Tarihin kasancewar yan Afirka a London

Tarihin kasancewar yan Afirka a London
aspect of history (en)

Tarihin kasancewar Afirka a London na iya komawa zuwa zamanin Roman.

Roman London

Yin amfani da ilimin kimiyyar halittu, nazarin DNA da nazarin kayan kabari a Roman London sun gano wata mace daga kudancin Bahar Rum wacce wataƙila tana da kakannin Afirka waɗanda suka yi tafiya zuwa London a lokacin Roman.

Karni na 16

Yawan jama'ar Afirka a karni na 16 na London ba a fahimta sosai ba. Saboda yaduwar takardu a zamanin Tudor da Stuart, mun san cewa 'yan Afirka sun kasance a mafi yawan kotuna masu daraja na wannan karni.

Wani mai busa ƙaho na Afirka, John Blanke ya yi wa Sarki Henry VII da Sarki Henry VIII hidima. An nuna Blanke a gasar cin kofin Westminster a shekara ta 1511, an ce ya isa Ingila tare da Catherine na Aragon a shekara ta 1501, kodayake takarda daga Yuni 1488, ya lissafa wani mutum mai suna John Blank, wanda ya riga ya yi aiki da Henry VII. Takardun daga kotun Sarauniya Elizabeth I game da yakin Baskerville na 1595-96, sun rubuta adadi mai yawa na fursunonin yaki na Mutanen Espanya da Afirka da aka kama a wani hari da Sir Francis Drake ya kai a kan wani yanki na kamun kifi na Mutanenaniya a Rio de la Hacha a cikin Mutanen Espanya West Indies a lokacin yakin Anglo-Spanish . Daga baya, ta sayar da waɗannan fursunoni don dawo da fursunonin Ingila da aka tsare a Spain da Portugal. Elizabeth kuma ta yi amfani da wata mai rawa a kotu ta Afirka mai suna Lucy Negro wacce daga baya ta zama sananniyar uwargidan da ke gudanar da gidan haya (gidan karuwai) a Clerkenwell, arewacin London kuma an dauke ta daya daga cikin 'yan takarar da suka kasance wahayi ga Dark Lady of Shakespeare's sonnets.

Baya ga kasancewar a cikin kotuna, takardun Ikklisiya sun kuma tabbatar da cewa an saka mutanen Afirka a cikin dukkan matakan al'ummar London, Reasonable Blackman mai sa siliki wanda mai yiwuwa ya yi hijira daga Netherlands, ya zauna a Southwark a kusa da 1579-1592. Mary Fillis, 'yar mai sa kwando daga Maroko, ta zo London a kusa da 1583-84 kuma ta ƙare a matsayin mai saƙa daga Gabashin Smithfield. Yarima Dederi Jaquoah, ɗan Sarki Caddi-biah wanda ya yi mulki a masarautar Liberia ta zamani an yi masa baftisma a London a ranar Sabuwar Shekara ta 1611 kuma ya rayu a matsayin ɗan kasuwa

Karni na 17 zuwa 18

A tsakiyar karni na goma sha takwas, mutanen Afirka sun hada da wani wuri tsakanin kashi daya zuwa uku na yawan mutanen London.[1] 'Yan kasuwa na Burtaniya sun riga sun shiga cikin cinikin bayi tsakanin Turai, Afirka da Amurka. Da yawa daga cikin wadanda ke da hannu a ayyukan mulkin mallaka, kamar Kyaftin din teku, jami'an mulkin mallaka. Wannan ya nuna karuwar baƙar fata a yankunan arewa, gabas da kudancin London. Har ila yau, akwai ƙananan bayi da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa daga Yammacin Afirka da Kudancin Asiya. Yawancin waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira an tilasta su yin bara saboda rashin aiki da kuma matsayinsu na zamantakewa.

A shekara ta 1610, wani dan kasuwa na Ingila ya kawo Yarima Dederi Jaquoah, mai shekaru 20, zuwa Birnin London daga Yammacin Afirka, kuma rubuce-rubuce sun bayyana cewa "mahaifinsa ya aiko shi daga Quyllye ... don a yi masa baftisma" kuma ya zauna a London na tsawon shekaru biyu. A shekara ta 1684, bawanta, mai gonar Robert Rich ya kawo Katharine Auker zuwa Ingila daga Barbados. Bayan an yi wa Auker baftisma a shekara ta 1688 a St Katharine ta Hasumiyar, Rich ya sanya ta matalauta. A shekara ta 1690 ta yi nasara a cikin takardar neman izinin kotu don a 'yantar da ita daga bautar. Ana gudanar da rikodin hukuma na wannan a cikin Tarihin Kasa.[3] A cikin 1737, an zargi baƙar fata Briton George Scipio da satar wanka na Anne Godfrey, tare da shari'ar ta dogara gaba ɗaya akan ko Scipio shine kawai baƙar fata a Hackney a lokacin.

A cikin shekarun 1750, London ta zama gida ga yawancin mutanen Afirka, Yahudawa, mutanen Irish, Jamusawa, da Huguenots.[1][2] A cikin 1764 The Gentleman's Magazine ya ba da rahoton cewa "an yi la'akari da kusan ma'aikatan Negroe 20,000". An sami shaidar yawan baƙar fata a London ta hanyar binnewar da aka yi rajista. Manyan 'yan Afirka na wannan lokacin sun hada da Olaudah Equiano, Ignatius Sancho da Quobna Ottobah Cugoano . Tare da goyon bayan wasu 'yan Burtaniya, waɗannan masu gwagwarmaya sun bukaci a soke cinikin bayi da bautar. Magoya bayan da ke cikin wannan motsi sun hada da ma'aikata da sauran 'yan gudun hijira na matalauta na birane. A wannan lokacin, bautar a Burtaniya kanta ba ta da goyon baya daga doka ta kowa, amma ba a bayyana matsayinta na doka ba har zuwa karni na 19. Ba za a iya bautar 'yan Afirka masu' yanci ba, amma matsayin doka na baƙar fata da aka kawo a matsayin bayi zuwa Burtaniya ya kasance ba a bayyane yake ba. A wannan zamanin Ubangiji Mansfield ya bayyana cewa ba za a iya kama bawa wanda ya tsere daga ubangijinsa da karfi ba ko sayar da shi a kasashen waje, a cikin yanayin Somerset da Stewart . Wannan hukunci ya kara yawan mutanen Afirka da suka tsere wa bautar, kuma ya taimaka wajen tura bautar zuwa raguwa.

Karni na 19

Da yake zuwa farkon karni na 19, an sallami wasu kungiyoyin baƙar fata da ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon kuma wasu sun zauna a London. Wadannan 'yan gudun hijira sun sha wahala kuma sun fuskanci kalubale da yawa kamar yadda baƙar fata da yawa suka yi a London. An soke cinikin bayi gaba daya a Daular Burtaniya a shekara ta 1833. Adadin baƙar fata a Landan yana raguwa tare da waɗannan sabbin dokoki. An kawo baƙar fata kaɗan zuwa London daga West Indies da wasu sassan Afirka.[1] A tsakiyar karni na 19 akwai ƙuntatawa ga shige da fice na ƙasashen waje. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 an sami karuwar ƙananan ƙungiyoyin baƙar fata a cikin garuruwa kamar Canning Town, Liverpool, da Cardiff. Wannan sakamako ne kai tsaye na sabbin hanyoyin sufuri da aka kafa tare da Caribbean da Yammacin Afirka.

Karni na 20

A cikin 1909, lauyan Sierra Leonese kuma marubuci, Augustus Merriman-Labor ya buga wani labari na tafiya inda ya rubuta, "Negroes a London ba su wuce ɗari ba".

Wani baƙar fata Learie Constantine, ɗan wasan cricket daga Trinidad kuma jami'in jin daɗin RAF, an ƙi yin hidima a Otal ɗin Imperial da ke Landan a watan Yuli 1943. Ya tsaya tsayin daka don kwato masa haƙƙinsa kuma daga baya aka ba shi diyya. Wasu suna amfani da wannan misali na musamman don nuna jinkirin sauyin da ake samu wajen karɓuwa da daidaiton kowane ɗan ƙasa a London.

Lokacin bayan yakin

A cikin 1950, an kiyasta cewa babu fiye da 20,000 wadanda ba fararen fata ba mazauna a Ƙasar Ingila, galibi a Ingila; kusan duk an haife su a ƙasashen waje. Bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu, kungiyoyi na farko na baƙi na Caribbean bayan yakin sun fara zuwa su zauna a London. Akwai kimanin 492 wadanda suka kasance fasinjoji a kan HMT Empire Windrush wanda ya isa Tilbury Docks a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1948. Wadannan fasinjoji sun zauna a yankin Brixton wanda yanzu ya zama sanannen gundumar Black a Burtaniya. Daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 60, akwai ƙaura mai yawa na ma'aikata daga ko'ina cikin Caribbean na Anglophone, musamman Jamaica; waɗanda suka zauna a Burtaniya. An gayyaci waɗannan baƙi don cika bukatun ma'aikata a asibitocin London, sufuri da ci gaban jirgin ƙasa. Akwai ci gaba da kwarara na daliban Afirka, 'yan wasa, da' yan kasuwa da suka haɗu a cikin al'ummar Burtaniya. Ana kallon su a matsayin ba su kasance babban abin da ya ba da gudummawa ga sake gina tattalin arzikin birane na London bayan yakin ba.

Ya zuwa karshen karni na 20, adadin mutanen Black London ya kai rabin miliyan, bisa ga kidayar 1991 na Burtaniya. Adadin waɗannan Baƙar fata London ƴan ƙasar Landan ne, ko kuma haifaffen Biritaniya. Ko da tare da wannan karuwar yawan jama'a da kuma bakar fata na farko da aka zaba a majalisar dokokin Birtaniya, da yawa suna jayayya cewa har yanzu akwai wariya da rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a London tsakanin al'ummar Baƙar fata. A cikin 1992, yawan membobin baƙar fata a majalisar ya ninka daga uku zuwa shida kuma a cikin 1997, an ninka wannan daga shekaru goma da suka gabata zuwa tara. Har yanzu akwai matsaloli da yawa da 'yan Black London ke fuskanta; sabon juyin zamani na bayanai na duniya da na zamani yana canza tattalin arzikin birane kuma wasu na cewa yana haifar da rashin aikin yi a tsakanin bakaken fata, fiye da wadanda ba na bakar fata ba, [ana maganar hujja] wani abu da ake cewa yana barazanar gurgunta ci gaban da aka samu zuwa yanzu