Taron Berlin
 | ||||
| ||||
| Iri |
international conference (en)  | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kwanan watan | 15 Nuwamba, 1884 – 26 ga Faburairu, 1885 | |||
| Muhimmin darasi |
German colonial empire (en) | |||
| Wuri | Berlin | |||
| Ƙasa | Jamus | |||
| Participant (en) | ||||
Taron Berlin na 1884-1885 wani taro ne na kasashen mulkin mallaka wanda aka karkare tare da sanya hannu kan Dokar Bai-daya ta Berlin,[1] yarjejeniya ce da ta tsara mulkin mallaka da kasuwancin Turai a Afirka a lokacin Sabon Tsarin Mulkin Mallaka. Otto von Bismarck, shugaban farko na Jamus ne ya shirya taron a tsakanin kasashe goma sha huɗu, bisa buƙatar Leopold II na Belgium.[2] Sun haɗu a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 1884 kuma, bayan kawo karshen taron, an kammala taron a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 1885 tare da sanya hannu kan Dokar Bai-Daya.
Ana iya ganin Doka ta Bai-daya ta Berlin a matsayin mallakar Afurka a hukumance, wanda dama ana kan yin shi.[3] Taron ya taimaka wajen kawo lokaci na ayyukan mulkin mallaka daga Turawan mulkin mallaka, wanda a wasu hakayo sa a matsayin abunda ya janyo "rarraba-Afurka". Duk da haka, wasu daga cikin masana sun ja kunne sosai a kan yawaita nanata rawar da ta taka a wajen rarraba Afurka daga turawan mulkin mallaka, zai janyo hankula ga yarjejeniyoyi da dama wadanda aka kammala kafin d kuma bayan taron.[4][5] Wani binciken shekara ta 2024 ya gano cewa iyakoki kawai da aka saka a yayin taron sune na yankin Congo (kuma anyi bitar su daga baya), kuma cewa yawancin iyakokin Afurka basu samu iyakokinsu na karshe ba sai shekaru ashirin bayan hakan.[6] Wm. Roger Louis ya sanar cewa, duk da haka, ita Dokar Berlin tana da alaka da rarraba Afurka.[Ana bukatan hujja]
Kasashe bakwai daga cikin goma sha hudu da aka wakilta sune - Austria-Hungary, Rasha, Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden-Norway, Daular Usmaniyya, da kuma Amurka - sun dawo ba tare da wani kaso nakansu na Afurka a hukumance ba.
Asali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daf da yin taron, 'yan diflomasiyyan Turai sun tunkari sarakunan Afurka, sannan Faransa ta riga ta mamaye wasu sassan Lagos kamar yadda sukayi a yankunan Yamma, ta hanyar kirkirar hanyoyin kasuwanci na gargajiya. A farkon karni na 18, Turawan sun bukaci kahon giwa, wanda a lokaci aka fi amfani da shi wajen yin kayan ado, wanda hakan ya janyo Turawa da yawa cikin kusurwowin kasuwannin Afurka. Karfin ikon turawan mulkin mallaka ya tsaya ne kawai a yankunan Afurka da ke kusa da teku kasancewa Turawan sun kirkiri yankunan kasuwanci (da suke tsarewa da jiragen ruwa na yaki) zuwa wannan lokacin.[7]
A cikin shekara ta 1876, Sarki Leopold II na Belgium, wanda ya samar kuma yake kula da Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa ta Afurka a cikin wannan shekarar, ya gayyaci Henry Morton Stanley don ya taimaka mashi wajen bincike da kuma wayar da nahiyar. A cikin shekarar 1878, an kirkiri Kungiyar Jama'ar Kwango, tare da karin kudurori na tattalin arziki amma kuma da tana da alaka da tsohuwar kungiyar. Leopold ya saye masu hannun jari a Kungiyar Jama'ar Kwango na kasashen waje a cikin sirri, a inda aka sauya su zuwa kudurorin mulkin mallaka, tare da "Kungiyar Jama'ar Afurka" tana aiki na musamman a matsayin kungiyar taimako.[8]
Daga 1878 zuwa 1885, Stanley ya dawo Kwango ba a matsayin mai rahoto ba amma a matsayin jami'in Leopoldo, tare da kuduri na sirri don kirkirar 'Yantacciyar Kasar Kongo, jim kadan bayan kammala Taron Berlin, a cikin watan Agustan 1885.[9][10][4] Jami'am Faransa sun gano dabarun Leopoldo, sannan don mayar da martani, Faransa sun tura nasu masu binciken zuwa Afurka. A cikin shekara ta 1881, an tura soja ruwa na Faransa Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza zuwa Afurka ta Tsakiya, yayi tafiya zuwa Yammacin Kongo, kuma ya kafa tutar Faransa a sabuwar kasar Brazzaville a wurin da aka sani a matsayin Jamhuriyar Kwango a yanzu. Daga karshe, kasar Portugal wacce ta riga ta watsar da mulkin mallaka a yankin a lokacin, tana rike yankunan tsohuwar Masarautar Kongo na wancan lokacin, sun kuma kwace yankin, dangane da yarjejeniya na zamanin-mayarwa da Sifaniya da kuma Cocin Katolika. Ta yi sauri ta yi yarjejeniya a ranar 26 Febrerun 1884 da tsaffin abokan ta, Burtaniya, don kange Kungiyar Jama'ar Kongo daga isa tekun Atlanta.
Ya zuwa shekarun 1880s, abubuwa da dama da suka hada da nasarorin diflomasiyya, samun ilimi mai girma na gida na Turawa, da kuma bakatu na ma'adanai irin su zinari, timba, ya janyo karuwar shigowar Turawa sosai zuwa Afurka. Taswirar Stanley na Yankin Kogin Kongo (1874–1877), ya cire yankunan da basu cikin taswirar Turawa na nahiyar, ya bayyana yankunan da ikon Portugal, Faransa da kuma Belgium. Wannan kasashen Turawan sun yi gasa wajen mallakar yankunan da ke iya zama a karkashin ikon abokan adawa.
Taro
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gasa tsakanin Turawa wajen neman kasashen mulkin mallaka ya sa kasar Jamus ta fara shirya tafiye-tafiyenta na kanta, wanda hakan ya tsorata duka Burtaniya da Faransa. Don tsammanin shawo kan rikicin a cikin gaggawa, Sarki Leopoldo na Belgium, ya janyo hankalin Faransa da Jamus cewa kasuwanci na yau da kullum a Afurka abu ne mai amfani ga duka kasashen guda uku. Tare da amincewar Burtaniya da kuma dabarun Portugal, Otto von Bismarck, shugaban Jamus, ya kirayi wakilai daga kasashe 13 na Turai da kuma Amurka don shiga Taron Berlin a shekarar 1884, don tsara ka'idoji a Afurka.
An bude taron a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamban 1884, kuma an rufe shi a ranar 26 Febrerun 1885.[11] Adadin masu karfin iko ya danganta ga kowacce kasa,[12] amma wadannan kasashen sun tura wakilan su don halartar Taron Berlin kuma sun sanya hannu a cikin Dokar Berlin da ya biyo baya.[13]
Musamman, kasar Amurka tana da ikon amince ko kada ta amince da abunda aka yanke a taron.[14]
Dokokin Bai-Daya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar ta bai-daya ta sansanta wadannan abubuwan:
- A wani bangare don samun karbuwa a wajen al'umma,[15][5] taron ya kuduri kawo karshen bautar da bayi daga 'yan Aurka da masu iko na musulmai. Ta haka, mambobin Turai sun sanya hannu a cikin yarjejeniyar haramta kasuwancin bayi a garuruwan su. A cikin littafin shi, Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad ya ambaci daya daga cikin wadanda suka halarci taron a cikin izgili, Kungiyar Jama'ar Kongo, a matsayin Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa ta Kawo Karshen Al'adun Jahiliyya.[16][17] Sunan farko na kungiyar itace "Kungiyar Kasa da Kasa don Bincike da Cigaban Afurka ta Tsakiya".
- Abubuwan da Kungiyar Jama'ar Kongo ta Sarkin Belgium Leopoldo ta mallaka, sunan da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Dokar Bai-dayan, an tabbatar da su a matsayin na kungiyar. A ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 1885, watanni kadan bayan kammala taron Berlin, Mukaddashin Janar Mai Gudanarwa na Leopoldo a Kongo, Francis de Winton, ya sanar cewa daga lokacin yankin ya koma '''Yantacciyar Kasar Kongo, sunan da tabbas ba a amfani da shi a lokacin taron kuma bai bayyana ba a cikin Dokar na Bai-daya.[10][4][6] Hukumar kasar Belgium Law Gazette, ta sanar daga baya cewa daga wannan rana ta 1 ga watan Agustan 1885 zuwa gaba, za'a rika daukar Sarki Leopold II Sarkin wannan kasar, haka zalika abunda ba'a taba tattaunawa ba a baya, balle a yanke, a wajen Taron na Berlin.[18][19]
- Duka kasashe masu karfi iko guda 14 da suka sanya hannu zasu zamo masu 'yancin kasuwanci a daukakin Ruwayen Kongo, da kuma Tabkin Malawi da kuma gabashin ta a wani wuri kudu da 5° N.
- An mayar da Kogin Neja da Kogin Congo 'yantacciya don tafiye-tafiyen jiragen ruwa.
- An gabatar da Ka'idojin Mallaka Masu Kyau (dangane da Mallaka Masu Kyau duba kasa) don kange masu iko daga sanya mulkin mallaka a suna kawai.
- Dole masu ikon mallaka su sanar da duk wata sabuwar mallakar kowacce yanki na gabar Tekun Afurka da zasu yi, ko kuma kwace wata yanki, ga sauran kasashe masu iko.
- Ma'anar wurare inda kowanne daga cikin Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suna da iko na musamman wajen bibiyar mallakar fili a shari'ance.
Nassi na farko a Dokar Kasa da Kasa akan abubuwan da suke wajaba dangane da yankunan tasiri na nan a cikin Dokar Berlin.
Ka'idojin Mallaka Masu Kyau
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ka'idojin mallaka masu kyau ta bayyana cewa, kasa mai iko tana iya mallakar iko a kan filayen turawan mulkin mallaka ne kawai idan ta mallake su ko kuma ta mamaye ta yadda ta dace: idan tayi yarjejeniya da sauran shugabannin gargajiya, ta daga tutar ta a can, kuma ta bunkasa gwamnati a yankin don mulkar ta da kuma dakarun 'yan sanda son tabbatar da bin doka da oda. Turawan mulkin mallaka kuma suna da ikon yin amfani da yankin ta fannin kasuwanci. Wannan ka'ida ta zamo mai muhimmanci ba wai kawai don turawan mulkin mallaka su samu karfi iko a kan yanki a Afurka ba, amma sai don su rage ikon su akan mallakin iyakokinsu a kasashen ketara, kasancewar cike ka'idojin mallaka suna aiki a wasu lokutan a wajen shawo kan rikicin iyakokin mulkin mallaka. Duk da haka, kasancewar Dokar Berlin ta ta'allaka ne a kan kasashen da ke gabar ruwayen Afurka, Turawan mulkin mallaka daga bisani sun kwace iko a kan kasashen cikin gari, ba tare da bin ka'idojin mallaka ba, kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Mukala ta 35 na Dokar Karshe.
A wajen Taron na Berlin, anyi jayayya sosai a kan iyakokin Ka'idojin Mallakar a tsakanin Faransa da Jamus. Mutanen Jamus wanda sun kasance baki a nahiyar, sunyi imani sosai cewa, ta fuskar fadada iko a Afurka, kada kowanne Turawan Mulkin Mallaka ya samu iko na shari'a a kan yanki har sai sun wanzar kulawa mai karfi da ya dace, kuma idan hakan ta faru, kawai na dan lokaci ne musamman mallakar karfin damtse kawai. Duk da haka, a ganin Burtaniya shine kasar Jamus ta kasance wacce ta zo nahiyar a karshe, kuma ana tsammani ba lallai bane ta kara samun wata mallaka fiye da wadda take da shi a hannunta dama, wanda suke nuna cikin sauri sunfi muhimmanci fiye da yankunan Burtaniya. Wannan ra'ayin ya janyo tsammani daga Burtaniya da Faransa cewa Jamus tana da sha'awar kunyata sauran Turawan mulkin mallaka da kuma tilasta musu wajen sakin yankunan su idan bazasu iya wanzar da karfin ikon siyasa ba a yankin. A wani hannun kuma, Burtaniya tana da manyan yankunan da ta mallaka a wajen kuma tana so ta rike su a yayin da zasu rage tsadar nauyi da na gudanarwa. A karshe, ra'ayin Burtaniya ta yi nasara.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 The Belgian Congo and the Berlin act, by Keith, Arthur Berriedale, 1919, p. 52.
- ↑ De Belgische Koloniën - Documentaire over het Belgisch Koloniaal Rijk (English: The Belgian Colonies - Documentary on the Belgian Colonial Empire) timestamp 10:40 to 10:52)
- ↑ Bruce Gilley: In Defense of German Colonialism, September 1, 2022
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Katzenellenbogen, S. (1996). "It didn't happen at Berlin: Politics, economics and ignorance in the setting of Africa's colonial boundaries.". In Nugent, P.; Asiwaju, A. I. (eds.). African Boundaries: Barriers, Conduits and Opportunities. London: Pinter. pp. 21–34.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Craven, M. (2015). "Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 and the logic of free trade". London Review of International Law. 3: 31–59. doi:10.1093/lril/lrv002.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Paine, Jack; Qiu, Xiaoyan; Ricart-Huguet, Joan (2024). "Endogenous Colonial Borders: Precolonial States and Geography in the Partition of Africa". American Political Science Review (in Turanci): 1–20. doi:10.1017/S0003055424000054. ISSN 0003-0554.
- ↑ Chamberlain, Muriel E., The Scramble for Africa (1999).
- ↑ Acherson, Neal, The King Incorporated: Leopold the Second and the Congo (1999).
- ↑ Crowe, S. E. (1942). The Berlin West African Conference, 1884–1885. London: Longmans Green.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Cornelis, S. (1991). "Stanley au service de Léopold II: La fondation de l'État Indépendant du Congo (1878–1885)". In Cornelis, S. (ed.). H.M. Stanley: Explorateur au Service du Roi. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa. pp. 41–60 (53–54).
- ↑ Rosenberg, Matt. "The Berlin Conference: Where a Continent Was Colonized". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ↑ Wang, Shih-tsung (31 July 1998). "The Conference of Berlin and British 'New' Imperialism, 1884–85" [柏林會議與英國「新帝國主義」,1884–85] (PDF) (Report) (in Turanci). 王世宗. Taipei: Department of History and Research Institute of National Taiwan University (國立臺灣大學歷史學系暨研究所). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-13. Also available here, original here.
- ↑ General-Akte der Berliner Konferenz [Acte Général de la Conférence de Berlin], 26 February 1885.
- ↑ "Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 and the logic of free trade". London Review of International Law. Lril.oxfordjournals.org. 10 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-10-16. Retrieved 2018-09-24.
- ↑ David, Saul. "BBC – History – British History in depth: Slavery and the 'Scramble for Africa'". bbc.co.uk/history. BBC. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ↑ "Historical Context: Heart of Darkness." EXPLORING Novels, Online Edition. Gale, 2003. Discovering Collection. Samfuri:Subscription required
- ↑ Stengers, Jean, "Sur l'aventure congolaise de Joseph Conrad". In Quaghebeur, M. and van Balberghe, E. (eds), Papier Blanc, Encre Noire: Cent Ans de Culture Francophone en Afrique Centrale (Zaïre, Rwanda et Burundi). 2 Vols. Brussels: Labor. Vol. 1, pp. 15–34.
- ↑ Thomson, Robert (1933). Fondation de l'État Indépendant du Congo: Un chapitre de l'histoire du partage de l'Afrique. Brussels. pp. 177–189.
- ↑ Moniteur Belge / Belgisch Staatsblad. Brussels. 1885–1886. p. 22.