Tarihin kimiyyar canjin yanayi

Tarihin kimiyyar canjin yanayi
aspect of history (en)
Bayanai
Fuskar	Canjin yanayi
Significant person (en)	John Tyndall (mul) da Svante Arrhenius ne

John Tyndall's rabo spectrophotometer (drawing daga 1861) ya auna yadda infrared radiation ya sha kuma ya fitar da shi ta hanyar iskar gas daban-daban da ke cika tsakiyar bututun. Irin waɗannan ma'auni sun kara fahimtar tasirin greenhouse wanda ke haifar da dumamar yanayi da canjin yanayi.

tarihin binciken kimiyya na Canjin yanayi ya fara ne a farkon karni na 19 lokacin da aka fara zargin shekarun kankara da sauran canje-canje na halitta a cikin yanayin yanayi kuma an fara gano tasirin greenhouse na halitta. A ƙarshen karni na 19, masana kimiyya sun fara jayayya cewa hayakin ɗan adam na iskar gas na iya canza ma'aunin makamashi da yanayi na duniya. Kasancewar tasirin greenhouse, yayin da ba a ambaci sunansa ba, Joseph Fourier ne ya ba da shawarar tun farkon 1824. Claude Pouillet ya kara karfafa gardamar da shaidar a cikin 1827 da 1838. A cikin 1856 Eunice Newton Foote ta nuna cewa tasirin dumama na rana ya fi girma ga iska tare da tururi na ruwa fiye da iska mai bushe, kuma tasirin ya fi girma tare da carbon dioxide.

John Tyndall shine na farko da ya auna infrared absorption da fitar da iskar gas da tururi daban-daban. Daga 1859 zuwa gaba, ya nuna cewa tasirin ya kasance ne saboda karamin rabo na yanayi, tare da manyan iskar gas ba su da tasiri, kuma galibi saboda tururin ruwa ne, kodayake ƙananan kashi na hydrocarbons da carbon dioxide suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci. Sakamakon ya fi cikakke ta hanyar Svante Arrhenius a cikin 1896, wanda ya yi tsinkaya ta farko game da dumama duniya saboda ninkawar carbon dioxide na yanayi.

A cikin shekarun 1960, shaidar tasirin dumama na iskar carbon dioxide ta zama mai gamsarwa. Masana kimiyya sun kuma gano cewa ayyukan ɗan adam waɗanda ke haifar da iska (misali, "ƙazantar da iska") na iya samun tasirin sanyaya (daga baya ana kiransu dimming na duniya). Sauran ra'ayoyi game da abubuwan da ke haifar da dumamar yanayi an kuma gabatar da su, wanda ya shafi dakarun daga dutsen wuta zuwa bambancin hasken rana. A cikin shekarun 1970s, fahimtar kimiyya game da dumamar duniya ta karu sosai.

A cikin shekarun 1990s, sakamakon inganta daidaito na samfuran kwamfuta da aikin lura wanda ke tabbatar da Ka'idar Milankovitch na shekarun kankara, an kafa matsayin yarjejeniya. Ya bayyana a fili cewa iskar gas mai guba ta shiga cikin mafi yawan sauye-sauyen yanayi kuma hayakin da mutum ya haifar yana kawo yanayin zafi na duniya.

Tun daga shekarun 1990s, binciken kimiyya game da canjin yanayi ya haɗa da horo da yawa kuma ya faɗaɗa. Bincike ya fadada fahimtar alaƙar da ke haifar da shi, alaƙa da bayanan tarihi, da kuma iyawa don auna da kuma tsara canjin yanayi. Bincike a wannan lokacin an taƙaita shi a cikin Rahotanni na Bincike ta Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi, tare da Rahoton Bincike na Farko da ke fitowa a cikin 1990.

Kafin karni na 20

Canje-canje na yanki, zamanin d ̄ a har zuwa karni na 19

Tun daga zamanin d ̄ a, mutane sun yi zargin cewa yanayin yankin na iya canzawa a cikin ƙarni. Misali, Theophrastus, dalibi na masanin falsafa Girka na Dā Aristotle a karni na 4 BC, ya ba da labarin yadda zubar da ruwa ya sa wani yanki ya fi fuskantar daskarewa, kuma ya yi hasashen cewa ƙasashe sun zama masu dumi lokacin da share gandun daji ya fallasa su ga hasken rana. A cikin karni na 1 BC, Marubucin Roman kuma masanin gine-gine Vitruvius ya rubuta game da yanayi dangane da gine-ginen gidaje da yadda za a zaɓi wurare don birane. Renaissance Turai da kuma daga baya malaman ga cewa sare daji, ban ruwa, da kiwo sun canza ƙasashen da ke kewaye da Bahar Rum tun zamanin d ̄ a; sun yi tunanin cewa ya dace cewa waɗannan sa hannun mutane sun shafi yanayin yankin. A cikin littafinsa da aka buga a shekara ta 1088, masanin daular Song na Arewacin kasar Sin kuma ɗan siyasa Shen Kuo ya inganta ka'idar canjin yanayi a hankali a cikin ƙarni da yawa da aka gano Bamboo na dā da aka adana a ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin yankin yanayi mai bushe da yankin arewacin Yanzhou, yanzu Yan'an na zamani, lardin Shaanxi, nesa da wurare masu zafi, masu laushi na kasar Sin inda bamboos ke girma.

Juyin juya halin karni na 18 da 19 na Gabashin Arewacin Amurka daga gandun daji zuwa gonaki ya kawo canji a bayyane a cikin rayuwar ɗan adam. Daga farkon karni na 19, mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa canjin yana canza yanayin yankin - mai yiwuwa don mafi kyau. Lokacin da manoma a Amurka, waɗanda ake kira "sodbusters", suka mallaki Great Plains, sun riƙe cewa "ruwa yana biye da noma". Sauran masana ba su yarda ba, kuma wasu sun yi jayayya cewa sare daji ya haifar da ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa, kuma yana iya haifar da rage ruwan sama. Masana kimiyya na Turai, suna ba da shawarar cewa yankunan da ke zaune da "tseren Caucasian" sun fi dacewa da yaduwar wayewa, sun bayyana cewa Gabas na Tsohon Gabas ta Tsakiya sun canza ƙasashensu da suka kasance masu kyau zuwa hamada.

A halin yanzu, hukumomin yanayi na kasa sun fara tattara tarin abubuwan da za a iya dogara da su game da zafin jiki, ruwan sama, da sauransu. Lokacin da aka bincika waɗannan adadi, sun nuna hauhawa da nutsewa da yawa, amma babu canji na dogon lokaci. A ƙarshen karni na 19, ra'ayin kimiyya ya juya da karfi a kan duk wani imani da tasirin ɗan adam akan yanayi. Kuma duk abin da tasirin yankin ya faru, mutane kalilan ne suka yi tunanin cewa mutane na iya shafar yanayin duniya gaba ɗaya.