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Tarihin kwayar halitta na Ƴan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje

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Tarihin kwayar halitta na Ƴan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje
Taswirar Afirka da mazaunan Afirka a duk faɗin duniya

Tarihin jinsin al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙunshi gabaɗayan tarihin kwayoyin halitta na mazauna Afirka, a cikin yankunan da ke wajen Afirka, kamar Arewacin Amirka, Amurka ta Tsakiya, Caribbean, Kudancin Amirka, Turai, Asiya, da Ostiraliya ; Wannan ya haɗa da tarihin kwayoyin halittar Ba-Amurke, Afro-Canadians, Afro-Caribbeans, Afro-Latinos, Afro-Turai, Afro-Asiya, da African Australians .

na tarihi

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Sahara ta kasance hanyar wucewa ta yanki da wurin zama ga mutane a Afirka a lokuta daban-daban na danshi [1] [2] da lokuta a tsawon tarihin Afirka . [3] [4] A farkon shekaru 11,000 da suka gabata, 'yan Afirka ta Yamma na kudu da Sahara, masu ɗauke da macrohaplogroup L (misali, L1b1a11, L1b1a6a, L1b1a8, L1b1a9a1, L2a1k, L3d1b1a ), ƙila sun yi ƙaura ta Arewacin Afirka da Turai ( Europeei misali ). [5]

A cikin koren Sahara a Afirka, maye gurbi na sikila ya samo asali ne daga Sahara [6] ko kuma a yankin dajin arewa maso yammacin yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya (misali, Kamaru) [6] [7] da akalla shekaru 7,300 da suka wuce, [6] [7] ko da yake yana yiwuwa a farkon shekaru 22,000 da suka wuce. [8] [7] Sickle cell haplotype zuwa zamani haplotypes (misali, Kamaru / Afirka ta Tsakiya da Benin / Senegal haplotypes) mai yiwuwa ya fara tasowa a cikin kakannin mutanen yammacin Afirka na zamani, suna ɗauke da haplogroups E1b1a1-L485 da E1b1a1-U175 ko kakanninsu E1473. [6] Yammacin Afirka (misali, Yarbawa da Esan na Najeriya), masu ɗauke da cutar sikila ta Benin, ƙila sun yi ƙaura ta yankin arewa maso gabashin Afirka zuwa yankin yammacin Larabawa . [6] 'Yan Afirka ta Yamma (misali, Mende na Saliyo), masu ɗauke da sikila cell haplotype na Senegal, [9] [6] mai yiwuwa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Mauritania (77% na al'amuran zamani) da Senegal (100%); Wataƙila sun yi ƙaura zuwa cikin Sahara, zuwa Arewacin Afirka, kuma daga Arewacin Afirka, zuwa Kudancin Turai, Turkiyya, da yanki kusa da arewacin Iraki da kudancin Turkiyya. [9] Wataƙila wasu sun yi ƙaura sun gabatar da cutar sikila ta Senegal da Benin zuwa Basra, Iraki, inda duka ke faruwa daidai. [9] 'Yan Afirka ta Yamma, masu dauke da cutar sikila ta Benin, watakila sun yi hijira zuwa yankin arewacin Iraki (69.5%), Jordan (80%), Lebanon (73%), Oman (52.1%), da Masar (80.8%). [9]

A lokacin farkon lokacin Holocene, an gabatar da DNA na mitochondrial na Afirka kudu da Sahara zuwa Turai, galibi a Iberia . [10] Wataƙila mutanen yammacin Afirka sun yi ƙaura, a cikin Afirka ta Sahelian, Arewacin Afirka, da Mashigin Gibraltar, zuwa Turai, kuma sun gabatar da kashi 63% na DNA na mitochondrial na Afirka kudu da Sahara. [10] Tsakanin 15,000 BP da 7000 BP, kashi 86% na DNA na mitochondrial na Afirka ta kudu an gabatar da su zuwa kudu maso yammacin Asiya ta Gabashin Afirka, galibi a yankin Larabawa, wanda ya zama kashi 50% na DNA na mitochondrial na Afirka ta kudu a kudu maso yammacin Asiya na zamani . [10]

A cikin 4000 BP, ana iya samun yawan jama'ar da suka ratsa daga Afirka (misali, Afirka ta Yamma ko Yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya ), ta hanyar Mashigin Gibraltar, zuwa cikin Iberian Peninsula, inda haɗuwa tsakanin 'yan Afirka da Iberian (misali, arewacin Portugal, na kudancin Spain ) ya faru. [11]

Tarihi

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Mutumin dan Afirka, wanda aka yi kwanan watan a tsakanin karni na 1 AZ zuwa karni na 3 AZ kuma yana dauke da haplogroup H1, yana iya zama dole (ta hanyar bautar ) ko kuma ya yi hijira da son rai daga tsakiyar Sahara ko kwarin Nilu (misali, Sudan ) zuwa Roma . [12]

A lokacin zamani, mutanen yammacin Afirka sun gabatar da fiye da kashi 75% na DNA na mitochondrial na kudu da hamadar Sahara zuwa Arewacin Amurka da Kudancin Afirka sun gabatar da kusan kashi 15%. [10] 'Yan Afirka ta Yamma kuma sun gabatar da ~ 45% na DNA na mitochondrial na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Amurka ta Kudu, yayin da, 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, galibi 'yan asalin Angolan, sun gabatar da ~ 55%. [10] A lokacin zamani, mutanen yammacin Afirka sun gabatar da kashi 75% na DNA na mitochondrial na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara zuwa cikin Iberia da sauran sassan Turai, watakila ta hanyar balaguron teku. [10] A lokacin zamani, ɗimbin ƴan Afirka ta Yamma sun gabatar da DNA ɗin mitochondrial na Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara fiye da na Gabashin Afirka. [10] A cikin zamani na zamani, 68% na DNA na mitochondrial na Afirka ta kudu ya fito ne daga Gabashin Afirka kuma 22% mutanen Afirka ta Yamma ne suka gabatar da su, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 50% na DNA na mitochondrial na Afirka ta kudu a kudu maso yammacin Asiya na zamani. [10]

Ciniki na Ƙasashen Duniya na ƴan Afirka da ake bautar da su

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Game da cinikin bayi a Tekun Indiya, Romuald (2017) ya ce : "Daga karni na 8 zuwa na 19, Larabawa Musulmi da 'yan kasuwa na Swahili sun kama mutane kimanin miliyan hudu daga gabar gabashin Afirka . waɗanda aka bauta daga ƙarni na 18 zuwa gaba su ne Zanj, watau masu magana da Bantu na kudu maso gabashin Afirka ." [13] Game da cinikin bayi na Trans-Atlantic, Fortes-Lima (2021) ya ce:

Tsakanin karni na 15 zuwa na 19, kimanin 'yan Afirka miliyan goma sha biyu ne aka tilasta musu gudun hijira daga kasashensu don zama bayi (wato kusan mutane 30,000 da aka kama a shekara sama da karni uku da rabi). An ƙwace ƴan Afirka da aka yi bauta daga bakin tekun bautar Afirka waɗanda suka kai dubban mil, daga Senegal zuwa Angola, har ma da kewayen Cape har zuwa Mozambique . Mafi yawan adadin (kimanin kashi 95%) na bayi sun isa Latin Amurka, tare da ~43% sun sauka a Kudancin Amirka, ~ 52% a cikin Caribbean, yayin da sauran 5% suka isa abin da ya zama a yau Amurka . Wannan tilastawa da ƙaura mai yawa na mutane sun canza yanayin yanayin halittar al'ummomin yau a cikin Amurka ... Dangane da albarkatun tarihi, daga 1501 zuwa 1867 'yan Afirka da aka bautar sun kasance daga manyan yankuna takwas na tarihi na bakin teku a yankin Saharar Afirka : 5.7% na fursunonin sun fito ne daga Senegambia 3.2% daga Saliyo, 2.7% daga Windward Coast, 9.6% daga Gold Coast, 16.18 Bight daga Bright 16.1 . Biafra, 46.3% daga yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya, da 4.1% daga Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka . Yankin Yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya (yankin bakin teku daga Gabon na yau zuwa Angola ) koyaushe shine yanki mafi girma ga waɗanda aka kama a cikin mafi yawan lokacin FASAHA [Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade], kuma yawancin kasuwancin da ke can an mayar da hankali ne a Angola ta yau. Yayin da TAST ta fadada bayan 1641, yankunan bauta irin su Gold Coast, Bights na Benin da Biafra, da Yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya sun fi shahara fiye da yadda suke a da.

Hijira na Ƙasashen Duniya na Afirka na Zamani

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Turai
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A Lisbon, Portugal, 87% na Angolan, wanda aka samfurin a 2014, dauke da daban-daban haplogroups na Macro-haplogroup L (misali, L0a, L0d, L1b, L1c, L2a, L2b, L2c, L3a, L3b, L3b, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L2, L3, L3, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d , L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d, L3d. Haplogroups (misali, H, T, R0, K, U, J, M ). [14] A Lisbon, Portugal, daga cikin 80 Guinea-Bissauns, waɗanda aka yi samfurin a cikin 2017, 73 dauke da Macro-haplogroup L, 5 dauke da haplogroup U, daya dauke da haplogroup M, daya kuma dauke da haplogroup V . [15] A Lisbon, Portugal, 81% na 'yan Mozambique, waɗanda aka samo a cikin 2017, sun ɗauki nau'o'in haplogroups na Macro-haplogroup L, yayin da, 19% na Mozambican da aka yi amfani da su sun dauki nau'i daban- daban (misali, H, U, K, J1, T, M ). [16]

Amurkawa

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Daga cikin mutane 642 daga al'ummomin 15 daga cikin mazaunan Afirka a cikin Amurka da aka yi samfurin a cikin 2016, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da mutanen da suka bayyana kansu a matsayin zuriyar Afirka, zuriyar 328 Baƙin Amurkawa an sami kashi 80% na Afirka, zuriyar Afro-Jamaicans an sami 89% na 'yan Afirka ne, kuma 'yan Afirka 89% ne 'yan Afirka. Afirka .

Saboda warewarsu daga Turawa da ƴan asalin Amirkawa, Maroons sun ci gaba da daidaita al'adunsu daga Afirka . Sojojin Turawan mulkin mallaka sun yi watsi da su kuma sun amince da ikon yankin da Maroons suka mamaye, kamar Colombia, Jamaica, French Guiana, da Suriname . [17] Alukus, Kwinti, Matawai, Ndjukas, Paramakas, da Saramakas, waɗanda su ne Maroons na Noir Marron, su ne mafi girma, ƙungiyar Maroons a cikin Amurka . [17] Ko da yake ƙungiyoyin Noir Marron da sauran ƙungiyoyi a cikin ƙasashen waje na Afirka sun kasance a cikin Amurka tsawon shekaru 400, zuriyar mutanen Noir Marron da aka kwatanta a cikin 2017 sun nuna cewa Maroons su ne kashi 98% na Afirka, wanda shine mafi girman matakin riƙe zuriyar Afirka a tsakanin mazaunan Afirka. [17] An gano cewa Noir Marron Maroons yana da alaƙa da ƴan Afirka a yankin Bight na Benin ; musamman ma, akwai dangantaka mai karfi ta kwayoyin halitta da 'yan Afirka a Benin da kuma dangantakar harshe da masu magana da Gbe, irin su mutanen Fon . [17]

A lokacin Holocene, an nuna kashi 3% na DNA na mitochondrial na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara an gabatar da su zuwa Kudancin Amurka kuma kashi 6% an nuna an shigar da su cikin Arewacin Amurka . [1] Duk da haka, Sa et al. (2022) ya ba da ma'ana mai zuwa: "Wannan za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga daga zuriyar kwanan nan, amma kuma daga zuriya biyu waɗanda ba a iya gano waɗanda suka kafa su a Afirka ba, ko kuma saboda ƙananan kurakurai a cikin jerin abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙima na ƙididdigar shekaru na ƙayyadaddun nasaba." [1] A lokacin zamani na zamani, Afirka ta Yamma sun gabatar da fiye da 75% na DNA mitochondrial na Sub-Saharan zuwa Arewacin Amurka da Kudancin Afirka sun gabatar da kusan 15%. [1] 'Yan Afirka ta Yamma kuma sun gabatar da ~ 45% na DNA na mitochondrial na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Amurka ta Kudu, yayin da, 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, galibi 'yan asalin Angolan, sun gabatar da ~ 55%.

Amirka ta Arewa

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  1. ↑ Osborne, Anne H.; et al. (October 2008). "A humid corridor across the Sahara for the migration of early modern humans out of Africa 120,000 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (43): 16444–16447. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10516444O. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804472105. PMC 2575439. PMID 18936490. S2CID 10418009.
  2. ↑ El-Shenawy, Mohammed I.; et al. (2018). "Speleothem evidence for the greening of the Sahara and its implications for the early human dispersal out of sub-Saharan Africa". Quaternary Science Reviews. 188: 67–76. Bibcode:2018QSRv..188...67E. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.03.016. S2CID 134694090.
  3. ↑ Scheele, Judith (Aug 2016). "Crossroads Regions: The Sahara". Oxford Handbooks Online. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935369.013.18. ISBN 978-0-19-993536-9. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ↑ Wippel, Steffen (2020). "The Sahara as a Bridge, Not a Barrier: An Essay and Book Review on Recent Transregional Perspectives". Neue Politische Literatur. 65 (3): 449–472. doi:10.1007/s42520-020-00318-y. S2CID 224855920.
  5. ↑ Soares, Pedro; et al. (2013). "The genetic impact of the lake chad basin population in north africa as documented by mitochondrial diversity and internal variation of the L3e5 haplogroup". Annals of Human Genetics. 77 (6): 513–523. doi:10.1111/ahg.12040. PMID 25069842. S2CID 24672148.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Shriner, Daniel; Rotimi, Charles N. (2018). "Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Haplotypes Reveal Single Origin of the Sickle Allele during the Holocene Wet Phase". American Journal of Human Genetics. Am J Hum Genet. 102 (4): 547–556. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.02.003. PMC 5985360. PMID 29526279. S2CID 4636822.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Esoh, Kevin; Wonkam, Ambroise (2021). "Evolutionary history of sickle-cell mutation: implications for global genetic medicine". Human Molecular Genetics. 30 (R1): R119–R128. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddab004. PMC 8117455 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33461216. S2CID 231640941 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  8. ↑ Laval, Guillaume; et al. (2019). "Recent Adaptive Acquisition by African Rainforest Hunter-Gatherers of the Late Pleistocene Sickle-Cell Mutation Suggests Past Differences in Malaria Exposure". American Journal of Human Genetics. 104 (3): 553–561. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.02.007. PMC 6407493. PMID 30827499. S2CID 73503158.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Yaseen, Noor Taha; et al. (2020). "Sickle ß-globin haplotypes among patients with sickle cell anemia in Basra, Iraq: A cross-sectional study". Iraqi Journal of Hematology. 9 (1): 23–29. doi:10.4103/ijh.ijh_20_19. ISSN 2072-8069. S2CID 216082225. Archived from the original on 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2025-06-23.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Sá, Luísa; et al. (16 August 2022). "Phylogeography of Sub-Saharan Mitochondrial Lineages Outside Africa Highlights the Roles of the Holocene Climate Changes and the Atlantic Slave Trade". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (16): 9219. doi:10.3390/ijms23169219. ISSN 1661-6596. OCLC 9627558751. PMC 9408831 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36012483 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 251653686 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  11. ↑ González-Fortes, G.; et al. (2019). "A western route of prehistoric human migration from Africa into the Iberian Peninsula". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1895): 20182288. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2288. PMC 6364581. PMID 30963949. S2CID 104296971.
  12. ↑ Salesse, Kevin; et al. (June 2021). "Far from home: A multi analytical approach revealing the journey of an African born individual to imperial Rome". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 37 (103011): 4, 12–13. Bibcode:2021JArSR..37j3011S. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103011. S2CID 235509252 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  13. ↑ Romuald, Laso-Jadart; et al. (7 December 2017). "The Genetic Legacy of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade: Recent Admixture and Post-admixture Selection in the Makranis of Pakistan". American Journal of Human Genetics. 101 (6): 977–984. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.025. PMC 5812914. PMID 29129317. S2CID 4400003.
  14. ↑ Simão, Filipa; et al. (March 2015). "Genetic portrait of Lisboa immigrant population from Angola with mitochondrial DNA". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 15: 34. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.09.013. PMID 25451274. S2CID 25684497.
  15. ↑ Amorim, António; et al. (September 19, 2017). "Updated mtDNA study of Guinea-Bissau immigrant population living in Lisbon". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 6: e329–e331. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2017.09.122. S2CID 91067869.
  16. ↑ de Campos, Marta Proença; et al. (September 20, 2017). "The immigrant population from Mozambique in Lisbon: Updated mitochondrial DNA portrait". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 6: e298–e300. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2017.09.134. S2CID 90400711.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Fortes-Lima
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