Taron Yaki da Bauta a Brussels 1889-90
An gudanar da taron Brussels Anti-Slavery na 1889-1890 daga 18 ga Nuwamba 1889 zuwa 2 ga Yuli 1890 a Brussels kuma an kammala shi tare da karɓar Dokar Taron Brussels ta 1890 akan haramta cinikin bayi da bauta a Afirka. Taron ya goyi bayan Manufofin mulkin mallaka, wanda aka tabbatar da gardamar adawa da bautar. Wannan taron da asalinsa an tsara su ne da farko ta hanyar sha'awar ƙasa. Gwamnatoci sun biya sabis na baki ga manufofin jin kai don halatta manufofin mulkin mallaka.[1]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sarki Leopold da Ƙasar Kwango
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Leopold II, Sarkin Belgium mai ƙishirwa [2] ya yi nadama game da ƙuntatawa na iko da matsayinsa na masarautar tsarin mulki ya ɗora masa. [3] Don haka ya fara aikin sassaka cikakken mulkin kansa a Afirka, wanda ya haifar da kirkirar Congo Free State . [2] Leopold ya sami damar kwace yankin ta hanyar shawo kan wasu jihohin Turai a Taron Berlin kan Afirka cewa yana da hannu a aikin jin kai da taimakon jama'a kuma ba zai biya haraji ba. Ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Kongo, ya sami damar da'awar mafi yawan Kogin Kongo. Jihar Congo Free ta yi aiki a matsayin wata al'umma daban daga Belgium, a cikin hadin kai tare da Sarkinta. Leopold II ne ke sarrafa shi a matsayin mai zaman kansa, kodayake bai taba ziyartar jihar ba.
Yakin Lavigerie game da bauta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A lokacin Scramble for Africa a tsakiyar shekarun 1880, duk da alkawuran jin kai na Taron Kolonial na Berlin, manyan damuwar ikon mulkin mallaka sun kasance yanki da tattalin arziki. Wannan ya canza a cikin 1888. A cikin manyan jawabai a Paris da London, Kadanal Charles Lavigerie, wanda ya Kaddada da yaƙi da Bautar, ya yi tir da mummunar Cinikin bayi na Tekun Indiya, musamman Cinikin bayi na Zanzibar. Ya bukaci a dauki mataki nan take a matsayin 'yan bindiga na kasa da kasa na masu sa kai don yaki da cinikin bayi a Gabashin Afirka.
Leopold II ya bi yawon shakatawa na Lavigerie da hankali. Ya damu musamman game da shirye-shiryen aika da 'yan bindiga masu zaman kansu na duniya. Bayan haka, wannan na iya nufin cin nasarar Congo. Irin wannan rundunar soja, ya ji, za a iya tabbatar da ita ne kawai idan ta kasance a karkashin jagorancin gwamnatin Kongo. Leopold ya kuma ji tsoron cewa Lavigerie, wanda a cikin jawabinsa na baya ya zargi Tippu Tip da cinikin bayi, na iya cutar da manufofin Larabawa na Congo Free State.
Bayan saduwa da Leopold, duk da haka, Lavigerie ya yi watsi da ƙungiyar masu sa kai ta duniya. Wani yunkuri na yaki da bautar yanzu za a shirya shi ta hanyar Ƙungiyar adawa da bautar ƙasa ta musamman tare da tuntuɓar hukumomin mulkin mallaka. A cikin jawabinsa na Brussels, kodayake Lavigerie ya nuna alamar cinikin bayi a cikin Jihar Congo, ya danganta wannan ga rashin albarkatu.
Gudanar da taron
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawon shakatawa na Lavigerie ba wai kawai ya "yi numfashi ga sabuwar rayuwa cikin ƙungiyar adawa da bautar bautar ba", [4]::707 amma kuma Taron Anti-Slavery ya kasance sakamakon.[e] Mulkin mallaka na Turai na Gabas da Afirka ta Tsakiya ya haifar da matsaloli da yawa, musamman tare da ikon Larabawa-Swahili. Misali mai kyau shine tawaye na Larabawa da Swahili wanda ya haifar da toshe gabashin Afirka ta Jamus da Biritaniya..
Taron Yaki da Bautar Brussels ya kuma taimaka wa kai tsaye a cikin yakin da aka yi na dogon lokaci na Burtaniya game da cinikin bayi da bautar a Daular Ottoman. A cikin tsammanin taron Anti-Slavery na Brussels, wanda ya kamata ya faru a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1889, yakin neman diflomasiyyar Burtaniya a Porte ya sami ci gaba. Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Burtaniya ya nuna wa Porte cewa Daular Ottoman za a fuskanci zargi saboda rashin aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ottoman ta 1880 a taron da ke zuwa na Brussels Anti-Slavery, sai dai idan sun yi aiki sun dauki mataki kafin haka, amma wannan mummunan aikin adawa da bautar zai lashe Daular Ottom da ra'ayin Turai.Matsi na diflomasiyyar Burtaniya a ƙarshe ya ba da sakamako lokacin da Sultan Abdul Hamid II ya gabatar da Kanunname na 1889 a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1889, dokar doka ta farko (ba kamar dokokin da suka gabata ba) wanda ya haramta cinikin bayi a cikin Daular Ottoman.
Taro
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Burtaniya, bayan tuntubar gwamnatin Jamus, ta nemi Belgium ta kira taron kasa da kasa kan Cinikin bayi. An zaɓi Belgium musamman don kawar da tuhumar Portuguese da Faransanci. A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1889, wakilai daga kasashe 17 sun hadu a Brussels na watanni takwas. Taron taron ya gudana ne a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Belgium. An nada Lambermont a matsayin shugaban taron. Shirye-shiryen Dokar Janar don yaki da cinikin bayi a cikin Afirka a zahiri ya zama shirin don ƙarin mulkin mallaka. Wannan ya dogara ne akan tunanin cewa duk abin da ya ba da gudummawa ga fadada tasirin Turai ya kamata ya iyakance ikon aikin masu cinikin bayi.[5]
Doka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban Dokar Taron Brussels ta tsara cewa shirya ayyukan shari'a, addini da na soja a cikin yankunan Afirka da masu kariya shine hanya mafi kyau don yaki da Cinikin bayi. Wani muhimmin abu a kan ajanda shi ne kuma tsara shigo da makamai. Cinikin makamai ba wai kawai ya karfafa ikon Larabawa-Swahili ba, amma bindigogi da harsashi sun kasance hanyar musayar da aka saba amfani da ita don samun bayi da kuma akasin haka.
Don yaki da Cinikin bayi a teku, dole ne a sami iko mai yawa na jigilar kaya. Tun da farko a cikin yaki da Cinikin bayi na Trans-Atlantic, Ingila ta kammala yarjejeniyar teku tare da kasashe da yawa. Wannan ya ba da damar rundunar sojan ruwa ta Ingila ta bincika jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje don jigilar bayi. Ingila ta nemi yarjejeniyar duniya a taron da za ta ba da damar yin bincike. Faransa, duk da haka, koyaushe tana adawa da wannan haƙƙin saboda ya sanya babbar rundunar sojan ruwa ta Ingila, Dokar ta wakilci sulhu tsakanin matsayi biyu.
A ƙarshe, cinikin bayi za a iya kawar da shi gaba ɗaya ne kawai idan bukatar sabbin bayi ta ɓace. Don haka, don kawar da Cinikin bayi na Tekun Indiya sau ɗaya, dole ne a kawar da bautar a cikin ƙasashen da aka nufa da kansu. Koyaya, taron bai tafi haka ba: kawai an tattauna shigo da bayi. Taron ya rinjayi, Daular Ottoman ta zartar da sabuwar doka wacce ta haramta shigo da, wucewa da fitar da bayi, amma ta bar tsarin bautar ba tare da taɓa shi ba. Dole ne a ba da wasiƙun saki ga bayi masu gudu da shigo da su ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Haraji na shigo da kayayyaki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kudin harajin shigo da kaya ne babban abin da Leopold ya fi damuwa da shi. Dokar Berlin ta haramta karɓar harajin shigo da kaya a yankin Kwango na tsawon shekaru 20. Yanzu yana so a soke wannan bayan shekaru biyar kacal.[6]
A cikin wata wasiƙa da ya aika wa Ingila a baya, Leopold ya nemi a ba ƙasashen da suka kashe kuɗi wajen yaƙi da cinikin bayi damar karɓar ɗan ƙaramin harajin shigo da kaya; babu wanda ya yi jayayya da hakan. Saboda haka Leopold yana so a saka wannan a cikin shirin taron, amma Lambermont ya yi imanin cewa a yi taka-tsantsan. A ranar 10 ga Mayu, Lambermont ya gabatar da wannan shawarar a gaban taron. Ya nemi a soke Sashe na 4 na Dokar Berlin kuma a ba ƙasashen da ke cikin yankin Kwango na yarjejeniya damar karɓar harajin shigo da kaya har zuwa kashi 10 cikin ɗari ad valorem, kuma an yi la'akari da hana ko ƙara haraji a kan barasa, duba da yadda yake da nasaba da cinikin bayi.[7] Cigaban ayyukan jama'a domin tallafa wa kasuwanci yana bukatar sabbin hanyoyin samun kuɗi. Haka kuma, ƙasashen da suka fi fama da yaƙi da cinikin bayi ya kamata a sauƙaƙa musu. Bayan duk wannan, aikin jinƙai da suke yi yana cin kuɗi da yawa.[6]
Da farko, Netherlands da Amurka sun ƙi amincewa da shawarar. Amma bayan tattaunawa mai tsawo da wahala da kuma basira ta diflomasiyya daga bangaren Leopold II, duka bangarorin biyu suka cimma matsaya, Leopold II ya yi nasara kuma a ranar 2 ga Yuli, an sa hannu kan babban aiki da sanarwar Taron Brussels na Yaƙi da Cinikin Bayi.[6][8]
Sakamako
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A taƙaice, taron ya haifar da tattaunawar yarjejeniyar farko da ta soke cinikin bayi a Tekun Indiya, wato Yarjejeniyar Brussels, wadda aka amince da ita a shekarar 1890 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1892.[5]
A ranar 10 ga Satumba 1919, an rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Saint-Germain-en-Laye ta 1919 domin sake duba Babban Dokar Berlin ta 1885 da Babban Dokar da Sanarwar Brussels ta 1890,[9] inda aka ƙara tsananta haramta cinikin bayi ta hanyar tabbatar da “ƙarshen bayi gaba ɗaya a kowane nau’i da kuma cinikin bayi ta ƙasa da teku”,[10] wanda hakan ya share fage ga Yarjejeniyar Bayi ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta 25 ga Satumba 1926.[5]
Masu Halarta
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Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ (Maurice ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - 1 2 Pirotte, Jean (2013). "L'Afrique centrale ex-belge". Histoire, monde et cultures religieuses (in Faransanci). 25: 107–132.
Léopold II s’était lancé dans l’entreprise coloniale pour assouvir sa soif de pouvoir et donner une importance stratégique à son pays.
- ↑ Albig, Jörg-Uwe (2014). "Das Herz der Finsternis". Geo Epoche. Das Magazin für Geschichte (in Jamusanci). 66: 96–113.
- ↑ Laqua, Daniel (2011). "The Tensions of Internationalism: Transnational Anti-Slavery in the 1880s and 1890s". The International History Review. 33: 705–726. JSTOR 23240858.
- 1 2 3 François-Paul Blanc (2010). "L'esclavage au Maroc au temps du protectorat".
- 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedConference - ↑ [http://www.ethesis.net/leopold_II/leopold_II.htm#_ftn194 All the King's Men' A search for the colonial ideas of some advisers and "accomplices" of Leopold II (1853-1892). (Hannes Vanhauwaert), 6. Baron Auguste Lambermont (1819-1905), The Anti-Slavery Conference and the Relaxing Relationship with Leopold II A cikin watan Mayu 1890, Lambermont ya gabatar a taron da shawarar soke Sashe na 4 na Dokar Berlin, wadda ta ba da damar karɓar haraji har kashi 10 cikin ɗari akan kayayyakin da aka shigo da su. Haka kuma, an yi la'akari da hana ko haraji akan barasa saboda kusancinta da cinikin bayi. Baran ɗin ya yi nuni da sabbin kuɗaɗen da shawarar taron ya kawo wa EIC domin ya samu karɓuwa, amma musamman Netherlands ta nuna rashin yarda.
- ↑ New Africa; an essay on government civilization in new countries, and on the foundation, organization and administration of the Congo Free State, GREAT BRITAIN'S APPEAL TO BELGIUM. THE BRUSSELS CONFERENCE, Page 144. Maimakon haramta gaba ɗaya, an maye gurbin hakan da amincewar gaggawa daga dukkan Ƙasashe sai guda ɗaya da daga baya ta amince, da damar karɓar harajin shigo da kaya na matsakaici, ba tare da tsarin wariya ba. Wadannan harajin za su kasance iri ɗaya a fadin Kwango kuma ba za su wuce kashi goma cikin ɗari na ƙimar kayayyakin da aka shigo da su ba.
- ↑ Convention revising the General Act of Berlin, 26 February 1885, and the General Act and Declaration of Brussels, 2 July 1890: signed at Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 10 September 1919
- ↑ UN Slavery Convention of 25 September 1926
- ↑ Conférence internationale de Bruxelles: 18 novembre 1889-2 juillet 1890, protocoles et acte final/Ministère des affaires étrangères France. Ministère des affaires étrangères (1588-2007). Auteur du texte