Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland

Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (en)
Flag of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (en)
Take	God Save the King (mul)
Wuri
17°51′50″S 31°01′47″E
Babban birni	Harare
Yawan mutane
Faɗi	10,411,000 (1960)
• Yawan mutane	8.25 mazaunan/km²
Harshen gwamnati	Turanci
Labarin ƙasa
Yawan fili	1,261,674 km²
Bayanan tarihi
Ƙirƙira	1953
Rushewa	21 Disamba 1963
Tsarin Siyasa
Tsarin gwamnati	constitutional monarchy (en)
Ikonomi
Kuɗi	Rhodesia and Nyasaland pound (en)

Rarrabawar gudanarwa na tarayyar

tarayya Rhodesia da Nyasaland, wanda aka fi sani da Tarayyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (CAF), ƙungiya ce ta mulkin mallaka wacce ta ƙunshi yankuna uku na kudancin Afirka: mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Kudancin Rhodesia da kuma masu kare Burtaniya na Arewacin Rhodesia le Nyasaland . Ya wanzu tsakanin 1953 da 1963. Rhodesia da Nyasaland sun iyaka da Angola (lardin Portugal), Bechuanaland (mai kula da Burtaniya), Congo-Léopoldville (mallaka ta Belgium kafin 1960), Mozambique (lardin Portuguese), Afirka ta Kudu, Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma (mandate na Afirka ta Kudu) da Tanganyika (mandate ya Burtaniya kafin 1961).

An kafa Tarayyar ne a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 1953, tare da Gwamna-Janar a matsayin wakilin Sarauniya a cibiyar. Matsayin kundin tsarin mulki na yankuna uku - mulkin mallaka mai cin gashin kansa da masu karewa guda biyu - ba a shafa shi ba, kodayake wasu dokoki sun shafi Tarayyar gaba ɗaya kamar dai suna cikin mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka. Wani sabon fasalin shi ne Hukumar Harkokin Afirka, wanda aka kafa don kare bukatun 'yan Afirka kuma an ba shi ikon doka don wannan dalili, musamman game da dokokin nuna bambanci. Ba a taɓa yin tambaya game da fa'idodin tattalin arziki ga Tarayyar ba, kuma abubuwan da suka haifar da gazawar Tarayyar siyasa ne kawai: adawa mai ƙarfi da karuwa na mazaunan Afirka. : Shugabannin sabbin jihohin Afirka baƙi sun haɗa kai wajen son kawo karshen mulkin mallaka a Afirka. Tare da mafi yawan duniya suna ƙaura daga mulkin mallaka a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 da farkon shekarun 1960, Ƙasar Ingila ta fuskanci matsin lamba don kawar da mulkin mallaka daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Ƙungiyar Haɗin kan Afirka (OAU). Wadannan kungiyoyi sun goyi bayan burin 'Yan kasa na Afirka kuma sun yarda da ikirarin su na yin magana a madadin mutane. –  –

The federation ended on 31 December 1963. In 1964, shortly after the dissolution, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland became independent under the names Zambia and Malawi, respectively. In November 1965, Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence from the United Kingdom as the state of Rhodesia.

Tarihi

Majalisar Afirka ta Tsakiya

A cikin 1929, Hukumar Hilton Young ta kammala cewa "a halin yanzu na sadarwa manyan abubuwan da ke cikin Nyasaland da Arewacin Rhodesia, tattalin arziki da siyasa, ba su da alaƙa da Yankin Gabashin Afirka, amma a maimakon haka da juna da kuma mulkin mallaka na Kudancin Rhodesia". A cikin 1938, Hukumar Bledisloe ta kammala cewa yankuna za su dogara da juna a duk ayyukansu, amma sun daina ba da shawarar tarayyar. Maimakon haka, ya ba da shawarar kirkirar majalisa tsakanin yankuna don daidaita ayyukan gwamnati da bincika bukatun ci gaban yankin. Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya jinkirta kirkirar wannan ma'aikata har zuwa 1945, lokacin da aka kafa Majalisar Afirka ta Tsakiya don inganta daidaita manufofi da aiki tsakanin yankuna. Gwamnan Kudancin Rhodesia ya jagoranci majalisa kuma shugabannin sauran yankuna biyu sun shiga. Majalisar kawai tana da iko na shawarwari, kuma ba mai ɗaurewa ba. : 591 

Tattaunawa

A watan Nuwamba 1950, Jim Griffiths, Sakataren Gwamnati na Koloni, ya sanar da House of Commons cewa gwamnati ta yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a sake yin bincike game da yiwuwar hadin kai tsakanin yankunan Afirka ta Tsakiya, kuma ana shirya taron gwamnatocin da suka dace da Majalisar Afirka ta Tsakiyar don Maris 1951. Taron ya kammala cewa akwai buƙatar haɗin kai, yana nuna dogaro da tattalin arziki na yankuna uku. An yi jayayya cewa yankuna daban-daban suna da rauni kuma za su amfana daga zama guda ɗaya tare da tattalin arziki mai zurfi. An kuma ce hadin kan wasu ayyukan jama'a zai inganta ingantaccen aiki. An yanke shawarar ba da shawarar tarayyar da gwamnatin tsakiya za ta sami wasu takamaiman iko, tare da sauran iko da aka bar tare da gwamnatocin yankuna. An gudanar da wani taron a watan Satumbar 1951 a Victoria Falls, Landan Griffiths da Patrick Gordon Walker suka halarta. Za a gudanar da wasu tarurruka biyu a London a 1952 da 1953 bi da bi, inda aka shirya tsarin tarayya dalla-dalla. : 592 

Duk da yake an yi aiki da batutuwa da yawa na jayayya a cikin tarurrukan da suka biyo baya, da yawa sun kasance masu tsananin gaske, kuma wasu, da alama ba za a iya shawo kansu ba. Tattaunawar da tarurruka sun kasance masu wahala. Kudancin Rhodesia da Yankin Arewa suna da al'adu daban-daban don 'Tambayar 'Yan asalin' (baƙar fata na Afirka) da kuma rawar da aka tsara su don takawa a cikin jama'a. [

Wataƙila ba za a cimma yarjejeniya ba tare da Sir Andrew Cohen, Mataimakin Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Afirka ba (kuma daga baya Gwamnan Uganda). Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan gine-gine da dakarun motsa jiki a bayan kirkirar Tarayyar, sau da yawa da alama yana da hannu ɗaya yana warwarewa da kuma tafiye-tafiye a bangarorin da suka dace. Cohen, wanda ya kasance Bayahude kuma ya damu da Holocaust, ya kasance mai adawa da wariyar launin fata kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin Afirka. Amma ya yi sulhu da manufofinsa don kauce wa abin da ya gani a matsayin mafi girman haɗari fiye da ci gaba da tsarin fararen fata na Kudancin Rhodesia - ya zama har ma da rashin sassauci, mafi girman fararen fata, kamar gwamnatin Jam'iyyar National 'Yan Afirka ta Kudu. Lord Blake, masanin tarihi na Oxford, ya rubuta: "A wannan ma'anar, ana iya ɗaukar wariyar launin fata a matsayin mahaifin Tarayya". Majalisar ta amince da shawarwarin taron a ranar 24 ga Maris 1953, kuma a watan Afrilu ta zartar da shawarwari don tallafawa hada yankunan Arewacin Rhodesia da Nyasaland. An gudanar da raba gardama a Kudancin Rhodesia a ranar 9 ga Afrilu. :">: 592  Biye da dagewa da tabbacin Firayim Minista na Kudancin Rhodesia, Sir Godfrey Huggins, dan kadan fiye da fararen mutanen Kudancin Southern Rhodesians sun jefa kuri'a a cikin raba gardama don gwamnatin tarayya, da kusan 15,000 a kan. Yawancin Afrikaners da baƙar fata na Afirka a cikin yankuna uku sun yi tsayayya da shi. Tarayyar ta kasance ne lokacin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa Dokar Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, 1953. Dokar ta ba da izini ga Sarauniya, ta hanyar Umurni a Majalisar, don samar da tarayyar yankuna uku. An yi wannan umarni a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 1953, inda aka kawo wasu tanadi na Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Gwamna Janar na farko, Lord Llewellin, ya hau mulki a ranar 4 ga Satumba. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1953, Llewellin ya ba da sanarwar kawo sauran tanadin Kundin Tsarin Mulki cikin aiki. : 591 

Tsarin Mulki

A ƙarshe an kafa ƙungiyar 'yanci mai zaman kanta, tare da rassa biyar na gwamnati: ɗaya na Tarayya, uku na Yankin, da ɗaya na Burtaniya. Wannan sau da yawa ana fassara shi cikin rikice-rikice da rikice-rikicen iko tsakanin matakai daban-daban na gwamnati. A cewar Ubangiji Blake, ya zama "ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu mulki a duniya".

Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da gwamnatin tarayya tare da ƙididdigar iko, wanda ya ƙunshi gwamnatin zartarwa, Majalisar Tarayya mai ɗaki ɗaya (wanda ya haɗa da kwamitin da aka sani da Hukumar Harkokin Afirka), da Kotun Koli, da sauran hukumomi. An yi tanadi don rarraba iko da ayyuka tsakanin gwamnatocin tarayya da na yanki. Mataki na 97 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da ikon Majalisar Tarayya don gyara Kundin Tsarin mulki, wanda ya haɗa da ikon kafa majalisar dokoki ta biyu. Gwamna-Janar zai zama wakilin Sarauniya a Tarayyar. Ikon Tarayya ya ba da izini ne kawai ga waɗancan ikon da aka ba gwamnatin tarayya da kuma al'amuran da suka dace da su. An rarraba ikon tarayya da aka lissafa zuwa "Lista na Dokokin Tarayya" wanda majalisar dokoki ta tarayya za ta iya yin dokoki, da kuma "Lista ta Dokoki" wanda duka majalisar dokoki na tarayya da na yanki za su iya yin doka. : Dokokin Tarayya 593 sun mamaye dokokin yanki a duk lokuta inda aka ba da ikon majalisar dokoki ta tarayya don yin doka, gami da jerin sunayen lokaci guda.

Gwamnatin zartarwa ta kunshi Gwamna Janar, wanda zai wakilci Sarauniya, Majalisar zartarwa da ta kunshi Firayim Minista da wasu ministoci tara da Gwamna Janara ya nada bisa ga shawarar Firayim Ministan, da kuma majalisar ministocin da Firayim Minist din ya nada. Kotun shari'a ta kunshi Kotun Koli, daga baya Dokar Kotun Kolai ta Tarayya, 1955, wacce ta kunshi Babban Alkalin, alƙalai biyu na tarayya, da manyan alƙalai na kowane yanki uku na Tarayyar. An kaddamar da kotun a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1955, lokacin da Gwamna-Janar ya rantse a cikin Babban Alkalin da sauran alƙalai. Babban Shugaba majalisa da Babban Alkalin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu sun halarci bikin. : Babban Alkalai sune Sir Robert Tredgold, a baya Babban Alkalami na Kudancin Rhodesia, wanda ya kasance Babban Alkawarin Tarayya daga 1953 zuwa 1961, da Sir John Clayden, daga 1961 zuwa 1963. Ikon Kotun Koli ya iyakance ne musamman ga sauraron roko daga manyan kotuna na yankuna masu zaman kansu. Kotun, duk da haka, tana da ikon asali a kan wadannan:

• Rikici tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da gwamnatocin yankuna, ko tsakanin gwamnatocin yanki tsakanin su, idan irin waɗannan rikice-rikice sun haɗa da tambayoyi (na doka ko gaskiya) wanda wanzuwar ko girman haƙƙin doka ya dogara;
• Batutuwan da suka shafi wuraren zama a Majalisar Tarayya da takardun zabe; da
• Batutuwan da ake neman umurni ko umarni na umarni, ko haramtacciyar doka ko umarni, a kan jami'in ko ikon gwamnatin tarayya. : 596 

A shekara ta 1958, Firayim Minista ya kafa Ofishin Harkokin Kabilanci wanda ya sake nazarin manufofi, ayyuka da ayyukan da zasu iya hana ko kuma ya shafi yanayin da ya dace da manufofin "abokan hulɗa" na gwamnatin tarayya. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1959, Firayim Minista ya nada Sakataren Majalisar a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida, wanda ke da matsayin cikakken minista, don ɗaukar alhakin harkokin launin fata.

Taswirar Tarayyar, tare da babban birnin Rhodesia na Kudancin Salisbury ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin babban birnin tarayya

An fahimci cewa Kudancin Rhodesia zai zama yankin da ya fi rinjaye a cikin tarayyar - a tattalin arziki, a zabe, da kuma soja. Yaya ya bayyana yawancin tattaunawar kundin tsarin mulki da gyare-gyare da suka biyo baya. 'Yan adawa na siyasa na Afirka da burin kishin kasa, a lokacin, sun kasance marasa ma'ana. –

Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a cikin halittar da rushewar Tarayyar sune bambancin da ke tsakanin yawan 'yan Afirka da' yan Turai a cikin Tarayyar, da kuma bambancin da tsakanin yawan' yan Turai da ke Kudancin Rhodesia idan aka kwatanta da Arewacin Protectorates. Ƙarin wannan shine babban ci gaba a cikin mazauna Turai na Kudancin Rhodesia (yawanci baƙi na Burtaniya), ba kamar a cikin Arewacin Protectorates ba. Wannan ya kasance don tsara ci gaba mai girma a cikin Tarayyar. A cikin 1939, kimanin 'yan Turai 60,000 sun zauna a Kudancin Rhodesia; jim kadan kafin a kafa Tarayyar akwai 135,000; a lokacin da aka rushe Tarayyar sun kai 223,000 (ko da yake sababbin zasu iya jefa kuri'a bayan shekaru uku na zama). Nyasaland ya nuna mafi ƙarancin Turai da mafi girma na yawan jama'ar Afirka. [ Babban rawar da mutanen Kudancin Rhodesia Turai suka taka a cikin CAF ya nuna a cikin abin da shugabansu na farko, Sir Godfrey Huggins (wanda aka kirkira Viscount Malvern a watan Fabrairun 1955), Firayim Minista na Tarayyar na shekaru uku na farko kuma, kafin haka, Firayim Ministan Kudancin Rodesia na shekaru 23 ba tare da katsewa ba. Huggins ya yi murabus daga matsayin firaministan Kudancin Rhodesia don ya hau mulki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Tarayya, kuma yawancin mambobin majalisar dokokin United Rhodesia sun shiga. Akwai fitowar da aka yi alama zuwa mafi girman yankin siyasar tarayya. Matsayin Firayim Minista na Kudancin Rhodesia ya sake, kamar yadda a karkashin Dokar Takardun Ministocin Burtaniya ta 1933, an rage shi zuwa Firayim Ministan kuma Rev. Garfield Todd, wanda nan ba da daɗewa ba zai zama dan siyasa na tsakiya na hagu. An yi la'akari da cewa matsayin Todd da siyasar yanki gabaɗaya sun zama marasa mahimmanci, wuri ga ɗan siyasa mara burin. A zahiri, ya kasance don tabbatar da yanke shawara ga mutuwar CAF a nan gaba, da kuma tashi daga baya na Rhodesian Front. [

Maimakon tarayyar, Firayim Minista Huggins ya goyi bayan haɗuwa, ƙirƙirar jihar ɗaya. Koyaya, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Burtaniya ta yi adawa da wannan saboda Kudancin Rhodesia zai mamaye dukiya da ikon samun kudin shiga (wanda ya cire yawancin 'yan Afirka) saboda yawan mutanen Turai da suka fi yawa. An yi niyyar tarayyar don rage wannan. Huggins shine Firayim Minista na farko daga 1953 zuwa 1956, kuma Sir Roy Welensky, wani shahararren dan siyasa na Arewacin Rhodesia, ya biyo baya, daga 1956 zuwa rushewar Tarayyar a watan Disamba 1963.

Makomar Tarayyar ta yi hamayya a cikin Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta manyan ma'aikatu biyu na Crown a cikin zurfin kishiyar akida, ta mutum da ta sana'a - Ofishin Kolonial (CO) da Ofishin Hulɗa na Commonwealth (CRO) (kuma a baya tare da shi Ofishin Dominion, an soke shi a 1947). CO ta mallaki yankunan arewacin Nyasaland da Arewacin Rhodesia, yayin da CRO ke da alhakin Kudancin Rhodesia. Yankunan arewacin sun yi tsayayya da ikon Kudancin Rhodesia, wanda CRO ta inganta. Abu mai mahimmanci, CO ya fi jin tausayi ga haƙƙin Afirka fiye da CRO, wanda ke inganta bukatun Kudancin Rhodesia (kuma zuwa ƙarami, Arewacin Rhodesia) mazauna Turai. A shekara ta 1957, wannan ya haifar da kira daga Welensky don ƙirƙirar sashen guda ɗaya tare da alhakin dukkan yankuna uku, tare da Macmillan kuma yana goyon bayan CRO yana ɗaukar alhakin su, amma Sakataren Majalisar ya rinjayi cewa wannan zai fuskanci adawa daga 'yan Afirka da membobin sabis na mulkin mallaka a yankunan arewa. Sakamakon haka, a cikin 1962, an sauya al'amuran Tarayya zuwa sabon sashen, wanda aka sani da Ofishin Afirka ta Tsakiya, tare da Rab Butler ministan da ke da alhakin. Koyaya, wannan ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, kamar yadda ya biyo bayan maye gurbin Macmillan a matsayin Firayim Minista ta Alec Douglas-Home, an mayar da alhakin Tarayyar ga CRO da CO, tare da Duncan Sandys da ke da alhakina duka biyun.

Ya dace a sami dukkan yankuna uku da Cecil Rhodes ya mallaka a karkashin kundin tsarin mulki daya. Amma, ga Huggins da kuma kafa Rhodesian, babban dalilin tattalin arziki a bayan CAF (ko amalgamation) shine wadataccen ajiyar jan ƙarfe na Arewacin Rhodesia. Ba kamar Rhodesias ba, Nyasaland ba shi da ma'adanai masu yawa kuma ƙananan al'ummar Turai, galibi na Scotland, suna da tausayi ga burin Afirka. Haɗakar da shi a cikin Tarayyar ya fi nuna alama fiye da buƙata mai amfani. Wannan hadawa zai yi aiki a kan CAF: Nyasaland da yawan jama'arta na Afirka shine inda ya haifar da rushewar CAF, wanda ya haifar da rusawa. [

Yawan fararen mazauna kafin da kuma lokacin CAF

Shekara	Kudancin Rhodesia		Arewacin Rhodesia		Nyasaland		Jimillar
	Fararen fata	Baƙar fata	Fararen fata	Baƙar fata	Fararen fata	Baƙar fata	Fararen fata	Baƙar fata
1927	38,200 (3.98%)	922,000 (96.02%)	4,000 (0.4%)	1,000,000 (99.6%)	1,700 (0.13%)	1,350,000 (99.87%)	43,900 (1.32%)	3,272,000 (98.68%)
1946	80,500 (4.79%)	1,600,000 (95.21%)	21,919 (1.32%)	1,634,980 (97.68%)	2,300 (0.10%)	2,340,000 (99.90%)	104,719 (1.84%)	5,574,980 (98.16%)
1955	125,000 (4.95%)	2,400,000 (95.05%)	65,000 (3.02%)	2,085,000 (96.98%)	6,300 (0.25%)	2,550,000 (99.75%)	196,300 (2.71%)	7,035,000 (97.28%)
1960	223,000 (7.30%)	2,830,000 (92.70%)	76,000 (3.14%)	2,340,000 (96.85%)	9,300 (0.33%)	2,810,000 (99.66%)	308,300 (3.72%)	7,980,000 (96.28%)

Ci gaban tattalin arziki da 'yanci na siyasa

Fayil:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland five pound note.jpg

Bayanan fam biyar na Tarayya (1961)

Duk da tsarin gwamnati mai rikitarwa, tattalin arzikin CAF ya yi nasara. A cikin shekara ta farko ta tarayyar, GDP dinta ya kai fam miliyan 350; shekaru biyu bayan haka kusan fam miliyan 450. Duk da haka matsakaicin kudin shiga na Turai ya kasance kusan sau goma na Afirka da ke aiki a cikin tattalin arzikin kuɗi, yana wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa uku na 'yan Afirka na gida.

A shekara ta 1955, an sanar da kirkirar tashar wutar lantarki ta Kariba. Ya kasance babban aikin injiniya na samar da madatsar ruwa mafi girma a duniya a lokacin kuma ya kai fam miliyan 78. Yanayinta ya nuna kishiyar tsakanin Kudancin da Arewacin Rhodesia, tare da tsohon ya sami wurin da ya fi so don madatsar ruwan.

CAF ta kawo shekaru goma na 'yanci game da' yancin Afirka. Akwai kananan ministocin Afirka a cikin CAF da ke karkashin rinjaye na Kudancin Rhodesia, yayin da shekaru goma da suka gabata 'yan Afirka 70 ne kawai suka cancanci yin zabe a zaben Kudancin Rodesia.

Saboda haka, dukiya da cancantar samun kudin shiga na CAF ya kasance, yanzu, ya fi sauƙi. Duk da yake wannan ya damu da fararen fata da yawa, sun ci gaba da bin Huggins tare da tsarin CAF na yanzu, galibi saboda ci gaban tattalin arziki. Amma ga 'yan Afirka, wannan ya zama mara gamsarwa kuma shugabannin su sun fara yin murya don neman rinjaye.

Tashin kishin kasa na Afirka

 

Sojojin CAF na horar da Sojojin Ruwa a 1963

Rashin amincewar Afirka a cikin CAF ya karu, kuma a lokaci guda da'irorin Gwamnatin Burtaniya sun nuna rashin amincewa da tsarinsa da manufarsa - cikakken memba na Commonwealth wanda ke haifar da 'yancin kai a matsayin mulkin mallaka. –

A watan Yunin 1956, Gwamna Arewacin Rhodesia, Sir Arthur Benson, ya rubuta wata wasika ta sirri sosai tana sukar tarayyar gabaɗaya (da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da aka shirya don shi) da Firayim Minista na Tarayya, Roy Welensky, musamman. Kusan shekaru biyu bayan haka, Ubangiji Malvern (kamar yadda Sir Godfrey Huggins ya zama a watan Fabrairun 1955) ta wata hanya ya sami kwafinsa kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da ke ciki ga Welensky.

Dangantaka tsakanin Whitehall da majalisar CAF ba za su sake dawowa ba. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, a karo na farko, sun jawo hankalin Firayim Minista na Conservative na Burtaniya, Harold Macmillan, ga rikicin da ke tasowa a cikin CAF, amma a bayyane yake bai fahimci tsananin halin da ake ciki ba, yana danganta jere ga tsohuwar kishiyar CO-CRO da kuma Welensky yana cin zarafin kansa ga abubuwan da ke cikin wasikar.

Batutuwan wannan takamaiman jere sun kasance a cikin ma'anar nan take an warware su a hankali tare da wasu gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulki, amma yanzu an san cewa Welensky yana la'akari da abubuwan da ba su dace ba don Sanarwar 'yancin kai (UDI) ga tarayyar, kodayake ya ƙare ya zaɓi a kan shi.

A halin yanzu, zuwa ƙarshen shekaru goma, a cikin Yankin Arewa, 'yan Afirka sun nuna rashin amincewa da mulkin' yan tsiraru na CAF. A watan Yulin 1958, Hastings Banda, shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Nyasaland (NAC) (daga baya Malawi Congress Party), ya dawo daga Burtaniya zuwa Nyasaland, kuma a watan Oktoba Kenneth Kaunda ya zama shugaban Majalisar Dattijai ta Afirka ta Zambiya (ZANC), rabuwa daga ANC ta Arewacin Rhodesia. Hukumomin CAF da ke ci gaba da tayar da hankali sun haramta ZANC a watan Maris na shekara ta 1959, kuma a watan Yuni sun daure Kaunda na watanni tara. Yayinda Kaunda ke cikin kurkuku, mataimakinsa mai aminci Mainza Chona ya yi aiki tare da wasu 'yan kasa na Afirka don ƙirƙirar Jam'iyyar Independence ta United National (UNIP), wanda ya gaji ZANC. A farkon 1959, tashin hankali ya ɓarke a Nyasaland, wanda, a cewar masanin tarihi Lord Blake, shine "mafi talauci a tattalin arziki, a siyasa mafi ci gaba kuma a cikin adadi mafi ƙarancin Turai daga cikin yankuna uku".

Gwamnatin CAF ta ayyana dokar ta baci. An kama Banda da sauran shugabannin NAC na Nyasaland kuma an haramta jam'iyyarsu. An tura sojojin Kudancin Rhodesia don kawo tsari. An kori dan majalisa na Labour na Burtaniya John Stonehouse daga Kudancin Rhodesia jim kadan kafin a ayyana dokar ta baci a Nyasaland, wanda ya fusata Jam'iyyar Labour ta Burtaniya.

Wannan al'amari ya jawo dukkan manufar tarayyar cikin tambaya har ma da Firayim Minista Macmillan ya fara nuna shakku game da yiwuwar siyasa, kodayake a tattalin arziki ya ji yana da kyau. Kwamitin Royal don ba da shawara ga Macmillan game da makomar CAF, wanda Viscount Monckton na Brenchley, QC, tsohon Paymaster Janar, zai jagoranci, yana cikin ayyukan. An aika Sakataren Commonwealth, The 14th Earl of Home, don shirya Firayim Minista Welensky, wanda bai gamsu da isowar hukumar ba.

Welensky aƙalla ya sami Ubangiji Gida don tallafawa kasancewar CAF. Sabanin haka, abokin hamayyar Ubangiji Home, kuma ɗan'uwan Scot, Sakataren mulkin mallaka, Iain Macleod, sun goyi bayan haƙƙin Afirka da rushe tarayyar. Kodayake Macmillan a lokacin ya goyi bayan Ubangiji Gida, canje-canjen sun riga sun kasance a sararin samaniya. A Burtaniya, Macmillan ya ce yana da mahimmanci "don kiyaye jam'iyyar Tory a kan layi na zamani da na ci gaba", yana lura da ci gaban zabe kuma musamman hauhawar Jam'iyyar Labour.

Rushewa

Juyin Halitta na Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland

A lokacin da Macmillan ya tafi sanannen yawon shakatawa na Afirka na 1960 wanda ya kai ga jawabinsa na Wind of Change ga Majalisar a Cape Town, canji yana gudana sosai. A shekara ta 1960, yankunan Afirka na Faransa sun riga sun sami 'yanci. Belgium da sauri ya bar mulkin mallaka kuma dubban 'yan gudun hijirar Turai sun tsere daga Belgian Congo daga zalunci na yakin basasa zuwa Kudancin Rhodesia.

A lokacin rikicin Kongo, 'yan Afirka sun kara kallon Welensky a matsayin mai mayar da martani kuma goyon bayansa ga wariyar launin fata na Katanga ya kara da wannan. Welensky ba ya son dama da hagu, duk da haka: bayan 'yan shekaru, a cikin yakin neman zabe da ya yi da Ian Smith's Rhodesian Front, magoya bayan RF sun yi wa Welensky mai matsakaici a matsayin 'Yahudawa mai jini', 'Kwamishinan', 'mai cin amana' da 'tsoro'.

Sabon Sakataren Commonwealth, Duncan Sandys, ya tattauna game da 'Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1961', sabon kundin tsarin mulki na CAF wanda ya rage ikon Burtaniya a kanta: duk da haka, a shekarar 1962, ya zama Burtaniya da majalisar ministocin CAF sun amince da cewa ya kamata a ba da izinin Nyasaland ya rabu, kodayake Firayim Ministan Rhodesia na Kudu Sir Edgar Whitehead ya yi wa Burtaniya alkawarin kiyaye wannan sirri har sai bayan zaben 1962 a yankin. Bayan shekara guda, an ba da wannan matsayi ga Arewacin Rhodesia, wanda ya kawo karshen Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland a nan gaba.

A cikin 1963, an gudanar da taron Victoria Falls, a wani bangare a matsayin ƙoƙari na ƙarshe don ceton CAF, kuma a wani bangere a matsayin dandalin tattaunawa don rushe shi. A ranar 5 ga Yuni 1963, shugabannin Kenya, Tanganyika, da Uganda sun bayyana niyyar su hada kai a matsayin tarayyar Gabashin Afirka. A ƙarshen Yuni 1963, an kusan ganin tarayyar a matsayin abin da ba za a iya gujewa ba, amma a cikin watanni yiwuwar ƙirƙirar tarayyar ta ɓace.

An ba da bayani daban-daban game da gazawar kafa tarayyar, gami da damuwa na Uganda game da raunin kansa a cikin irin wannan tarayyar، ƙin yarda da akidar da Kwame Nkrumah ya yi game da shirye-shiryen da ta fi girma a Gabashin Afirka, ƙiyayya da masarautar Buganda (a cikin Uganda) ga hadin gwiwa, tashin hankali game da rarraba fa'idodi mara kyau daga hadin tattalin arziki, rashin bayyanawa game da aikin ko nau'in tarayyar tarayya, rashin jin da tsarin, da kuma mummunan lokaci. " Masana kamar Joseph Nye da Thomas Franck sun rubuta game da gazawar tarayyar, tare da Franck yana nuna shi a matsayin bala'i. Dukkanin yankuna uku sun shiga cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki tare da ƙarshen tarayyar.

A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1963, an rushe Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland a hukumance, kuma an rarraba kadarorinta tsakanin gwamnatocin yankuna. Kudancin Rhodesia ya sami mafi yawan waɗannan ciki har da kadarorin sojojin Tarayya, wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai. A watan Yulin 1964, Nyasaland Protectorate ya sami 'yanci a matsayin Malawi, karkashin jagorancin Banda, kuma a watan Oktoba, Arewacin Rhodesia ya sami' yancin kai a matsayin Jamhuriyar Zambia - karkashin jagorancin Kaunda.

A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1965, gwamnatin Kudancin Rhodesia, karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Ian Smith, ta ayyana sanarwar 'yancin kai daga Ƙasar Ingila. Wannan ya ja hankalin duniya kuma ya haifar da fushi a Burtaniya.

Soja

Ministan Tsaro shine Shugaban Majalisar Tsaro, wanda ya kunshi sojoji da farar hula, kuma ya yi la'akari da duk batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin tsaro.

Sojoji, a cikin 1960, sun kunshi ƙungiyoyi uku na horo:

• Makarantar Sojoji, wacce ke zaune a Gwelo, tana da alhakin karin horo. An shirya shi a cikin fuka-fuki na dabarun da na tsarin mulki, tare da darussan da suka fara daga umurni da horar da makamai. : 667 
• Ofishin Sojoji na yau da kullun, wanda ke zaune a Salisbury, ya kula da dukkan horo na asali ga baƙar fata.
• The Depot, The Royal Rhodesia Regiment, ya horar da sabbin ma'aikata don battalions na Territorial Force.

Rhodesia da Nyasaland Corps of Engineers, Corps of Signals, da Army Service Corps ne suka gudanar da horo.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1958, an sanya wa wurare uku suna bayan "uku daga cikin shahararrun sojoji a tarihin soja na Afirka ta Tsakiya". An sanya sunan sansanin RAR a Llewellin Camp Methuen bayan Colonel J.A. Methuen . An sanya wa Zomba Cantonment suna Cobbe Barracks bayan Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Cobbe . An sanya wa yankin soja na Lusaka suna Stephenson Barracks bayan Lieutenant-Colonel A. Stephenson .

Llewellin Barracks a Bulawayo sun yi bikin tunawa da Gwamna Janar na farko na Tarayyar. An yi bikin Yaƙin Tug Argan da sunan Tug Argan Barracks a Ndola .

Sojojin sun kunshi battalions hudu na Afirka: 1st da 2nd Battalion, King's African Rifles; Northern Rhodesia Regiment; da Rhodesian African Rifles .  : 1961, an kara da White 1st Battalion na Rhodesian Light Infantry regiment.

Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Mata ta Rhodesia da Nyasaland (wanda aka fi sani da "WAMS") ita ce ƙungiyar mata ta Tarayyar. A shekara ta 1957 wani canjin manufofi ya haifar da raguwar sashin har sai ma'aikatan farar hula suka karbe aikinta. : 671 

Kyauta

  Kodayake Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland sun kasance na tsawon shekaru goma, suna da muhimmiyar tasiri a Afirka ta Tsakiya.

Gwamnatinta na 'yan tsiraru, inda wasu 'yan Turai dubu ɗari - da farko a Kudancin Rhodesia - suka mallaki miliyoyin' yan Afirka baƙi, galibi sun haifar da sake fasalin iyaye, wanda ya haɗu da karuwar amincewar Afirka da kishin ƙasa. –  –

Ƙungiyar da ke da tasiri da alaƙa da Burtaniya da cibiyoyinta da alaƙar launin fata sun bambanta da sauran ikon yanki, Union of South Africa. Rushewar CAF ta nuna bambanci tsakanin kasashe masu zaman kansu na Afirka na Zambia da Malawi, da Kudancin Rhodesia (wanda ya kasance karkashin mulkin gwamnatin 'yan tsiraru har zuwa Sadarwar Cikin Gida a 1978). Kudancin Rhodesia nan da nan ya sami kansa cikin yakin basasa tsakanin Gwamnati da 'yan tawaye na Afirka da Marxist, inda duka Malawi da Zambia suka bunkasa zuwa mulkin kama karya na jam'iyya daya kuma sun kasance haka har zuwa zamanin bayan yakin sanyi a tsakiyar shekarun 1990.

Bayan Southern Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI), rikici mai girma ya tashi tsakanin biyu daga cikin tsoffin yankuna na CAF - Zambia (da ke tallafawa 'yan tawaye na Afirka da Marxist) da Kudancin Rhodesia (da Afirka ta Kudu da Portugal ke tallafawa har zuwa 1974) - tare da karin maganganun diflomasiyya, kuma, a wasu lokuta, ƙiyayya ta soja. –  –

Takaddun gidan waya da kudaden shiga

Alamar da aka bayar ta CAF

Tarayyar ta ba da hatimi na farko a shekara ta 1954, duk tare da hoton Sarauniya Elizabeth II. Dubi babban labarin a hatimi na gidan waya na Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland . An kuma bayar da hatimi na haraji, duba hatimi na Haraji na Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland.

Bayani

Har ila yau, Tarayyar ta ba da takardun banki da tsabar kudi don maye gurbin fam na Kudancin Rhodesia wanda ke yawo a duk bangarorin uku na tarayyar. A shekara ta 1955 an ba da cikakken sabon tsabar kudi tare da Mary Gillick na Sarauniya da dabbobi daban-daban na Afirka a baya. Ƙungiyoyin sun bi waɗanda ke da tsabar kudi, wato rabin pennies da pennies, waɗanda ke da rami a cikinsu, uku pences (wanda aka sani da tickeys), shida pences, shillings, shilling guda biyu da rabin kambi. Akwai ƙarin cikakkun fitowar duk waɗannan tsabar kudi a cikin 1956 da 1957, amma daga baya an samar da dinari da rabin dinari ne kawai har sai wasu fitowar dinari shida a cikin 1962 da 1963, da kuma dinari uku a cikin 1963 da 1964. Kudin tsabar kudi mafi girma, ko da yake ba abu ne mai ban sha'awa ba, suna da mashahuri sosai tare da masu tarawa saboda kyawawan ƙirarsu. An buga Threepences da Halfpennies a 1964 duk da gaskiyar cewa Tarayyar ta ƙare a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1963.

Dubi kuma

• 1953 Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland zaben
• 1958 Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland zaben
• 1962 Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland zaben
• Gwamnatin Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland
• Bibliography of the history of Zambia § Colonial Rhodesia era

 

Haɗin waje

• Sojojin Rhodesia da Nyasaland http://www.rhodesia.nl/ceremonialparade.pdf
• Window a kan Rhodesia, tarihin tarihi da rayuwar Rhodesia
• King, Anthony (2001). "Identity and Decolonisation: the policy of partnership in Southern Rhodesia 1945–62". unesdoc.unesco.org. St. Antony's College, Oxford. Retrieved 2020-05-29.

Samfuri:British overseas territories16°S 29°E