Tarihin bautar bayi a California

Tarihin bautar bayi a California
aspect of history (en)

Tarihin bautar bayi a California ya fara ne tare da bautar 'yan asalin California a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Zuwan Masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da bautar dukiya da Bautar da ba ta son rai ba ga yankin. Fiye da 'yan asalin 90,000 an tilasta su zauna a ofisoshin Mutanen Espanya a California tsakanin 1770 da 1834, ana kiyaye su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye su. An bayyana wannan a matsayin bautar da ta dace, yayin da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a kan manufa a cikin cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki, da kuma yawan mutuwar. An ɗauke 'yan mata 'Yan asalin ƙasar daga iyayensu don a ajiye su a cikin dakunan kwana da aka sani da monjeríos don juyawa zuwa Katolika da sarrafa jima'i.

Fararen masu mulkin mallaka daga Kudancin da Gabashin Amurka sun kawo tsarin bautar da aka tsara zuwa California. Dubban mutane masu 'yanci da bayi na kakannin Afirka sun kasance wani ɓangare na California Gold Rush (1848-1855). Wasu sun sami damar sayen 'yanci da' yanci ga iyalansu, da farko a Kudu, tare da zinariya da suka samu. Wannan ya hada da bautar Ba'amurke Edmond Edward Wysinger (1816-1891). Bayan sun isa yankin ma'adinai na Arewa na California Mother Lode tare da bawansa a 1849, Wysinger da ƙungiyar 100 ko fiye na ma'adanai na Afirka sun yi ma'adinin a ciki da kewayen Mormon, Mokelumne Hill a Placerville, da Grass Valley.

Masu wa'azin kiristanci na kasar Espanya (1769-1820)

Mutanen Espanya sun fara zama a cikin California a cikin 1769, sun kafa aikin Mutanen Espanya na farko, Missión San Diego de Alcalá . Sun kuma kafa kayan aikin soja guda hudu a ko'ina cikin California, gami da Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real na San Diego, el Presidi Real de San Francisco, da kuma el Presidio real de Santa Bárbara.

Iyaye sukan yi wa ƙauyukan 'Yan asalin California baftisma kuma su sake komawa zuwa manufofi, inda za su yi aiki da son rai ko ta hanyar tilas daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ga firistoci, 'yan asalin California sun kasance sabbin mambobi ne na Cocin Katolika kuma an bi da su da girmamawa daban-daban, dangane da firist da ake tambaya. Yawancin sojoji, duk da haka, sun gan su ne kawai a matsayin ma'aikata da za a yi amfani da su. Sojojin za su tilasta wa 'yan asalin California su yi mafi yawan aikin hannu da ake buƙata a cikin sansanonin su, kuma sau da yawa suna yi wa mata fyade a ƙauyukansu.[1] Akwai rikodin tashin hankali da yawa daga 'yan asalin California, duka tashin hankali da rashin tashin hankali.[2]

Tarihin Mexico da Alta California (1821-1846)

Mexico ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Spain, kuma daga 1821 zuwa 1846 California (wanda ake kira Alta California ta 1824) tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Mexico. Majalisar Dokokin Mexico ta zartar da Dokar Kolonization ta 1824 inda aka ba da manyan sassan ƙasar da ba a mamaye su ba ga mutane, kuma a cikin 1833 gwamnati ta kaddamar da ayyukan addini kuma saboda haka hukumomin farar hula da yawa a lokacin sun kwace ƙasar daga ayyukan kansu. Wadannan ayyukan biyu sun taimaka wajen kirkirar tsarin ranchos wanda ke buƙatar babban ma'aikata don kiyayewa. Ainihin duk tattalin arzikin ya sauya daga aiki a kan manufofi zuwa aiki a kan manyan filayen ƙasa na masu arziki na Mexico. An tsara tsarin inda kusan ba shi da tsada don amfani da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin; an musayar ma'aikata tsakanin ranchos kuma sun zama bayin da aka yi wa kwangila.

Yawancin yammacin Amurka na gaba, kusan kudu da digiri 42 na Arewa kuma daga California zuwa gabas zuwa Texas, Oklahoma Panhandle da kudu maso yammacin Kansas, wani ɓangare ne na Viceroyalty na New Spain kuma, don haka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Mexico bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1821.

Shugaba Vicente Guerrero, wanda ya kasance dan asalin Mutanen Espanya, Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka, ya soke bautar a cikin Mexico a 1829. Masu goyon bayanta sun yi niyyar wannan dokar a matsayin matakai na adawa da sulhu da Amurkawa shuka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da aikin bayi a gonakin auduga na Texas. Wannan bai hana Amurkawa shiga lardin "Tejas" na Mexico ba. Maimakon haka, a shekara ta 1832, sulhu na Amurka a Texas ya kai isasshen taro mai mahimmanci don bayyanawa da samun 'yancin kai daga Mexico a matsayin Jamhuriyar Texas. Da Amurka ta mamaye Texas a cikin 1845 ya haifar da Yakin Mexican-Amurka, wanda ya haifar da California ta zama yankin Amurka.