Tarihin Wili a Afirka
 Tarihin Wili a Afirka |
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An yi amfani da dabaran wiki a Afirka, zuwa wurare daban-daban, a tsawon tarihin Afirka, tun daga zamanin Bronze a arewacin Afirka kuma bayan gabatarwar da 'yan kasuwa na Turai suka yi a sassan Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara . [1] Yayin da ya zama ruwan dare ga 'yan Afirka su ɗauki kayansu da hannu ko amfani da fakitin dabbobi don jigilar kayayyaki na tattalin arziki a Afirka, akwai wayar da kan jama'a, ilimi, da kuma amfani da ababen hawa (misali, karusai, karusai, [1] karusai, [1] karusai [2] [3] ) a Afirka. [1] Duk da haka, yanayi a wasu sassa na wurare masu zafi na Afirka, da kuma madadin nau'o'in tafiye-tafiye da sufuri, irin su ta hanyar kwale-kwale da namomin kaza / dabbobi (misali, jakuna, dawakai, raƙuma ), na iya haifar da raguwar amfani da dabbar da aka zana ta hanyar sufuri a Afirka. An kuma ba da dabaran wasu aikace-aikacen fasaha a Afirka, kamar keken ruwa [4] da kuma injin tukwane . [5]
Muhalli
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yayin da keken keken da dabbar da aka zana ana iya amfani da su a cikin bushewar yanayi na tsohuwar sahara, kuma ana iya amfani da su a cikin dazuzzuka masu ciyayi, matakin bushewa, da bushewar yanayi na tsohuwar Sahel, muhallin tsohuwar Sudan na iya sanya shi ba zai yi tasiri ba saboda akwai karancin hanyoyi da ruwan sama na yanayi . [6] Ana kuma rarraba bel ɗin gardamar tse-tse a ko'ina cikin yanayin Afirka masu zafi, wanda yanki ne da ke da haɗari ga dabbobi da yaduwar cututtuka a tsakanin dabbobi. [7] Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kwatanta da yanayin bushewa na tsohuwar Sahara, yin amfani da kwale-kwale don tafiye-tafiye da jigilar kayayyaki a kan hanyoyin ruwa na gida da na yanki, kamar tafkin Chadi, kogin Niger, da kogin Senegal, na iya kasancewa hanya mafi inganci ta tafiye-tafiye da sufuri a tsohuwar Sudan. [6] A Sudan, farkon amfani da jakuna da dawakai, da kuma yin amfani da raƙuma daga baya, a matsayin namun dawaki da na doki, ƙila su ma sun fi dacewa idan aka kwatanta da yadda ake amfani da su a matsayin dabbobi ; sabili da haka, amfani da su a Sudan na iya yaɗuwa cikin sauri, kuma amfani da su zai iya haifar da gudun hijirar amfani da tafukan da dabbobi ke yi a cikin Sahara. [6]
Amfani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An ba da dabarar fasaha iri-iri a Afirka, kamar keken ruwa, [4] injin tukwane, [5] da kuma jigilar dabbobi iri-iri - karusai, karusai, [1] karusai, [1] da karusai . [2] [3]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Arewacin Afirka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ƙarni na 5 KZ, Herodotus ya ba da rahoton amfani da karusai da Garamantes suka yi a yankin Sahara na Arewacin Afirka . [1]
A karni na 1 AD, Strabo ya ba da rahoton amfani da karusai da Nigretes da Pharusii suka yi a yankin Sahara na Arewacin Afirka . [1]
Aljeriya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya samun zane-zanen zane- zanen dutse na kekunan shanu da karusan doki a Aljeriya, Libya, kudancin Maroko, Mauritania, da Nijar .
Tsakanin 3200 BP da 1000 BP, wurare daban-daban na dutsen dutse na Saharan ta Tsakiya daga lokacin Doki an ƙirƙira su da ke nuna mahayan karusai, galibi akan karusan dawakai kuma da wuya akan karusan da ke tuka shanu ; [8] an rarraba waɗannan zane- zane da zane-zane a cikin zane-zane 81 da zane-zane 120 a Aljeriya, zane-zane 18 da zane-zane 44 a Libya, zane-zane 6 a Mali, zane-zane 125 a Mauritania, zane-zane 96, zane- zane 29 a Morocco zane-zanen da aka zana a yammacin sahara, kuma mai yiyuwa ne Garamantes ne suka kirkiro su, wadanda kakanninsu tsoffin Berber ne da makiyayan sahara . [9]
Masar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tun daga daula ta 5, sanin dabarar na iya kasancewa a tsohuwar Masar . [10]
A lokacin daular ta 13, farkon abin hawa ya fito a tsohuwar Masar. [10]
A karni na 4 KZ, an ƙirƙiri ƙafafun ruwa, musamman noria da sakia a tsohuwar Masar. [4]
Libya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya samun zane-zanen zane- zanen dutse na kekunan shanu da karusan doki a Aljeriya, Libya, kudancin Maroko, Mauritania, da Nijar .
Tsakanin 3200 BP da 1000 BP, wurare daban-daban na dutsen dutse na Saharan ta Tsakiya daga lokacin Doki an ƙirƙira su da ke nuna mahayan karusai, galibi akan karusan dawakai kuma da wuya akan karusan da ke tuka shanu ; [8] an rarraba waɗannan zane- zane da zane-zane a cikin zane-zane 81 da zane-zane 120 a Aljeriya, zane-zane 18 da zane-zane 44 a Libya, zane-zane 6 a Mali, zane-zane 125 a Mauritania, zane-zane 96, zane- zane 29 a Morocco zane-zanen da aka zana a yammacin sahara, kuma mai yiyuwa ne Garamantes ne suka kirkiro su, wadanda kakanninsu tsoffin Berber ne da makiyayan sahara . [9]
Maroko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya samun zane-zanen dutse na kekunan shanu da karusan doki a Aljeriya, Libya, kudancin Maroko, Mauritania, da Nijar .
Tsakanin 3200 BP da 1000 BP, wurare daban-daban na dutsen dutse na Saharan ta Tsakiya daga lokacin Doki an ƙirƙira su da ke nuna mahayan karusai, galibi akan karusan dawakai kuma da wuya akan karusan da ke tuka shanu ; [8] an rarraba waɗannan zane- zane da zane-zane a cikin zane-zane 81 da zane-zane 120 a Aljeriya, zane-zane 18 da zane-zane 44 a Libya, zane-zane 6 a Mali, zane-zane 125 a Mauritania, zane-zane 96, zane- zane 29 a Morocco zane-zanen da aka zana a yammacin sahara, kuma mai yiyuwa ne Garamantes ne suka kirkiro su, wadanda kakanninsu tsoffin Berber ne da makiyayan sahara . [9]
Sudan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsohuwar Masar ta gabatar da dabarar tukwane a cikin tsohuwar Nubia . [5] An sami kan ƙafafun tukwane, wanda aka yi da yumbu kuma an yi shi a shekara ta 1850 KZ, a Askut . [5]
Tun daga lokacin Meroe, ana amfani da ƙafafun ruwa masu ƙarfin sa, musamman saqiya, da shaduf a cikin Nubia .
Yammacin Sahara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsakanin 3200 BP da 1000 BP, wurare daban-daban na dutsen dutse na Saharan ta Tsakiya daga lokacin Doki an ƙirƙira su da ke nuna mahayan karusai, galibi akan karusan dawakai kuma da wuya akan karusan da ke tuka shanu ; [8] an rarraba waɗannan zane- zane da zane-zane a cikin zane-zane 81 da zane-zane 120 a Aljeriya, zane-zane 18 da zane-zane 44 a Libya, zane-zane 6 a Mali, zane-zane 125 a Mauritania, zane-zane 96, zane- zane 29 a Morocco zane-zanen da aka zana a yammacin sahara, kuma mai yiyuwa ne Garamantes ne suka kirkiro su, wadanda kakanninsu tsoffin Berber ne da makiyayan sahara . [9]
Gabashin Afirka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Habasha
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masanin tarihin Rumawa na ƙarni na 6 John Malalas ya rubuta cewa jakadan da Sarkin sarakuna Justinian ya aika zuwa Aksum ya ga Sarki Kaleb yana hawan dawaki da giwaye huɗu suka zana.
A cikin zamanin da, shaidun archaeological da wani Ba’amurke mai binciken kayan tarihi Samuel Walker ya gano a Tegulet, wani wuri a arewacin Habasha, ya bayyana wata hanya tare da rutsawa sakamakon wucewar motoci masu tayar da hankali watakila fiye da ƙarni da yawa. [11]
Afirka ta Yamma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Benin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1670 AZ, Sarkin Allada ya sami kyautar abin hawa mai gwal, tare da doki da kayan doki, ta Kamfanin Faransa West India Company . [1]
A cikin 1772 AZ, wani asusun Turai ya ba da rahoton yadda aka lura da amfani da kociyoyin biyu a cikin jerin gwano, wanda maza goma sha biyu ne kowannensu ya ɗauka a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin a masarautar Dahomey, a Abomey .
Tsakanin 1789 CE da 1797 CE, sarki Agonglo na Dahomey ya mallaki abin hawa, wanda har yanzu yana nan a cikin shekarun 1870 CE. [1]
A cikin karni na 19 AZ, da yawa daga cikin asusun Turai sun ba da rahoton yadda aka lura da yin amfani da motoci masu ƙafafu da yawa, gami da karusai, waɗanda wani ɓangare ne na jerin gwano a masarautar Dahomey . [1]
A cikin 1845 AZ, masarautar Dahomey ta yi amfani da keken keke don yakar Badagry, wanda ya sa aka kama shi daga baya. [1]
A cikin 1850 AZ, wani asusun Turai a cikin mulkin Dahomey dalla-dalla: "'kocin gilashi, aikin hannun Hoo-ton-gee, ɗan zane-zane-wani fili mai manyan tagogi hudu, akan ƙafafun', da kuma '... kyawon kasar." [1]
A cikin 1864 AZ, asusun Turai ya ba da cikakken bayani game da motocin Dahomey "'gida, ko masana'anta na asali', gami da ' shandridan mai shuɗi-kore, tare da gajerun tutoci guda biyu a haɗe zuwa gaba'."
A cikin 1871 AZ, wani asusun Turai a cikin mulkin Dahomey dalla-dalla: "'koci mai duhu kore, tabbas na masana'anta na asali'." [1]
Ghana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1841 CE, Asantehene Kwaku Dua I ya sami kyautar abin hawa daga Ƙungiyar Mishan na Methodist. [1]
Mali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsakanin 3200 BP da 1000 BP, wurare daban-daban na dutsen dutse na Saharan ta Tsakiya daga lokacin Doki an ƙirƙira su da ke nuna mahayan karusai, galibi akan karusan dawakai kuma da wuya akan karusan da ke tuka shanu ; [8] an rarraba waɗannan zane- zane da zane-zane a cikin zane-zane 81 da zane-zane 120 a Aljeriya, zane-zane 18 da zane-zane 44 a Libya, zane-zane 6 a Mali, zane-zane 125 a Mauritania, zane-zane 96, zane- zane 29 a Morocco zane-zanen da aka zana a yammacin sahara, kuma mai yiyuwa ne Garamantes ne suka kirkiro su, wadanda kakanninsu tsoffin Berber ne da makiyayan sahara . [9]
Mauritania
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya samun zane-zanen zane- zanen dutse na kekunan shanu da karusan doki a Aljeriya, Libya, kudancin Maroko, Mauritania, da Nijar .
Tsakanin 3200 BP da 1000 BP, wurare daban-daban na dutsen dutse na Saharan ta Tsakiya daga lokacin Doki an ƙirƙira su da ke nuna mahayan karusai, galibi akan karusan dawakai kuma da wuya akan karusan da ke tuka shanu ; [8] an rarraba waɗannan zane- zane da zane-zane a cikin zane-zane 81 da zane-zane 120 a Aljeriya, zane-zane 18 da zane-zane 44 a Libya, zane-zane 6 a Mali, zane-zane 125 a Mauritania, zane-zane 96, zane- zane 29 a Morocco zane-zanen da aka zana a yammacin sahara, kuma mai yiyuwa ne Garamantes ne suka kirkiro su, wadanda kakanninsu tsoffin Berber ne da makiyayan sahara . [9]
A Dhar Tichitt, akwai zane-zane na dutsen Neolithic wanda ke nuna alamar mutum tare da hanyar haɗi a hannunsu, yana haɗa shi da shanu masu karkiya waɗanda ke jan kaya. [12] A Dhar Walata, akwai fasahar dutsen Neolithic da ke kwatanta siffar ɗan adam dangane da keken sa . [12]
A Bled Initi, wanda ƙauye ne kusa da Akreijit, akwai hotuna guda biyu na katunan shanu waɗanda aka kiyasta zuwa yau tsakanin 650 KZ da 380 KZ, kuma sun yi daidai da salon fasaha na sauran al'amuran Al'adar Farko na Dhar Tichitt . [13]
Nijar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya samun zane-zanen zane- zanen dutse na kekunan shanu da karusan doki a Aljeriya, Libya, kudancin Maroko, Mauritania, da Nijar .
Tsakanin 3200 BP da 1000 BP, wurare daban-daban na dutsen dutse na Saharan ta Tsakiya daga lokacin Doki an ƙirƙira su da ke nuna mahayan karusai, galibi akan karusan dawakai kuma da wuya akan karusan da ke tuka shanu ; [8] an rarraba waɗannan zane- zane da zane-zane a cikin zane-zane 81 da zane-zane 120 a Aljeriya, zane-zane 18 da zane-zane 44 a Libya, zane-zane 6 a Mali, zane-zane 125 a Mauritania, zane-zane 96, zane- zane 29 a Morocco zane-zanen da aka zana a yammacin sahara, kuma mai yiyuwa ne Garamantes ne suka kirkiro su, wadanda kakanninsu tsoffin Berber ne da makiyayan sahara . [9]
A Tondia, a Nijar, zane-zanen dutse ya nuna motar sa; Amfani da keken shanu a cikin Saharar Yammacin Afirka wataƙila ya fara raguwar amfani yayin da safarar raƙuma ya ƙaru a tsakanin ƙarni na 4 AZ da lokacin na da . [1]
Najeriya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1824 CE, Sarkin Legas ya ba Sarkin Brazil kyautar mota mai girman gaske. [1]
A cikin 1840s CE, sarki Eyamba V na Old Calabar ya sami karusan doki guda biyu. [1]
A cikin 1866 CE, wani asusun Turai ya ba da rahoton yadda aka lura ana amfani da karusa a cikin jerin gwano, wanda wani bangare ne na bikin da aka yi a masarautar Borno, a Kukawa . [1]
A cikin 1870 CE, wani asusun Turai ya ba da rahoton yadda aka yi amfani da karusar alfadari a cikin jerin gwanon bikin, wanda masu bincike na Burtaniya suka ba Shehun Borno kyauta a 1851 AD, a Kukawa . [1]
Kudancin Afirka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Botswana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Tsodilo Hills, a cikin Botswana, farar fentin dutse mai yiwuwa ya fito daga c. 1852 AD na iya kwatanta motar karu da keken keke. [3] [14]
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 Law, Robin (1980). "Wheeled transport in pre-colonial West Africa". Africa. 50 (3): 249–254. doi:10.2307/1159117. ISSN 0001-9720. JSTOR 1159117. OCLC 5546468587. S2CID 148903113.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedAusten - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Campbell, Alec; Robbins, Lawrence (2009). "Tsodilo Hill, Botswana" (PDF). Adoranten: 40, 43.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Ahmed, Abdelkader T.; et al. (2020). "Egyptian and Greek Water Cultures and Hydro-Technologies in Ancient Times". Sustainability. 12 (22): 9760. doi:10.3390/su12229760. OCLC 8700593940. S2CID 229498684.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Doherty, Sarah K. (2021). "The Introduction of the Potter's Wheel to Ancient Sudan" (PDF). Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica. XII (2): 7–8. doi:10.24916/iansa.2021.2.14. S2CID 244917978 Check
|s2cid=value (help). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-12-20. Retrieved 2025-06-05. - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedFage - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedBulliet - ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Coulson, David; Campbell, Alec (2010). "Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria" (PDF). Adoranten: 30, 35–36.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Anderson, Helen (2016). "Chariots in Saharan rock art: An aesthetic and cognitive review". Journal of Social Archaeology. 16 (3): 289, 294. doi:10.1177/1469605316661388. ISSN 1469-6053. OCLC 6885994320. S2CID 163404440.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Köpp-Junk, Heidi (June 2016). "Wagons and Carts and Their Significance in Ancient Egypt". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 9: 14. ISSN 1944-2815. OCLC 7033019567. S2CID 132599518.Köpp-Junk, Heidi (June 2016). "Wagons and Carts and Their Significance in Ancient Egypt". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 9: 14. ISSN 1944-2815. OCLC 7033019567. S2CID 132599518.
- ↑ Walker, Samuel. "Popular Archeology - The Lost Cities of Ethiopia". Popular Archeology (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-11-10.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Amblard-Pison, Sylvie; Vallette, Thibault; Jousse, Hélène; Albaret, Chloé; Person, Alain (2010). "The rock carvings of anthropomorphs of Dhar Nema southeastern Mauritania". Afrique Archéologie Arts. 6: 67–84. doi:10.4000/AAA.710. ISSN 1634-3123. OCLC 6019562220. S2CID 192939738.
- ↑ Holl, Augustin F. C. (June 2002). "Time, Space, and Image Making: Rock Art from the Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania)" (PDF). African Archaeological Review. 19 (2): 79, 89–91. doi:10.1023/A:1015479826570. ISSN 0263-0338. JSTOR 25130740. OCLC 359124322. S2CID 54741966.
- ↑ "Tsodilo Hills, Botswana". British Museum.org.