Tarihin Zaɓin Mata

Tarihin Zaɓin Mata
Asali
Mawallafi	Elizabeth Cady Stanton (mul) , Matilda Joslyn Gage (en) da Ida Husted Harper (en)
Characteristics
Muhimmin darasi	Women's suffrage

Tarihin Mata Suffrage aiki ne da Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage, da Ida Husted Harper suka fara. An buga shi a cikin juzu'i shida daga 1881 zuwa 1922, tarihin gwagwarmayar mata ne, musamman a Amurka. Fiye da shafuffuka 5700 sune tushen tushen bayanan farko na gwagwarmayar zaɓen mata tun farkonsa ta hanyar amincewa da Kwaskwarima na Goma Sha Tara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka, wanda ya ba wa mata ikon mallaka a Amurka a cikin 1920. An rubuta daga ra'ayi na reshe na ƙungiyar da Stanton da Anthony ke jagoranta, yana da iyakancewa ga wasu ƙungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane.

Da yake fahimtar cewa aikin ba zai iya samun riba ba, Anthony ya yi amfani da kuɗi daga wasiƙa a 1885 don siyan haƙƙoƙin daga sauran marubutan da kuma faranti daga mawallafin littattafan biyu da aka riga aka fitar. A matsayinta na mai ita kaɗai, ta buga littattafan da kanta kuma ta ba da gudummawar kwafi da yawa ga ɗakunan karatu da masu tasiri. A cikin wasiyyarta, Anthony ya ba da gadar faranti don duk kundin tare da abubuwan da ke akwai ga Ƙungiyar Suffrage ta Mata ta Amurka .

Rubutu da bugawa

Susan B. Anthony da Elizabeth Cady Stanton, shugabannin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mata ta Ƙasa (NWSA), sun ƙaddamar da aikin rubuta tarihin gwagwarmayar mata a cikin 1876. Aikin ya mamaye rayuwarsu don yawancin shekaru goma masu zuwa, kodayake Anthony musamman ma ya ci gaba da yin aiki na lacca da sauran ayyukan zaɓe na mata. Asalin da aka yi hasashe a matsayin ɗan littafin rubutu wanda zai ɗauki watanni huɗu kawai don rubutawa, ya samo asali zuwa aikin fiye da shafuka 5700 da aka rubuta a cikin shekaru 41. An kammala shi a cikin 1922, tsawon lokaci bayan mutuwar Stanton da Anthony a 1902 da 1906 bi da bi.

A cikin gabatarwar juzu'i na farko marubutan sun rubuta cewa: "Muna fatan gudummawar da muka bayar na iya ba da damar wasu hannun a nan gaba su rubuta cikakken tarihin 'mafi mahimmancin sake fasalin da aka ƙaddamar a duniya - zanga-zangar farko da aka shirya kan wanda ya mamaye hali da makomar rabin 'yan Adam. KYAUTA KYAUTA GA ƙwaƙwalwar Maryamu Wollstonecraft, Frances Wright, Lucretia Mott, Harriet Martineau, Lydia Maria Child, Margaret Fuller, Sarah da Angelina Grimké , Josephine S. Griffing, Martha C. Wright, Harriot K. Hunt , MD, Mariana W. Mott, Eliza W. Farnham, Lydia F. Fowler, MD, Paulina Wright Davis, Wanda Ƙarfafa Rayuwa da Kalmomi marasa tsoro, a cikin Neman 'Yancin Siyasa ga Mata, sun kasance, a cikin Shirye-shiryen waɗannan Shafukan, Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwa ga Editocin ". ^[1]

Littattafai uku na farko, waɗanda suka shafi tarihin motsi daga farkonsa zuwa 1885, Stanton, Anthony da Matilda Joslyn Gage ne suka rubuta kuma suka gyara su. Juzu'i na 1 (1848-1861) ya fito a 1881, juzu'i na 2 (1861-1876) a 1882 da juzu'i na 3 (1876-1885) a 1886. Wasu babi na farko sun fara fitowa a jaridar Gage, The National Citizen and Balot Box .

Anthony ya kwashe shekaru yana adana wasiƙu, ƙulle-ƙulle na jaridu, da makamantan kayan tarihi ga ƙungiyar zaɓen mata. A cikin 1876 ta aika da akwati da kwalaye da yawa na waɗannan kayan zuwa gidan Stanton a New Jersey kuma ta koma cikin wannan gidan da kanta don fara aikin tare da Stanton. Anthony ya ƙi irin wannan aikin. A cikin wasiƙun ta, ta ce aikin "yana sa ni ƙara girma a kowane lokaci... Babu wani dokin yaƙi da ya taɓa yunƙurin gaggawar yaƙi fiye da ni don aikin waje. Ina son yin tarihi amma na ƙi rubuta shi." Babu makawa aikin ya haifar da rashin jituwa. 'Yar Stanton Margaret ta ruwaito cewa, "Wani lokaci wadannan rigingimu sun yi yawa har ta kai ga alkaluma, daya ya fita daga daya kofa daya kuma daga daya, yana tafiya ta bangarori daban-daban a kewayen gidan, kuma kamar yadda na yanke shawara cewa wannan kyakkyawar abota ta shekaru arba'in ta ƙare, sai na ga suna tafiya a kan tudu, hannu da hannu."

Lokacin da Stanton ya yi rashin lafiya na watanni da yawa a cikin 1881, 'yarta Harriot ta kammala aikinta na edita na juzu'i na 2. Bacin rai don sanin cewa Anthony da Stanton ba su da wani shiri don rufe tarihin Ƙungiyar Suffrage ta Amurka (AWSA), kishiya ga NWSA, Harriet Stanton kuma ta rubuta cewa 107-page babi kanta tare da bayanin da aka tattara da farko daga Jaridar AWSA.

A cewar Ellen Carol DuBois, wani masanin tarihi na motsi na mata, "Littattafan farko an yi la'akari da su sosai, haɗuwa da fa'idar falsafar Stanton, ƙarfin ƙungiyoyin Anthony da kuma tarihin tarihi na Gage." ^[2] Anthony shine manajan kasuwanci. Stanton ya rubuta yawancin rubutun, yana ba da fassarar ta musamman ta tarihi. Gage ya rubuta kasidu na tarihi da dama, gami da doguwar ta da ke tantance halin Kiristanci ga mata a tsawon tarihi. Gage kuma ya ba da adadi mai yawa na takaddun tarihi ga aikin kuma ya kware wajen bin diddigin ƙarin takardu a cikin ɗakunan karatu.

Baya ga tarihin tafiyar da ayyukan, kundila na farko sun hada da tunowar jagororin harkar da nazari kan musabbabin tarihi na yanayin mata. Har ila yau, sun ƙunshi abubuwa daban-daban na firamare, waɗanda suka haɗa da wasiƙa, ɓangarorin jaridu, jawabai, kwafin kotu da yanke hukunci, da rahotannin taro. Mujalladi na uku ya hada da kasidu daga masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata na yankin wadanda suka bayar da cikakken bayani kan tarihin tafiyar a matakin jiha. A nacewar Anthony, ƙwararriyar mai ƙididdigewa ce ta jera kundin kuma sun haɗa da sassaƙaƙen ƙarfe masu tsada da yawa na shugabannin yancin mata.

Wasiyyar $24,000 daga Eliza Jackson Eddy zuwa Anthony a 1885 ta ba da taimakon kuɗi don kammala waɗannan kundin. Sanin cewa akwai ɗan ƙaramin damar aikin yana nuna riba, Anthony ya biya Stanton da Gage don hannun jarin haƙƙin littattafan. Ta ba da juzu'i na 3 a cikin 1886, ta lissafa kanta a matsayin mai wallafa. Ta kuma sayi faranti na Littafi na 1 da na 2, waɗanda aka riga aka buga, daga Fowler da Wells, mawallafin, ta sake buga su a 1887, ta sake lissafa kanta a matsayin mawallafi. Anthony ta ba da kwafi sama da 1000 akan kuɗinta, inda ta aika wa shugabannin siyasa da dakunan karatu a Amurka da Turai. Buga littattafan farko guda uku ya kashe Anthony kusan $20,000.

Juzu'i na 4, wanda ya ƙunshi lokacin daga 1883 zuwa 1900, Anthony ne ya buga shi a cikin 1902, lokacin tana da shekaru 82. An lasafta editocinsa a da ƙaramin ɗanta Ida Husted Harper , amma Harper ya yi mafi aikin.

Buga kundin da kanta ya gabatar da matsaloli iri-iri ga Anthony, gami da nemo sarari ga kayan. An tilasta mata ta takaita yawan litattafan da take ajiyewa a soron gidan da ta raba da ‘yar uwa saboda nauyi yana barazanar ruguza ginin.

An buga juzu'i na 5 da na 6 a cikin 1922 ta Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta Amirka (NAWSA), da daɗewa bayan mutuwar Anthony a 1906. Harper ya gyara su, littattafai guda biyu ne da suka shafi bangarori daban-daban na lokacin daga 1900 zuwa 1920, shekarar da aka amince da gyaran fuska na sha tara ga kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka . Wannan gyara, wanda aka fi sani da Susan B. Anthony Amendment, ya hana hana haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a bisa ga jima'i.

Mujalladi uku na ƙarshe sun haɗa da cikakkun bayanai game da NAWSA, suna tattara bayanan tarurrukan ta, jami'anta, rahotannin kwamitin da ayyukanta na ƙasa da jiha-da-jiha. An kafa NAWSA a cikin 1890 ta hanyar haɗewar Ƙungiyar Suffrage ta Mata ta Ƙasa da Ƙungiyar Suffrage ta Mata ta Amirka . Anthony da Stanton ne suka jagoranci tsohon, yayin da na karshen ya kasance tsawon shekaru ashirin da abokin hamayyarsa a karkashin jagorancin Lucy Stone. Anthony shine babban jigo a hadakar kungiyar. Mujalladi uku na ƙarshe suna guje wa tattaunawa game da rikice-rikice a cikin ƙungiyoyin mata a cikin lokacin da suka gabata. Sabanin haka, labarin yana da yanayin rashin makawa ga nasarar da harkar ta samu a karkashin jagorancin wasu hazikan shugabanni.

A cikin wasiyyarta, Anthony ya ba da gadon faranti don Tarihin Mace ta Suffrage tare da abubuwan da ke akwai ga Ƙungiyar Suffrage ta Mata ta Amurka.

A cikin 1978 Mari Jo Buhle da Paul Buhle sun tattara muhimman sassa na ɗimbin Tarihi na Zaɓen Mace a cikin Takaitaccen Tarihin Zaɓen Mace kuma suka buga shi a matsayin juzu'i ɗaya na ƙasa da shafuka 500.

Iyakance

Tarihin Suffrage na Mata yana ba da taƙaitaccen ɗaukar hoto kawai ga ƙungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane waɗanda suka yi gogayya da Susan B. Anthony da Elizabeth Cady Stanton don jagorancin ƙungiyar zaɓen mata. Wani bangare ne kawai ke nuna rawar Lucy Stone, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata na farko kuma shugabar AWSA, kishiya ga NWSA karkashin jagorancin Stanton da Anthony. Stanton ya bukaci Stone da ta taimaka da aikin tarihi ta hanyar rubuta bayanan rawar da ta taka a harkar, amma Stone ya ki yarda, yana mai cewa a bar aikin ga tsararraki masu zuwa domin babu wani daga cikin shugabannin kungiyoyin biyu da ke hamayya da juna da zai iya rubuta tarihin nuna son kai. Saboda haka Stone ya ba Stanton ƙarancin bayanai game da ayyukanta kuma ya nemi Stanton da kada ya rubuta zanen tarihinta don shiga cikin tarihi. An haɗa wani babi mai shafi na 107 akan tarihin AWSA, duk da haka, 'yar Stanton Harriot Stanton Blatch ta tattara a 1882. Tarihin Mata Suffrage yana ba da taƙaitaccen ɗaukar hoto game da ayyukan ƙungiyar 'yan gwagwarmayar mata ta kasa, wanda aka kafa a 1913 ta Alice Paul da sauran membobin kungiyar Alice na NAW.

A cewar masanin tarihi Ellen Carol DuBois, Tarihin Mata ya kafa tsawon shekaru da yawa ra'ayi na yarjejeniya game da tarihin ƙungiyar mata, "labari mai daskarewa na baya, tarihin da aka kwatanta da bikin, rashin gujewa da canonization". Masanin tarihi kuma mai ba da labari Lori D. Ginzberg ya ce, "A cikin wannan labarin, Stanton shi kaɗai ya bayyana bukatar mata, kuma Anthony ya jagoranci cajin; akwai babbar ƙungiya ɗaya kawai (su); kuma bambance-bambance na ka'idojin da suka haifar da rarrabuwa ba su da muhawara. " Masanin tarihi Lisa Tetrault ya ce Stanton da Anthony sun tsara labarin ɗaya, mai sauƙi akan abin da a zahiri ya kasance "yaƙin neman zaɓe, mai yawa". Tetrault ya ce sun sanya kansu da abokansu a tsakiyar labarin kuma sun rage ko sun yi watsi da matsayin Stone da sauransu waɗanda ba su dace da labarinsu ba. Binciken masana game da tarihin mata ya fara fitowa daga wannan tsarin tare da bugawa na Eleanor Flexner's Century of Struggle a shekarar 1959.

Muhimmanci

A cikin 'Yancin Mata da 'Yancin Mata, masanin tarihi Ellen Carol DuBois ya ce "Babu wani abu a cikin tarihin sake fasalin Amurka kamar Tarihin Mace na Suffrage, wani tsayin daka, ƙoƙari na gangan a bangaren masu fafutuka don tabbatar da matsayinsu a cikin tarihin tarihi." The Encyclopedia of Women's History in America ya bayyana Tarihin Mace na Suffrage a matsayin "tushen farko na yakin neman zaben mata". A cikin Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Rayuwar Amurkawa, Lori D. Ginzberg kamar haka ya bayyana shi a matsayin "babban, idan ba tabbatacce ba, tarin kayan asali na farko akan motsi na karni na sha tara." Dangane da kundin tarihin da yawa, Tetrault ya ce, "Fiye da shekaru 125 bayan buguwar su, sun kasance tushen da ba dole ba ne, tun da ya kasance mafi yawan lokaci a matsayin mafi kyawun ma'auni na wallafe-wallafen da aka buga, shaidar takardun shaida na karni na goma sha tara."