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Tarayyar Kasashen Afirka

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Tarayyar Kasashen Afirka

Bayanai
Iri international organization (en) Fassara
Harshen amfani Faransanci da Turanci
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira 1958
Dissolved 1963
Tuta (1958-1961)

Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Afirka ( French ), wani lokaci ana kiranta Ghana–Guinea–Mali Union, ƙungiya ce mai ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma sako-sako da aka kafa a 1958 wacce ta haɗa ƙasashen yammacin Afirka na Ghana da Guinea a matsayin ƙungiyar ƙasashen Afirka masu zaman kansu . Mali ta shiga shekarar 1961. Ya watse a 1963.

Kungiyar ta yi shirin samar da kudin bai daya da kuma hadaddiyar manufofin kasashen waje a tsakanin membobi; duk da haka, babu ɗayan waɗannan shawarwari da ƙasashen suka aiwatar. Kungiyar ita ce kungiya ta farko a Afirka da ta hada tsoffin kasashen turawan Ingila da Faransa . [1] Duk da cewa kungiyar a bude take ga dukkan kasashe masu cin gashin kansu na Afirka, babu wata kasa da ta shiga. [2] Kungiyar ta yi tasiri mai iyaka a kan harkokin siyasa domin ba a taba samun wata gwamnati ko tarukan dindindin da za ta goyi bayan manufofin hadin kai ba. Abin da ya gada ya takaita ne ga dangantakar siyasa da ta dade a tsakanin Ghana da Mali .

Shugaban kasa da Firayim Minista

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kwame Nkrumah (Shugaba kuma Firayim Minista na Ghana 1957-1966), Ahmed Sékou Touré (Shugaban Guinea 1958-1984), da Modibo Keïta (Shugaban Mali 1960-1968). Kungiyar ta sake shiga cikin labarin lokacin da aka nada Nkrumah a matsayin shugaban kasar Guinea bayan da sojoji suka hambarar da shi a matsayin shugaban kasar Ghana a shekarar 1966. [3] [4]

# Suna



(Birth–Death) 		Ya hau ofis Ofishin hagu
Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union
1 Kwame Nkrumah



 23 ga Nuwamba, 1958 1963
2 Ahmed Sékou Touré 1958 1963
3 Modibo Keita 1958 1963
Ghana-Guinea-Mali

Fage

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasashen Guinea, Gold Coast (wanda ya zama Ghana), da Sudan ta Faransa (wacce ta zama Mali) sun bi hanyoyi daban-daban na kawar da mulkin mallaka . Sudan ta Faransa da Guinea dukkansu kasashen Faransa ne suka yi wa mulkin mallaka don haka bayan rikicin May 1958 aka ba su damar kada kuri'a don samun 'yancin kai nan da nan ko kuma su shiga cikin al'ummar Faransa da aka sake tsarawa (wanda zai ba da 'yancin cin gashin kai na cikin gida tare da kiyaye manufofin tsaro da tattalin arzikin Faransa). Guinea ta kada kuri'ar samun cikakken 'yancin kai (mallakar Faransa daya tilo a Afirka da ta yi hakan) yayin da Sudan ta Faransa ta kada kuri'ar shiga kungiyar Faransa. [5] Gold Coast, akasin haka, mulkin mallaka ne na Burtaniya wanda ya sami 'yancin kai a matsayin Ghana a cikin Maris 1957 kuma ya shiga Commonwealth of Nations . [6]

Bambancin ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin samun yancin kai. Gwamnatin Faransa, tare da kira daga Ivory Coast, ta fara janyewar ma'aikatan Faransa gaba daya daga Guinea da kuma dakatar da agaji lokacin da kasar ta ayyana 'yancin kai. Wannan ya haifar da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki a duk fadin kasar kuma ya aika da gargadi game da 'yancin kai ga sauran yankuna. [6] Sudan ta Faransa ta hade da Senegal don kafa kungiyar Mali na wasu watanni a 1960. Duk da haka, rashin jituwar siyasa ya haifar da rushewar Tarayyar Mali a watan Agustan 1960. [7] Akasin haka, an gabatar da Ghana a matsayin labari mai nasara na zamanin mulkin mallaka a Afirka tare da bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi da kuma karramawa daga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kan yadda take tafiyar da harkokin kasafin kuɗi. [1]

Duk da wadannan bambance-bambance, shugabannin kasashen uku sun yi ra'ayi daya kan makomar Afirka. Kwame Nkrumah, Ahmed Sékou Touré, da Modibo Keïta sun kasance jigo masu adawa da mulkin mallaka a ƙasashensu kuma shugabanni na farko bayan samun 'yancin kai. Bugu da ƙari, kowanne ya zama sananne a cikin ƙungiyoyin Pan-Afrika kuma sun kasance masu gine-gine wajen bunkasa ka'idar zamantakewar Afirka . [3] [lower-alpha 1]

Abin da ya sa aka kafa tarayya shi ne a rage dogaro da jahohin da suka yi a baya ga Turawan mulkin mallaka. [9] Girma mai girma zai rage raunin tattalin arzikin jihohi, inganta shirye-shiryen bunkasa tattalin arziki, da rage tsoma bakin kasashen waje. [9] Babban burin kungiyar Ghana-Mali-Guinea shi ne karin kasashen Afirka su shiga cikin kungiyar; duk da haka tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1965, yawancin kasashen Afirka sun fifita kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka fiye da wata kungiya ta gari. [9] Nkrumah ya sami rinjayen Amurka a matsayin babban abin koyi game da yadda za a tsara tarayyar Afirka. [9] [10]

Taimakon juna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kwame Nkrumah, shugaban Ghana na farko kuma babban jigo a Tarayyar Afirka

A cikin Nuwamba 1958, tare da dakatar da agaji da ma'aikatan Faransa na Guinea ba zato ba tsammani, Nkrumah da Touré sun hadu a Conakry, babban birnin Guinea, don tattauna rancen gaggawa da Ghana za ta ba Guinea. [11] A ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba, shugabannin biyu sun ba da sanarwar wani shiri na samar da kungiyar hadin kan kasashen Afirka wanda shugabannin biyu za su yi aiki da shi kan wasu tarurruka da lamuni a matsayin na farko na matakai da dama na hadewar kasashen. [12] Bayan waɗannan shawarwari, an ayyana Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Afirka (UIAS) a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1959. [13] Yarjejeniyar ta kasance sako-sako, kawai tana buƙatar membobin su yi aiki tare a kan dangantaka da sauran ƙasashen Afirka don haka ya kasance, a cikin kalmomin ɗan jarida Russel Warren Howe, ya fi dacewa fiye da buri. [1] Sun bayyana aniyar bunkasa kudaden da aka raba (an tsara bankin tarayya da majalisar tattalin arziki) [13] da kuma zama dan kasa, amma ba su hada da tsare-tsare na tsaro ko manufofin kasashen waje dangane da kasashen waje na Afirka ba. [1] Duk da wadannan ikirari, kadan ne ya faru wajen samar da duk wani kudin da aka raba ko kuma haifar da hadin kai tsakanin kasashen biyu a 1958 ko 1959. Babban tasirin ƙungiyar kawai shine fam miliyan 10 (kimanin £ 295 miliyan a yau [ b ] ) rancen da Ghana ta ba Guinea. [4] [11] [12] Duk da haka, ko da wannan alakar an yarda da shi cikin shakka daga membobin. Kasar Guinea ta yi amfani da kasa da rabin kudaden da Ghana ta bayar duk kuwa da ci gaba da matsalolin tattalin arziki da ta ke fama da su. [14] [15]

Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Ghana da Mali da Guinea na kunshe da tanade-tanade da za su bai wa majalisun dokokin kasar damar mika mulkin kasar baki daya ko wani bangare na kowace kasa; manufar ita ce kafa Tarayyar Kasashen Afirka cikin sauki. [9]

Ahmed Sékou Touré, Shugaban Guinea na farko

A cikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 1960, bayan kawo karshen rikicin kasar Mali a watan Agusta, an fara tattaunawa tsakanin mambobi na asali guda biyu da Mali domin shiga wata kungiya mai fa'ida. [16] Tattaunawar ta kai ga nasara a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1961, lokacin da aka buga yarjejeniyar sabuwar kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a lokaci guda a babban birnin kasashe uku. [17] Yarjejeniyar kungiyar ta tanadi tsaro na gama gari (yarjejeniyar cewa harin da aka kai kan ko wanne daga cikin kasashen uku zai zama hari kan kowa) da kuma ayyukan diflomasiyya, tattalin arziki, ilimi, da al'adu. [14] [17] Kungiyar ta kasance sako-sako, amma shugabannin sun yi imanin cewa za ta kafa tushe mai girma da karfi tsakanin mambobin. A bikin sanya hannu a ranar 1 ga Yuli, Nkrumah ya bayyana cewa kungiyar za ta zama "jigilar Amurka ta Afirka". [17] Ta fuskar diflomasiyya, ƙungiyar ta zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na ƙungiyar Casablanca kuma mambobi uku sun amince da tura batun siyasa iri ɗaya a cikin wannan dandalin. [14] Hakazalika, shugabannin sun tunkari siyasar Cold War a irin wannan hanya, suna inganta shigar da Tarayyar Soviet cikin ƙungiyoyin da ba su da alaƙa . [4] Ko da yake Mali da Ghana sun tattauna batun samar da 'yan majalisar dokoki, amma irin wannan tanadi ba ya cikin yarjejeniyar karshe. [18] Sauran batutuwan da suka hada da samar da tuta guda ga dukkan kasashen uku, da manufar tattalin arziki guda daya, da manufofin ketare guda daya, da samar da kundin tsarin mulkin bai daya, amma ba a ba da cikakkun bayanai ba, kuma taron shugabannin uku na yau da kullum zai yi aiki da shi. [4] [18] [lower-alpha 2] Ba a taɓa kafa gwamnati ba kuma kawai tsarin gudanarwa na yau da kullun na ƙungiyar ya zama tarurruka tsakanin shugabannin uku na membobin. [14]

Kungiyar ta fuskanci matsaloli da dama tun daga kafa ta. Kasashen Cote d'Ivoire da Saliyo ne suka raba Ghana da Guinea sannan kasar Upper Volta ta raba da Mali. [4] [lower-alpha 3] Yunkurin dinke wannan gibi ta hanyar shigar da Upper Volta a cikin kungiyar ya ci tura, duk da yawan wuce gona da iri da Nkrumah ya yi. [14] A wata ganawa da Maurice Yaméogo, shugaban Upper Volta, da Nkrumah suka yi, sun yi alkawarin yin aiki tare don "inganci hadin kan Afirka" tare da rushe wani katangar da aka gina musamman domin bikin. [15] Hakazalika, ko da yake Mali da Guinea suna kan iyaka, amma ba a samu samar da muhimman ababen more rayuwa na sufuri tsakanin kasashen ba (dukansu sun fi alaka da Senegal a lokacin mulkin mallaka). Wata matsala kuma ita ce, kasashen suna da wasu ababen more rayuwa na harshe da na mulkin mallaka wadanda suka takaita sarari ga duk wata muhimmiyar hadakar siyasa. [4] [6] Bugu da kari, ko da yake bangarorin sun amince da manufofin ketare da dama, amma an raba kan su game da ayyukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Kongo a 1960 da 1961. A karshe dai, duk da cewa yarjejeniyar a bude take ga dukkan kasashen Afirka, amma shakku kan Nkrumah da siyasar yankin tsakanin shugabannin uku da Félix Houphouët-Boigny a Ivory Coast ya takaita fadada kungiyar. [2]

Majalisar tattalin arziki ba ta fara aiki ba kuma an yi taruka kadan tsakanin shugabannin uku. An samu tashin hankali tsakanin mambobin a 1963 tare da juyin mulkin Togo a 1963 : An zargi Nkrumah da goyon bayan juyin mulkin. A shirye-shiryen taron kolin Addis Ababa na kafa kungiyar hadin kan Afrika, Touré ya fusata da Nkrumah saboda ya bi wani ajanda ba tare da tuntubar sauran membobin ba. An rushe ƙungiyar ba tare da kulawa sosai a cikin Mayu 1963. [3] [12] [15]

An bayar da bayanai daban-daban game da gazawar UAS, kamar gasa kishin ƙasa da ɓarna a cikin tsarin tarayyar Amurka wanda Nkrumah ya rinjayi. Adom Getachew ya kara da cewa gazawar ta samo asali ne sakamakon “sabanin rashin jituwa game da daidaito tsakanin kungiyar tarayya da ‘yancin kai na kasashe mambobin kungiyar.” [9] Nkrumah ya bayar da shawarar samar da wata kasa mai karfi ta tarayya wacce za ta iya aiwatar da manyan ayyukan bunkasa tattalin arziki. [9]

Gado

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Modibo Keita, shugaban kasar Mali na farko

Haɗin kai na siyasa tsakanin shugabannin uku shine mafi mahimmancin gadon ƙungiyar. Ghana da Guinea da kuma Mali sun kasance da alaka sosai har sai da juyin mulkin soja ya kawar da Nkrumah daga mulki a shekara ta 1966. Misalin wannan ci gaba da dangantaka, jakadan Ghana a Mali ya ci gaba da rike mukamin "Ministan Mazauna" ko da bayan rugujewar kungiyar siyasa. [12]

Ƙungiyar ta sake zama mai mahimmanci a shekara ta 1966 lokacin da aka cire Nkrumah daga matsayin shugaban Ghana ta hanyar juyin mulkin soja a lokacin da yake Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin yana tattaunawa da shawarwarin zaman lafiya game da yakin Vietnam. Bayan juyin mulkin, ba zai iya komawa Ghana ba, don haka ya zo Guinea inda Touré ya tarbe shi da ban sha'awa wanda ya bayyana cewa Nkrumah shi ne shugaban kasar Guinea a yanzu kuma babban sakataren jam'iyyar Democratic Party of Guinea . Touré ya bayyana cewa "Idan da akwai taron shugabannin kasashen Afirka gobe, Comrade Nkrumah zai yi magana da sunan Guinea, domin Nkrumah ba dan Afirka ba ne mai sauki amma mutum ne na duniya." Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kasance mai ban sha'awa a lokacin game da ko wannan suna na Nkrumah a matsayin shugaban kasar na gaskiya ne da kuma ayyana Nkrumah a matsayin shugaban kasar Guinea tare da Touré sau da yawa ana la'akari da matsayin girmamawa.

Yawan jama'a da yanki na mambobi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ƙasa Yanki ( km2 ) Yawan jama'a



(a cikin miliyoyin, 1960) [21]
 Mali 1,240,192 5.2637
 Ghana 238,535 6.6352
 Gini 245,857 3.4942
Jimlar 1,724,584 15.393

Bayanan kula

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Howe 1959.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kihss 1966.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 DeLancey 1966.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Boston Globe 1966.
  5. ↑ Kurtz 1970.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Washington Post 1959.
  7. ↑ Foltz 1965.
  8. ↑ Fage 1969, p. 219.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Getachew 2019
  10. ↑ Cooper 2018.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Fage 1969.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Brandful 2013.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Brady 1959.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Kloman 1962.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Legum 1965.
  16. ↑ Chicago Defender 1961.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Washington Post 1961.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 New York Times 1961.
  19. ↑ McKown 1973, p. 124.
  20. ↑ Washington Post 1961, p. A9.
  21. ↑ World Bank 2013.


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