
  • Sudan ta Kudu: Kiristanci 60.5%, Musulunci 6.2%, Addinan gargajiya 32.9%, Sauran 0.5%. (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020) Lura: Ƙididdigar ƙarshe da aka gudanar ita ce ƙididdigar Sudan ta 2008.
  • Tanzaniya: Kirista 63.1%, Musulmi 34.1%, addinin gargajiya 1.1%, sauran 0.1%, babu addini 1.6% (ƙididdigar binciken Pew na 2020)
  • Uganda: Furotesta 45.1% (Anglican 32.0%, Pentecostal/Born Again/Evangelical 11.1%, Seventh-day Adventist 1.7%, Baptist .3%), Roman Katolika 39.3%, Musulmi 13.7%, sauran 1.6%, babu 0.2%. (ƙididdigar 2014)
  • Somaliya: Musulunci 99.8%, Sauran ko Babu Addini 0.2% (ƙididdigar 2022)
  • Tarayyar Gabashin Afirka: Kiristanci 79.80%, Musulunci 15.97%, Addinan gargajiya 2.48%, Babu Addini 1.49%, Sauran (Hinduism, Buddhism, da dai sauransu) 0.27%. (ƙididdigar Binciken Pew na 2020)

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "One president for EA by 2010". Sundayvision.co.ug. 28 November 2004. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "EAC_President_2010" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Vaughan, Chris (June 2019). "The Politics of Regionalism and Federation in East Africa, 1958–1964" (PDF). The Historical Journal. 62 (2): 519–540. doi:10.1017/s0018246x18000407. S2CID 158221888. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Vaughan2019" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Ikuya, James Magode (December 2017). "Why the Current Clamor for East African Federation Cannot Produce Unity". Development. 60 (3–4): 197–200. doi:10.1057/s41301-018-0163-8. S2CID 89891054. ProQuest 2086486348. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":02" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Overview of EAC". eac.int. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-28. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":22" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ "EAC Leadership". eac.int. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  6. ↑ Havyarimana, Moses (18 January 2020). "Regional experts draft confederation constitution". The EastAfrican. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  7. ↑ "East African Federation Looks Set for Further Delay". Global Risk Insights (in Turanci). 2021-03-20. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 2021-12-31.
  8. ↑ "EAC Leadership". eac.int. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0222
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Arnold 1974.
  11. ↑ Shikwati, James (14 June 2006). "The Benefits of the East Africa Federation to the Youth. The African Executive". Africanexecutive.com. The African Executive. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  12. ↑ "FACTBOX: East African common market begins". Reuters. 1 July 2010. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  13. ↑ "Uganda hosts meeting of experts to fast-track political federation of East Africa". Sudan Tribune. 15 October 2013. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  14. ↑ "East Africa: Further Delays for the EAC Political Federation". 20 December 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  15. ↑ Ubwani, Zephania (6 May 2021). "EAC must raise $3.5m to keep confederation plan on course". The Citizen. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  16. ↑ "EAC Quick Facts". eac.int. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named rumoured exit
  18. ↑ "EAC Constitutional Experts hold consultations with President Pierre Nkurunziza". East African Community (Press release). 15 January 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  19. ↑ "EAC Partner States to largely retain their national sovereignty under the proposed EAC Political Confederation". East African Community (Press release). 24 April 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "Political Federation". East African Community. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named eac-20230530
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CIAPop
  23. ↑ Munday, Callum; Washington, Richard; Hart, Neil (2021). "African Low-Level Jets and Their Importance for Water Vapor Transport and Rainfall". Geophysical Research Letters. 48 (1). Bibcode:2021GeoRL..4890999M. doi:10.1029/2020GL090999. S2CID 230529018 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  24. ↑ Munday, Callum; Savage, Nicholas; Jones, Richard G.; Washington, Richard (2023). "Valley formation aridifies East Africa and elevates Congo Basin rainfall". Nature. 615 (7951): 276–279. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..276M. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05662-5. PMID 36859546 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 257282295 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  25. ↑ Washington, Richard; Hart, Neil C. G.; Maidment, Ross I. (2019). "Deep Convection over Africa: Annual Cycle, ENSO, and Trends in the Hotspots". Journal of Climate. 32 (24): 8791–8811. Bibcode:2019JCli...32.8791H. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0274.1.
  26. ↑ "EAC Quarterly Statistics Bulletin: October – December 2023" (PDF) (Press release). East African Community. 31 December 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  27. ↑ Ellington, Arnold (15 February 2024). "The Lobito Corridor: Building Africa's Most Important Railway" (Press release). United States Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  28. ↑ Kambale, Pascal; Ochieng, Beverly (4 April 2024). "State of Eight: Challenges Facing the East Africa Community". Into Africa (podcast). Interviewed by Mvemba Phezo Dizolele. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  29. ↑ "Pillars of EAC Regional Integration". East African Community. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community" (PDF). East African Legislative Assembly. 20 August 2007 [30 November 1999; amended later]. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Tanzania Round 5 summary of results (2012)". afrobarometer.org. Retrieved 2022-04-29.[permanent dead link]
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "President Uhuru Kenyatta calls for greater participation of youth in Africa in political and economic affairs" (Press release). East African Community. 9 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 Knowles, Josie (July 2014). "East African Federation: Tanzanian Awareness of Economic and Political Integration Remains Poor, But There Is Growing Support for Political Links" (PDF). Afrobarometer (146).
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 Kaburu, Mercy; Logan, Carolyn (23 August 2022). "Integrating states or integrating people? Kenyans have not heard much about the proposed East African Federation" (PDF). Afrobarometer (544).
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Olapade, Markus; Selormey, Edem E.; Gninafon, Horace (25 May 2016). "Regional integration for Africa: Could stronger public support turn 'rhetoric into reality'?" (PDF). Afrobarometer (91).
  36. ↑ Easterly, William; Levine, Ross (November 1997). "Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 112 (4): 1203–1250. doi:10.1162/003355300555466. ISSN 0033-5533. JSTOR 2951270.
  37. ↑ "Rwanda: Politically Closed Elections" (in Turanci). Human Rights Watch. 2017-08-18. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  38. ↑ Kupemba, Danai Nesta (2024-07-18). "Rwanda's president smashes his own election record". BBC News. Retrieved 2024-09-14.
  39. ↑ "Kenya: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report". Freedom House (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Explore the Map". Freedom House (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  41. ↑ "Tanzania: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report". Freedom House (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  42. ↑ "Rwanda: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report". Freedom House (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  43. ↑ "GDP (current US$) – Sub-Saharan Africa". World Bank. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Anami, Luke (14 July 2021). "South Sudan struggles to meet the EAC integration rules". The EastAfrican. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". Pew Research. 21 December 2022. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2024.


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