Tarihin yara a cikin soja

Tarihin yara a cikin soja
aspect of history (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	history of youth (en)

Sojan kasar Sin, mai shekaru 10, daga Sojojin kasar Sin a Indiya yana jiran shiga jirgin sama a Burma, Mayu 1944

Yara a cikin soja yara ne (wanda Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara ta bayyana a matsayin mutanen da ba su kai shekara 18 ba) waɗanda ke da alaƙa da kungiyoyin soja, kamar sojojin jihar da kungiyoyin da ba na jihar ba. A cikin tarihi da al'adu da yawa, yara sun shiga cikin yakin basasa. Alal misali, dubban yara sun shiga kowane bangare na Yaƙin Duniya na farko da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu Ana iya horar da yara kuma ana amfani da su don yaƙi, ana sanya su don tallafawa matsayi kamar masu ɗaukar kaya ko manzanni, ko kuma ana amfani dasu don fa'idar dabarun a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ko don fa'idodin siyasa a farfaganda.

Yara suna da sauƙin kai ga daukar ma'aikata na soja saboda yawan tasirin da suke da shi idan aka kwatanta da manya. Ana tilasta wa wasu yara su shiga, sau da yawa don guje wa talauci ko kuma saboda suna sa ran rayuwar soja ta ba da al'adar wucewa zuwa balaga.

Kafin karni na 20

Mexico ta girmama 'yan ta da suka mutu a yakin Chapultepec (1847).

A cikin tarihi da al'adu da yawa, yara sun shiga cikin yakin basasa.

• 
  Lemuel Cook (1759–1866) served 1775–1784 in the American Revolutionary War.
• 
  Samuel Downing (b. 1762) served in the American Revolution.
• 
  Adam Link (1762–1864) served in the American Revolution.
• 
  Daniel Waldo (1762–1864) served 1778–1779 in the American Revolution.
• 
  William Hutchings (b. 1764) served in the American Revolution.
• 
  Alexander Milliner (b. 1759 or 1770) served in the American Revolution.

Wani biri mai suna Aspinwall Fuller a kan jirgin ruwa na Union, USS New Hampshire American Civil War, 1864

Yaran yara maza galibi suna shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe a lokacin yaƙin zamani na farko. Lokacin da Napoleon ya fuskanci mamayewa daga babbar rundunar Allied a cikin 1814 ya kwashe matasa da yawa don sojojinsa. Marayu na Tsaron Imperial sun yi yaƙi a Netherlands tare da Marshal MacDonald kuma suna tsakanin shekaru 14 zuwa 17. Da yawa daga cikin masu ba da rahoto ga matsayi a cikin 1814 ana kiransu Marie Louises bayan Empress Marie Louise na Faransa; an kuma san su da "The Infants of the Emperor". Wadannan sojoji suna cikin tsakiyar shekarunsu. Ɗaya daga cikin rawar da suka fi ganuwa shi ne a matsayin "yaro mai karawa".

Yaron John Clem a lokacin yakin basasar Amurka

A lokacin yakin basasar Amurka wani saurayi, Bugler John Cook, ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Amurka yana da shekaru 15 kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa saboda ayyukansa a lokacin Yaƙin Antietam, ranar da ta fi zubar da jini a tarihin Amurka. Sauran kananan yara da yawa, ciki har da Willie Johnston mai shekaru 11, sun kuma sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa.

Yaƙin Duniya na I

Momčilo Gavrić da wani soja suna ba da rahoto ga babban Stevan Tucović, 1916

Sojan da aka fi sani da yakin duniya na shi ne Momčilo Gavrić, wanda ya shiga rundunar sojan Serbia ta 6 yana da shekaru 8, bayan sojojin Austro-Hungary a watan Agustan shekara ta 1914 sun kashe iyayensa, kakarsa, da 'yan uwansa bakwai.

Yaƙin basasar Spain

Yara sojoji da yawa sun yi yaƙi a yakin basasar Spain:  

Yara sojoji a lokacin Warsaw Uprising

El Salvador

A lokacin yakin basasa tsakanin 1980 da 1992 sojojin El Salvador da babban ƙungiyar adawa, Frente Farabundo Martí de Liberación National (FMLN), sun tattara yara da yawa. Ana gudanar da daukar ma'aikata akai-akai ta hanyar tilas kuma an mayar da hankali ga yankunan da aka hana tattalin arziki. Kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na ma'aikatan sojojin sun kai shekara 18 ba, kamar yadda kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na FMLN suka kasance. A cikin rukuni na tsoffin yara 278 na FMLN da aka yi hira da su don binciken, matsakaicin shekarun daukar ma'aikata ya kasance shekaru 10. Yawancin yara da aka dauka a bangarorin biyu suna rayuwa cikin talauci, kuma an hana su ilimi na yau da kullun. Yara da yawa waɗanda ba a tilasta su ba sun haɗu da kansu, galibi don inganta yanayinsu ko kuma saboda sun yi imani da dalilin.

Bayan yakin basasa ya zo kusa, shirye-shiryen farfadowa da sake hadewa ga yara galibi sun gaza; yawancin yara na FMLN ba su da hannu a cikinsu, kuma yawancin waɗanda aka sauke su. Shekaru goma bayan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsoffin yara sojoji har yanzu suna fuskantar mafarki mai ban tsoro, baƙin ciki, damuwa, da alamun da suka shafi rauni na hankali.

A yau, sojojin El Salvador ba sa aika yara zuwa yaƙi, amma har yanzu suna daukar ma'aikata da horar da su tun suna da shekaru 16.

Afirka

Aljeriya

A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Aljeriya (1991-2002) kungiyoyin Musulunci da ke yaki da gwamnati sun dauki yara akai-akai. Wata 'yan bindiga da ke da alaƙa da gwamnati - Ƙungiyoyin Tsaro na Shari'a (LDG) - suma suna amfani da yara, a cewar wasu rahotanni. Kodayake ka'idojin shiga LDG sun kasance iri ɗaya da sojoji, inda aka tattara manya ne kawai (ta hanyar tattara sojoji) LDG ba ta yi amfani da kariya don tabbatar da cewa yara ba za su iya shiga ba. Har ila yau, ba a san yawan daukar yara a lokacin yakin ba.

Burundi

An sace yara kuma an yi amfani da su sosai a lokacin yakin basasa na 1993-2005. A shekara ta 2004 daruruwan yara sojoji sun kasance a cikin Forces Nationales pour la Libération (FNL), ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye mai dauke da makamai, ƙungiyar Hutu. Yara tsakanin shekaru 10 zuwa 16 sun kuma shiga soja na Burundese.

Bayan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Arusha ta 2001 da yarjejeniyar Pretoria ta 2003 daga ƙarshe ta kawo ƙarshen rikici a shekara ta 2005, sabon kundin tsarin mulki ya yi alkawarin rashin amfani da yara a yaƙi kai tsaye. Jam'iyyun da ke cikin rikici ba su sake daukar yara da yawa ba, amma da yawa sun kasance masu aiki a cikin FNL, wanda ya yi tir da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.

A shekara ta 2006, wani Shirin sake hadewa da UNICEF ta shirya ya haifar da sakin yara 3,000 daga sojoji da kungiyoyin makamai. A cewar Child Soldiers International:  

Chadi

Tsakanin 2007 da 2012, sojojin Chadi sun yi amfani da yara sosai a matsayin mahalarta rikice-rikicen makamai. An kuma haɗa su cikin dakarun 'yan tawaye daban-daban, gami da United Front for Democratic Change (Front Uni pour le Changement, FUC), dakarun kare kansu na gida da aka sani da' yan bindiga na Tora Boro, da ƙungiyoyin' yan tawayen Sudan guda biyu da ke aiki a Chadi: Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) da kuma ƙungiyar G-19 na Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA). Bayan da gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan shirin aiki tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an saki yara daga aiki kuma ba a sake daukar su ba. A shekara ta 2014, an cire Chadi daga jerin ƙasashen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke amfani da yara sojoji a yaƙi