Tasirin cibiyar sadarwa

• Anti-competitive practices
• Anti-rival good
• Beckstrom's law
• Betamax
• Business cluster
• Connectivity (media)
• Economies of density
• First-mover advantage
• Market failure
• Metcalfe's law
• Monopoly
• Monopsony
• Oligopoly
• Open format
• Open system (computing)
• Path dependence
• Protocol ossification
• Reed's law
• Returns to scale (increasing returns)
• Social multiplier effect
• Two-sided market

Tasirin cibiyar sadarwa
phenomenon (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	phenomenon (en)
Karatun ta	ikonomi

A cikin tattalin arziki, tasirin cibiyar sadarwa (wanda ake kira waje na cibiyar sadarwa ko tattalin arzikin sikelin da ake buƙata) shine abin da darajar ko amfani mai amfani ya samo daga abu mai kyau ko sabis ya dogara da yawan masu amfani da samfuran da suka dace. Tasirin cibiyar sadarwa yawanci tsarin ra'ayoyi ne mai kyau, wanda ke haifar da masu amfani da ke samun ƙarin ƙima daga samfurin yayin da yawancin masu amfani suka shiga wannan hanyar sadarwa. Amincewa da samfurin ta hanyar ƙarin mai amfani za a iya karya shi zuwa sakamako biyu: karuwa a cikin darajar ga duk sauran masu amfani (Cikakken sakamako) da kuma inganta dalilin da ya sa sauran wadanda ba masu amfani ba don amfani da samfurin (sakamakon gefe).

Tasirin cibiyar sadarwa na iya zama kai tsaye ko a kaikaice. Tasirin cibiyar sadarwa kai tsaye yana tasowa lokacin da mai amfani da aka ba shi ya karu tare da yawan sauran masu amfani da wannan samfurin ko fasaha, ma'ana cewa karɓar samfurin ta masu amfani daban-daban yana da alaƙa. Wannan tasirin ya bambanta da tasirin da ke da alaƙa da farashi, kamar fa'ida ga masu amfani da ke akwai sakamakon raguwar farashi yayin da yawancin masu amfani suka shiga. Ana iya ganin tasirin cibiyar sadarwa kai tsaye tare da sabis na sadarwar jama'a, gami da Twitter, Facebook, Airbnb, Uber, da LinkedIn; na'urorin sadarwa kamar tarho; da sabis na saƙo na nan take kamar MSN, AIM ko QQ. Sakamakon cibiyar sadarwa na kai tsaye (ko na giciye) yana tasowa lokacin da akwai "akalla ƙungiyoyin abokan ciniki daban-daban guda biyu waɗanda ke dogara da juna, kuma amfanin akalla ƙungiya ɗaya yana girma yayin da ɗayan ƙungiya (s) ke girma". Misali, kayan aiki na iya zama mafi mahimmanci ga masu amfani tare da ci gaban software mai jituwa.

Sakamakon cibiyar sadarwa galibi ana kuskuren su ga tattalin arzikin sikelin, wanda ke bayyana raguwar matsakaicin farashin samarwa dangane da jimlar adadin raka'a da aka samar. Tattalin arzikin sikelin abu ne na yau da kullun a masana'antun gargajiya kamar masana'antu, yayin da tasirin cibiyar sadarwa ya fi yawa a sabbin masana'antun tattalin arziki, musamman fasahar bayanai da sadarwa. Sakamakon cibiyar sadarwa shine abokin hamayya na tattalin arzikin sikelin, yayin da suke aiki ta hanyar kara shirye-shiryen abokin ciniki na biyan bashin da ya dace maimakon rage matsakaicin farashin mai samarwa.[1]

Bayan isa ga wani abu mai mahimmanci, tasirin bandwagon na iya haifar. Yayin da cibiyar sadarwa ke ci gaba da zama mafi mahimmanci tare da kowane sabon mai karɓa, ana ƙarfafa mutane da yawa su karɓa, wanda ke haifar da madauki mai kyau. Daidaitawa da yawa da kuma kasuwar kasuwa sune mahimman sakamako guda biyu a cikin kasuwanni waɗanda ke nuna tasirin cibiyar sadarwa. Binciken masu amfani shine mabuɗin ƙayyade abin da zai haifar.

Asalin

Sakamakon cibiyar sadarwa sun kasance babban batu a cikin muhawara na Theodore Vail, shugaban farko na Bell Telephone, a cikin samun iko a kan ayyukan tarho na Amurka. A cikin 1908, lokacin da ya gabatar da manufar a cikin rahoton shekara-shekara na Bell, akwai musayar tarho na gida da na yanki sama da 4,000, mafi yawansu sun haɗu cikin Bell System.

Ka'idar tattalin arziki na tasirin cibiyar sadarwa ta ci gaba sosai tsakanin 1985 da 1995 ta masu bincike Michael L. Katz, Carl Shapiro, Joseph Farrell, da Garth Saloner. Marubuci, babban dan kasuwa Rod Beckstrom ya gabatar da samfurin lissafi don bayyana hanyoyin sadarwar da ke cikin yanayin tasirin cibiyar sadarwa mai kyau a BlackHat da Defcon a cikin 2009 kuma ya gabatar da tasirin cibiyar sadarwar da aka juya tare da tsarin tattalin arziki don bayyana shi. Saboda kyakkyawan ra'ayi sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da tasirin cibiyar sadarwa, ana iya amfani da tsarin tsarin a matsayin hanyar ƙira don bayyana abubuwan da suka faru. Magana ta baki da tsarin watsawar Bass suma suna iya amfani. Babban ci gaba na gaba ya faru ne tsakanin 2000 da 2003 lokacin da masu bincike Geoffrey G Parker, Marshall Van Alstyne, Jean-Charles Rochet da John Tirole [mahimmanci ba da ake buƙata] da kansu sun haɓaka wallafe-wallafen kasuwa na bangarorin biyu da ke nuna yadda hanyoyin sadarwar da ke ƙetare kungiyoyi daban-daban zasu iya haifar da farashi kyauta ga ɗayan waɗannan kungiyoyi.  

Duk da yake bambancin tushe yana raguwa, akwai ƙarfin da ke ci gaba da haɓaka aiki tare da sabbin ayyuka, samfuran da aikace-aikace - kamar sabis na yawo na kiɗa (Spotify), shirye-shiryen raba fayil (Dropbox) da dandamali na saƙo (Messenger, WhatsApp da Snapchat). Wani babban binciken shi ne karuwar yawan Mutuwar jarirai na shafukan yanar gizo, tare da manyan 'yan wasa a kowane yanki na aiki, da zarar an kafa su, suna kiyaye turfinsu da ƙarfi fiye da kowane lokaci.

A gefe guda, tasirin cibiyar sadarwa mai girma ba koyaushe yana kawo karuwar daidaito a cikin dawowa ba. Ko ƙarin masu amfani suna kawo ƙarin ƙima ya dogara da sayarwa na wadata, nau'in mai amfani da ƙaruwa da yanayin maye gurbin. Misali, hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a na iya kaiwa ga canji, bayan haka ƙarin masu amfani ba sa kawo ƙarin ƙima. Ana iya danganta wannan ga gaskiyar cewa yayin da mutane da yawa suka shiga cibiyar sadarwa, masu amfani da ita ba su da niyyar raba abubuwan sirri kuma shafin ya zama mafi mayar da hankali kan labarai da abubuwan jama'a.

Tattalin Arziki

Tattalin arzikin cibiyar sadarwa yana nufin tattalin arzikin kasuwanci wanda ke amfana daga tasirin cibiyar sadarwa. Wannan shine lokacin da darajar abu ko sabis ya karu lokacin da wasu suka sayi abu ko sabis iri ɗaya. Misalan su ne shafukan yanar gizo kamar EBay, ko iVillage inda al'umma ta taru kuma ta raba tunani don taimakawa shafin yanar gizon ya zama ingantaccen ƙungiyar kasuwanci.

A cikin dorewa, tattalin arzikin cibiyar sadarwa yana nufin masu sana'a da yawa (masu tsara gine-gine, masu zanen kaya, ko kasuwancin da ke da alaƙa) duk suna aiki tare don haɓaka samfuran da fasaha masu ɗorewa. Yawancin kamfanoni suna da hannu a samar da muhalli, sauƙin kuma mai rahusa ya zama don samar da sabbin kayayyaki masu ɗorewa. Misali, idan babu wanda ke samar da kayayyaki masu ɗorewa, yana da wahala kuma yana da tsada don tsara gida mai ɗorewa tare da kayan al'ada da fasaha. Amma saboda tattalin arzikin cibiyar sadarwa, yawancin masana'antu suna da hannu wajen kirkirar irin waɗannan samfuran, mafi sauƙin shine tsara ginin mai ɗorewa na muhalli.

Wani fa'idar tattalin arzikin cibiyar sadarwa a wani yanki shine ingantaccen da ya haifar da gasa da cibiyar sadarwa cikin masana'antu.

Karɓar da gasa

Babban taro

A farkon matakan fasahar cibiyar sadarwa, abubuwan da ke motsawa don karɓar sabuwar fasahar ba su da yawa. Bayan wasu mutane sun karɓi fasahar, tasirin cibiyar sadarwa ya zama mahimmanci don tallafi ya zama babbar dabarar. Wannan batu ana kiransa taro mai mahimmanci. A mahimmancin taro, darajar da aka samu daga abu ko sabis ya fi ko daidai da farashin da aka biya don abu ko sabis.

Lokacin da samfurin ya kai ga taro mai mahimmanci, tasirin cibiyar sadarwa zai haifar da ci gaba har sai an kai ma'auni mai ɗorewa. Sabili da haka, babban damuwa na kasuwanci dole ne ya zama yadda za a jawo hankalin masu amfani kafin su kai ga taro mai mahimmanci. Kyakkyawan inganci yana da alaƙa da tsammanin masu amfani, wanda farashin da ingancin samfuran ko ayyuka, sunan kamfanin da hanyar ci gaban cibiyar sadarwa za su shafi shi. Don haka, wata hanya ita ce dogaro da motsawa ta waje, kamar biyan kuɗi, ƙin kuɗi, ko buƙatar abokai su yi rajista. Wata dabarar da ta fi dacewa ita ce gina tsarin da ke da isasshen darajar ba tare da tasirin cibiyar sadarwa ba, aƙalla ga Masu karɓar farko. Sa'an nan, yayin da yawan masu amfani ke ƙaruwa, tsarin ya zama mafi mahimmanci kuma yana iya jan hankalin masu amfani da yawa.