Tarihin Angola
 Tarihin Angola | |
|---|---|
history of a country or state (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Fuskar | Angola |
| Ƙasa | Angola |
Angola ta fara zama ne daga al'ummomin farauta da masu tarawa na San kafin yankunan arewa su zo ƙarƙashin mulkin jihohin Bantu kamar Kongo da Ndongo. A cikin karni na 15, Masu mulkin mallaka na Portugal sun fara kasuwanci, kuma an kafa sulhu a Luanda a cikin karni na 16. Portugal ta mamaye yankuna a yankin waɗanda aka mallaka a matsayin mulkin mallaka daga 1655, kuma an kafa Angola a matsayin lardin Portugal a cikin 1951. Bayan Yakin Independence na Angola, wanda ya ƙare a 1974 tare da tawaye na sojoji da juyin mulkin hagu a Lisbon, Angola ta sami 'yancin kai a 1975 ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Alvor . Bayan samun 'yancin kai, Angola ta shiga dogon lokaci na yakin basasa wanda ya kasance har zuwa 2002.[1]
Angola ta fara zama ne daga al'ummomin farauta da masu tarawa na San kafin yankunan arewa su zo ƙarƙashin mulkin jihohin Bantu kamar Kongo da Ndongo. A cikin karni na 15, Masu mulkin mallaka na Portugal sun fara kasuwanci, kuma an kafa sulhu a Luanda a cikin karni na 16. Portugal ta mamaye yankuna a yankin waɗanda aka mallaka a matsayin mulkin mallaka daga 1655, kuma an kafa Angola a matsayin lardin Portugal a cikin 1951. Bayan Yakin Independence na Angola, wanda ya ƙare a 1974 tare da tawaye na sojoji da juyin mulkin hagu a Lisbon, Angola ta sami 'yancin kai a 1975 ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Alvor . Bayan samun 'yancin kai, Angola ta shiga dogon lokaci na yakin basasa wanda ya kasance har zuwa 2002.
Tarihi na farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yankin Angola na yanzu an zauna a lokacin Paleolithic da Neolithic, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da ragowar da aka samu a Luanda, Congo, da hamadar Namibe. A farkon tarihin da aka rubuta wasu al'adu da mutane suma sun iso.
Mutanen farko da suka zauna sune Mutanen San. Wannan ya canza a farkon karni na shida AD, lokacin da Bantu, wanda ya riga ya mallaki fasahar aiki da ƙarfe, yumbu da aikin gona suka fara ƙaura daga arewa. Lokacin da suka isa abin da ke yanzu Angola sun haɗu da San da sauran kungiyoyi. Kafawar Bantu ta ɗauki ƙarni da yawa kuma ta haifar da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka ɗauki halaye daban-daban na kabilanci.
Masarautar Kongo
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban bangare na siyasa na farko a yankin, wanda aka sani da tarihi a matsayin Masarautar Kongo, ya bayyana a karni na goma sha uku kuma ya shimfiɗa daga Gabon a arewa zuwa kogin Kwanza a kudu, kuma daga Atlantic a yamma zuwa kogin Cuango a gabas.
Arzikin Kongo ya fito ne daga noma. Ikon yana hannun Mani, aristocrats waɗanda ke da manyan mukamai a masarautar kuma waɗanda ke amsawa ne kawai ga Sarkin Kongo mai iko. shine sunan da aka ba wa yankin da Mani ke gudanarwa da mulki; Mbanza Congo, babban birnin, yana da yawan mutane sama da dubu hamsin a karni na sha shida.
Masarautar Kongo ta kasu kashi shida kuma ta haɗa da wasu masarautun da ke dogara, kamar Ndongo zuwa kudu. Ciniki shine babban aikin, wanda ya dogara da aikin gona mai amfani sosai da kuma kara yawan amfani da dukiyar ma'adinai. A cikin 1482, 'yan gudun hijira na Fotigal karkashin umarnin Diogo Cão sun isa Kongo kuma ya binciki iyakar arewa maso yammacin bakin tekun abin da ke Angola a yau a cikin 1484. Sauran tafiye-tafiye sun biyo baya, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka kafa dangantaka ta kusa tsakanin jihohin biyu. Portuguese sun kawo bindigogi da sauran ci gaban fasaha da yawa, da kuma sabon addini (Kiristanci); a sakamakon haka, Sarkin Kongo ya ba da bayi da yawa, hauren giwa, da ma'adanai.
Sarkin Kongo nan da nan ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci kuma ya karɓi irin wannan tsarin siyasa ga Turawa. Ya zama sanannen mutum a Turai, har zuwa karɓar wasiƙu daga Paparoma.[2]
Masarautar Ndongo
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A kudancin Masarautar Kongo, a kusa da kogin Kwanza, akwai manyan jihohi daban-daban. Mafi mahimmanci daga cikin waɗannan shine Masarautar Ndongo ko Dongo, wanda Ngolas (babban ko sarki) ke mulki. A lokacin isowar Portuguese, Ngola Kiluange yana cikin iko. Ta hanyar kiyaye manufofin kawance da jihohin makwabta, ya sami nasarar tsayayya da baƙi na shekaru da yawa amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1620 an yanke kansa a Luanda. Shekaru bayan haka, Ndongo ya sake zama sananne lokacin da Jinga Mbandi (Sarauniya Jinga) ta hau mulki a shekara ta 1631. Wata 'yar siyasa ce mai wayo, ta ci gaba da kula da Portuguese tare da yarjejeniyar da aka shirya a hankali. Bayan ta yi tafiye-tafiye daban-daban ta yi nasara a shekara ta 1635 wajen kafa babban hadin gwiwa tare da jihohin Matamba da Ndongo, Kongo, Kassanje, Dembos da Kissamas . A kan wannan babbar kawance, ta tilasta wa Portuguese su koma baya.
A halin yanzu, Portugal ta rasa Sarkinta kuma Mutanen Espanya sun mallaki mulkin mallaka na Portugal. A wannan lokacin, mayar da hankali kan yankunan kasashen waje na Portugal sun ɗauki muhimmancin biyu. Dutch sun yi amfani da wannan halin kuma sun mamaye Luanda a shekara ta 1641. Jinga ta shiga kawance da Dutch, ta haka ne ta karfafa hadin gwiwa da kuma kulle Portuguese zuwa Massangano, wanda suka karfafa da karfi, suna fitowa a wasu lokuta don kama bayi a yakin da ya biyo baya. Bayin daga Angola suna da mahimmanci ga ci gaban Mulkin mallaka na Portugal na Brazil, amma waɗannan abubuwan sun katse zirga-zirgar.
Bayan da Portugal ta sake samun 'yancin kanta, babban karfi daga Brazil karkashin umurnin Salvador Correia de Sá ya sake karbar Luanda a shekara ta 1648, wanda ya haifar da dawowar Portuguese da yawa. Haɗin gwiwar Jinga ya rushe; rashin abokansu na Dutch tare da bindigogin su da kuma matsayi mai karfi na Correia de Sá ya haifar da mummunan rauni ga halin da ake ciki na sojojin ƙasar. Bayan da Jinga ya mutu a shekara ta 1663, Sarkin Kongo ya ba da dukkan sojojinsa a cikin ƙoƙari na kama tsibirin Luanda, wanda Correia de Sá ya mamaye, amma an ci su kuma sun rasa 'yancin kansu. Masarautar Ndongo ta miƙa wuya ga kambin Portugal a shekara ta 1671.
Portuguese Angola
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An kafa Mulkin mallaka na Portugal na Angola a cikin 1575 tare da isowar Paulo Dias de Novais tare da iyalai ɗari na Portugal da sojoji 400. Cibiyarta a Luanda an ba ta matsayin birni a cikin 1605.
Ciniki yafi yawa tare da mulkin mallaka na Portugal na Brazil; jiragen ruwa na Brazil sun fi yawa a tashar jiragen ruwa na Luanda da Benguela. A wannan lokacin, Angola, mulkin mallaka na Portugal, a zahiri kamar mulkin mallaka ne na Brazil, abin mamaki shine wani mulkin mallaka. Har ila yau, Jesuits sun yi amfani da tasirin Brazil mai ƙarfi a cikin addini da ilimi. Yaƙi a hankali ya ba da damar falsafar kasuwanci. [ana buƙatar hujja]Hanyoyin cinikin bayi da nasarorin da suka sa su yiwu sun kasance masu motsawa ga ayyukan tsakanin yankuna daban-daban; Kasuwancin bayi masu zaman kansu yanzu sun mayar da hankali kan bukatun bautar Amurka. [ana buƙatar hujja]A cikin tsaunuka masu tsawo (Planalto), jihohin da suka fi muhimmanci sune Bié da Bailundo, wanda aka lura da shi don samar da abinci da roba. Cikin ciki ya kasance ba tare da ikon Portuguese ba har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Weigert, Stephen L. (2011). Angola: A Modern Military History, 1961–2002. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
- ↑ Gato, Paulo Lukamba (2003). "Angola in Peace" (Interview). Interviewed by Charles Zorgbibe. African Geopolitics. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2007.