Tasirin muhalli na jigilar kayayyaki
 Tasirin muhalli na jigilar kayayyaki | |
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| Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli | |
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| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
environmental effects of transport (en)  da environmental effects (en) |
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Tasirin muhalli na jigilar kaya ya haɗa da gurɓataccen iska, gurɓatawar ruwa, acoustic, da gurɓatar mai.[1] Jiragen ruwa suna da alhakin fiye da 18% na gurɓataccen nitrogen oxides, da kuma 3% na hayakin gas.[2]
Duk da cewa jiragen ruwa sune hanya mafi inganci don matsar da wani nau'in kaya mai nisa, girman girman masana'antar yana nufin yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan muhalli. [3] Yawan karuwa na shekara-shekara na jigilar kaya yana mamaye nasarorin inganci, kamar daga sannu-sannu . Haɓaka a cikin tonne-kilomita na jigilar ruwa ya kai matsakaicin kashi 4 a kowace shekara tun daga 1990s, kuma ya girma da kashi 5 tun daga shekarun 1970.
Gaskiyar cewa jigilar kayayyaki tana jin daɗin haƙƙin haraji mai yawa ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwar hayaki.[4][5][6]
Ruwa mai laushi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rashin ruwa na Ballast ta jiragen ruwa na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri a kan Yanayin ruwa.[1] Jiragen ruwa, manyan tankuna, da masu jigilar kaya suna amfani da ruwa mai yawa, wanda galibi ana ɗaukarsa a cikin ruwan bakin teku a yanki ɗaya bayan jiragen ruwa sun fitar da Ruwa mai guba ko sauke kaya, kuma an sauke su a tashar jiragen ruwa ta gaba, duk inda aka ɗora kaya.[7] Rashin ruwa na Ballast yawanci yana dauke da kayan halitta iri-iri, gami da shuke-shuke, Dabbobi, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta. Wadannan kayan galibi sun hada da wadanda ba na asali ba, damuwa, masu mamayewa, nau'o'in halittu masu ban sha'awa waɗanda zasu iya haifar da mummunar lalacewar muhalli da tattalin arziki ga yanayin halittu na ruwa tare da manyan matsalolin lafiyar ɗan adam.
Rashin gurɓataccen sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin gurɓataccen hayaniya da ya haifar da jigilar kaya da sauran kamfanonin ɗan adam ya karu a cikin Tarihin kwanan nan. Sautin da jiragen ruwa ke samarwa na iya tafiya mai nisa, kuma nau'in ruwa waɗanda zasu iya dogaro da sauti don daidaitawa, sadarwa, da abinci, wannan gurɓataccen sauti na iya cutar da su.[8]
Yarjejeniyar kan Tsaro na Nau'o'in Migration ta gano hayaniya ta teku a matsayin yiwuwar barazana ga rayuwar ruwa. Rashin ikon whales na sadarwa tare da juna babbar barazana ce kuma tana shafar ikon su na rayuwa. A cewar wani labarin Discovery Channel a kan Sonic Sea Journeys Deep into the Ocean a cikin karni na karshe, babbar murya daga jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci, binciken mai da iskar gas, motsa jiki na sonar na ruwa da sauran tushe sun canza yanayin sauti na teku, suna kalubalantar ikon whales da sauran rayuwar ruwa don bunƙasa kuma a ƙarshe su tsira. Whales suna fara amsawa ga wannan ta hanyoyin da ke barazana ga rayuwa. Duk da aikace-aikacen soja da farar hula na sonar, yana lalata rayuwar ruwa. A cewar Darakta na Shirin Ceto Dabbobi na IFAW Katie Moore, "Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban da sautuna zasu iya shafar dabbobi. Akwai wannan matakin hayaniya na yanayi wanda ke tashi, da tashi, da kuma tashi wanda ke tsoma baki da sadarwa da alamu na motsi. Sa'an nan kuma akwai mafi girman tasirin tasirin sauti, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar jiki ko amsawar halayyar gaske[9]
Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gas din da ke fitowa daga jiragen ruwa shine babban tushen gurɓataccen iska, duka don gurɓatawar al'ada da iskar gas.[1]
Abubuwan gurɓataccen abu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin gurɓata iska daga jiragen ruwa yana haifar da Injinan dizal waɗanda ke ƙone man fetur mai mai ƙarfi, wanda aka fi sani da man fetur, wanda ke samar da sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide da ƙwayoyin cuta, ban da carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, da hydrocarbons wanda kuma ke haifar da samar da aerosols da halayen sunadarai na biyu ciki har da tsari na HCHO [10] da ozone a cikin yanayi.[1] Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta rarraba hayaki na diesel a matsayin mai yuwuwar cutar kansa ta mutum. Hukumar ta fahimci cewa waɗannan hayaki daga injunan dizal na ruwa suna ba da gudummawa ga rashin samun ozone da carbon monoxide (watau, gazawar saduwa da ƙa'idodin ingancin iska), da kuma mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da maida hankali ga kwayoyin halitta da ganuwa, haze, acid deposition, da eutrophication da nitrification na ruwa. EPA ta kiyasta cewa manyan injunan diesel na ruwa sun kai kimanin kashi 1.6 cikin dari na hayakin nitrogen oxide da kuma kashi 2.8 cikin dari na fitar da kwayoyin halitta a Amurka a cikin 2000. Gudummawar injunan diesel na ruwa na iya zama mafi girma a kan takamaiman tashar jiragen ruwa. Ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) misali ne don bayyana man fetur na diesel tare da raguwar abubuwan sulfur. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, kusan dukkanin man fetur na diesel da ke cikin Turai da Arewacin Amurka na ULSD ne. Koyaya, man bunker har yanzu yana samuwa, kuma manyan injunan ruwa suna iya canzawa tsakanin nau'ikan biyu kawai ta hanyar buɗewa da rufe bawul ɗin da suka dace daga tankunan mai daban-daban guda biyu.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 vanc. Missing or empty
|title=(help) Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "Walker et al 2019 Environmental Effects of Marine Transportation" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Schrooten L, De Vlieger I, Panis LI, Chiffi C, Pastori E (December 2009). "Emissions of maritime transport: a European reference system". The Science of the Total Environment. 408 (2): 318–23. Bibcode:2009ScTEn.408..318S. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.07.037. PMID 19840885. S2CID 8271813.
- ↑ Rahim MM, Islam MT, Kuruppu S (2016). "Regulating global shipping corporations' accountability for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the seas". Marine Policy. 69: 159–170. Bibcode:2016MarPo..69..159R. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.018.
- ↑ "Fuel charges in international aviation and shipping: How high; how; and why?". World Bank Blogs. World Bank. 2013-04-17.
- ↑ "Fuel taxation". Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
- ↑ Keen, Michael; Parry, Ian; Strand, Jon (2014-09-09). "The (non-) taxation of international aviation and maritime fuels: Anomalies and possibilities". VoxEU. Centre for Economic Policy Research.
- ↑ Urbina, Ian (September 25, 2019). "Dumping into the Ocean | #TheOutlawOcean". YouTube.
- ↑ Simpson SD, Meekan MG, Larsen NJ, McCauley RD, Jeffs A (2010). "Behavioral plasticity in larval reef fish: Orientation is influenced by recent acoustic experiences". Behavioral Ecology. 21 (5): 1098–1105. doi:10.1093/beheco/arq117.
- ↑ "Discovery Channel's Sonic Sea Journeys Deep Into the Ocean Uncovering the Devastating Impact Man-Made Noise Has on Marine Life and What Can Be Done to Stop the Damage to These Creatures Who Are a Crucial Part of the Circle of Life – Discovery, Inc". corporate.discovery.com. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ↑ Gopikrishnan, G. S.; Kuttippurath, Jayanarayanan (2020-11-30). "A decade of satellite observations reveal significant increase in atmospheric formaldehyde from shipping in Indian Ocean". Atmospheric Environment. 246: 118095. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118095. ISSN 1352-2310. S2CID 229387891.