Tasirin muhalli na jirgin sama a Ƙasar Ingila

Filin jirgin saman London Heathrow

Tasirin muhalli na sufurin jiragen sama a Burtaniya na karuwa saboda karuwar bukatar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a kasar.  A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, masana'antar sufurin jiragen sama ta Burtaniya ta sami ci gaba mai dorewa, kuma ana hasashen buƙatun balaguron jirgin sama na fasinja zai ƙaru fiye da ninki biyu, zuwa fasinjoji miliyan 465, nan da 2030. Filayen jiragen sama biyu;  London Heathrow da London Gatwick, suna cikin manyan filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama guda goma a duniya don zirga-zirgar fasinja na duniya.  Yayin da fiye da rabin dukkan fasinjojin da ke tafiya ta jirgin sama a Burtaniya a halin yanzu suna tafiya ta filayen jiragen sama guda biyar na London, filayen jiragen saman yankin sun sami ci gaba mafi girma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, saboda nasarar da kamfanonin jiragen sama na 'no-frills' suka samu a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.

Ikon kayan aikin filin jirgin sama na yanzu don biyan bukatun hasashen yana da iyaka, kuma manufofin gwamnati da aka buga a 2003 suna tallafawa ci gaban ƙarin ƙarfin filin jirgin sama nan da 2030 don magance wannan. Shirye-shiryen ya dogara ne akan yin amfani da mafi kyawun kayan aikin da ke akwai, kodayake ana ganin ƙarin sabbin hanyoyi guda biyar a duk faɗin ƙasar sun zama dole, uku daga cikinsu a filayen jirgin saman London na Stansted, Heathrow kuma, zuwa ƙarshen lokacin da ya shafi, Gatwick. An tsara wannan manufofin don zama daidaitaccen kuma auna hanyar zuwa makomar masana'antar sufuri ta iska; wanda ya fahimci fa'idar tattalin arziki wajen samar da ci gaban buƙatun tafiye-tafiye na iska da kuma buƙatar magance Tasirin muhalli. Kwamitin Zaɓin Binciken Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya soki dabarun, ta masu kula da muhalli da kungiyoyin kamfen, da kuma a cikin takardun bincike, don aiwatar da tsinkaya da samar da samfurin da ke nuna fa'idodin tattalin arziki yayin da ba su kula da sakamakon muhalli ba.

Taimakawa ga fadada filin jirgin sama ya dogara ne akan yanayin tattalin arziki wanda ya shafi masana'antar sufurin jiragen sama ba kawai a matsayin wata muhimmiyar masana'anta a cikin kanta ba, har ma a matsayin mai taimakawa wajen bunkasa tattalin arziki gaba daya.  Wani bincike ya yi hasashen cewa dabarun gwamnati za su sami ƙarin fam biliyan 13 a kowace shekara a cikin Babban Samar da Cikin Gida (GDP) nan da shekarar 2030. Wani bincike da ke da muhimmanci kan tsarin gwamnati, wanda kuma ke ba da fifikon magance illolin muhalli ta hanyar ƙara harajin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, yana nuna mummunar fa'idar tattalin arziƙin da ta samu sakamakon faɗaɗa filin jirgin sama.  A cikin 2006 masana'antar ke da alhakin sama da kashi 6 cikin 100 na duk hayaƙin Carbon na Burtaniya, adadi da aka saita zai tashi yayin da buƙatar ke ƙaruwa.  A karkashin dabarun yanzu na rage hayaki da haɓakar sufurin jiragen sama, tafiye-tafiyen jiragen sama a Burtaniya na iya yin lissafin kusan kashi 50 na kasafin kuɗin carbon na Burtaniya nan da 2050. Ƙoƙarin masana'antu don magance wannan batu shine ƙoƙarin dogon lokaci dangane da haɓaka fasaha da aiki, yayin da manufofin gwamnati ke dogara ne akan haɗa jigilar iska a cikin tsarin ciniki na hayaki.  Masu suka suna ba da shawarar a sauya manufofin gwamnati don magance illolin muhalli ta hanyar hana haɓakar buƙatun tafiye-tafiye ta jirgin sama, da farko ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin tattalin arziki don farashin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama mara kyau.  Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na cikin gida sun haɗa da hayaniya da ingancin iska, kuma tasirin waɗannan, musamman a yanayin tsohon, yana fuskantar muhawara.  Manufar gwamnati gabaɗaya ita ce, waɗannan batutuwan cikin gida ne da aka fi magance su a cikin gida, kuma sun gabatar da dokoki da aka tsara don sauƙaƙe wannan.

Tsarin sufuri na iska

Girma a cikin motsi na sufuri na iska 1981-2006

Sufurin iska a Ƙasar Ingila masana'antu ce mai girma. A cikin shekarun 1981 zuwa 2006 yawan fasinjojin tashar ya karu da kashi 400 kuma motsi na sufuri na iska da kashi 250. Kodayake jigilar kaya ya ragu dan kadan shekara a shekara tsakanin 2004 da 2006, a cikin shekaru goma tun daga 1996 jigilar kaya ta iska ta karu da kashi 31. A lokacin da ake tsara manufofin gwamnati yawan fasinjoji ya wuce miliyan 200, kuma a cikin 2006 masana'antar ta kula da fasinjoji sama da miliyan 236 (har zuwa kashi 3 cikin dari daga shekarar da ta gabata), tare da kusan motsi na sufuri na iska miliyan 2.4 (har zuwa 1.8%).    

Infrastructure

Ayyukan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ga duk sararin samaniya na Burtaniya ana ba da su ta hanyar National Air Traffic Services (NATS), wanda kuma ke ba da kula da zirga-zane a filayen jirgin sama 15. Babban ma'aikacin Filin jirgin sama shine Heathrow Airport Holdings, mai mallakar filayen jirgin saman Burtaniya guda shida ciki har da Filin jirgin saman Heathrow. A wasu lokuta mallakar filin jirgin sama tana hannun hukumomin karamar hukuma maimakon kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kuma mafi girman mai gudanarwa na Burtaniya, Manchester Airports Group, mai gudanar da Filin jirgin saman Manchester, Filin jirgin sama na Bournemouth, Filin jirgin saman East Midlands, da Filin jiragen sama na Humberside, mallakar ƙungiyar 10 na yankin Manchester ne. Yayinda yawan filayen jirgin sama a Burtaniya ke gudana zuwa daruruwan, da yawa ƙananan filayen jirgin ƙasa ne da ke hulɗa da jirgin sama gaba ɗaya maimakon jigilar iska. Dangane da ƙarshen, ana tattara kididdiga daga manyan filayen jirgin sama 59, kuma mafi yawan ayyuka suna cikin yankunan London da Kudu maso Gabashin Ingila.

Filin jirgin saman Burtaniya mafi girma 2006

Heathrow shine filin jirgin sama mafi girma a kasar, yana kula da fasinjoji sama da miliyan 67 a cikin shekara ta 2006, yana mai da shi filin jirgin sama na uku mafi yawan jama'a a duniya, kuma mafi yawan jamaʼa idan aka auna shi da yawan fasinjojin duniya. Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duk mazaunan ƙasashen waje da ke ziyartar Burtaniya sun shiga ƙasar ta hanyar wannan filin jirgin sama, wanda kuma ke kula da fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na duk ziyarar ƙasashen waje ta mazaunan Burtaniya. Kodayake babu sabis na jigilar kaya da ke aiki daga Heathrow, aikin jigilar kaya a cikin jirgin fasinja yana nufin cewa wannan filin jirgin sama har yanzu yana da asusun fiye da rabin duk jigilar kaya wanda filayen jirgin saman Burtaniya ke sarrafawa. Filin jirgin saman Gatwick, tare da fasinjoji miliyan 34, shine na biyu mafi girma a kasar, na takwas mafi yawan jama'a a duniya don zirga-zirgar fasinjoji na kasa da kasa, kuma yana da'awar filin jirgin sama mafi yawan jamaʼa a duniya. Tsakanin su filayen jirgin saman London guda biyar suna kula da kusan fasinjoji miliyan 137, kashi 59 cikin dari na jimlar ƙasa. Filin jirgin saman Stansted da East Midlands dukansu sun sami ci gaba mai girma a cikin sarrafa kaya a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, kuma waɗannan filayen jirgin sama guda biyu sune manyan cibiyoyin ayyukan jigilar kaya.   

A waje da London da Kudu maso Gabas, amfani da filayen jirgin sama na yanki ya karu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ta amfani da waɗannan wuraren ninka sau biyu a cikin 1995 zuwa 2005. Don kwatanta wannan ci gaban, a cikin shekaru biyar daga 2001 lambobin fasinjoji a filayen jirgin saman yankin na Filin jirgin saman Exeter, Filin jirgin sama na Bristol, da Filin jirgin ruwa na Newcastle sun karu da kashi 191, kashi 113, da kashi 60 bi da bi. A cikin wannan lokacin manyan filayen jirgin sama sun sami wasu daga cikin saurin girma, tare da yawan fasinjoji na Heathrow da ke ƙaruwa da kashi 11, kuma na Gatwick da ke ƙaru da ƙasa da kashi 10.

Kamfanonin jiragen sama na Burtaniya mafi girma a shekara ta 2006

Yawancin fasinjojin da ke tafiya ta iska zuwa ko daga Burtaniya Kamfanonin jiragen sama ne na Burtaniya, wanda akwai kusan ashirin da biyar, kuma a ƙarshen shekara ta 2006 rundunar sufurin jiragen sama ta Burtaniya ta ƙidaya jirgin sama 963, yana tashi a ƙasa da jirage miliyan 1.2 kuma yana da matsakaicin sa'o'i takwas na tashi a kowace rana. Tare manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama guda biyu kamar yadda aka auna ta lambobin fasinjoji; British Airways da EasyJet, suna da kusan rabin fasinjoji miliyan 127 da suka tashi a kan kamfanonin jiragen saman Burtaniya. Dangane da iyawa, duka ana samun su da kuma amfani da su, British Airways ita ce kamfanin jirgin sama mafi girma, yayin da Virgin Atlantic ta tura easyJet zuwa matsayi na uku. Jirgin fasinja na British Airways kuma yana da sama da kashi 50 cikin dari na duk kayan da kamfanonin jiragen saman Burtaniya ke ɗauka, kuma idan aka haɗa shi da ayyukan jigilar kaya kamfanin jirgin sama yana ɗaukar sama da kashi 60 cikin dari na dukkan kayan da kamfanoni na Burtaniya ke ɗauke da su.  

Zuwan a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 na 'ba-frills' masu ɗaukar kaya, kamar easyJet, ya sami babban tasiri a kan tafiye-tafiye na iska a Burtaniya. A shekara ta 2005 waɗannan kamfanonin jiragen sama sun ɗauki fasinjoji miliyan 77.5, daga miliyan 4.3 kawai a shekara ta 1996. Suna da alhakin ci gaban filayen jirgin sama na yanki, suna aiki daga filayen jirgin saman 35 a 2006 idan aka kwatanta da 10 a 1996, da kuma kara zaɓin wuraren da ke ƙasa da ƙasa, suna aiki 150 a 2006, idan aka kwatanta le 12 shekaru goma da suka gabata. Yawan ci gaba na shekara-shekara a cikin buƙatun gaba ɗaya don tafiye-tafiye na iska ya kasance mai ɗorewa tun 1975, matsakaicin kashi 5.8 cikin ɗari a kowace shekara. Kamfanonin jiragen sama marasa iyaka suna kula da ci gaban kwanan nan a kan kudin masu jigilar kayan gargajiya waɗanda, tun daga shekara ta 2000, sun sami daidaituwa ko raguwar matakan zirga-zirga. A mayar da martani, masu jigilar gargajiya sun rage farashi don yin gasa yadda ya kamata a kan farashi, wanda ke haifar da ƙananan farashi a kan gajerun hanyoyin da wannan ɓangaren ke aiki, musamman a farashi na kasuwanci. Har ila yau, suna da iyakance ko rage ƙarfin kuma a wasu lokuta sun ƙaddamar da rassan kansu ba tare da iyaka ba.  

Tafiyar fasinjoji

Lambobin fasinjoji 1981-2006

Fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na dukkan fasinjoji na ƙarshe suna tafiya a kan hanyoyin cikin gida kawai, yayin da rabi ke tafiya tsakanin Burtaniya da sauran Tarayyar Turai (EU). Daga cikin na ƙarshe, tafiya tsakanin Burtaniya da Spain, Faransa, Jamus da Italiya sun kai kusan rabin, tare da Spain kusan ya dace da sauran uku tare dangane da lambobin fasinjoji. A waje da EU, Amurka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Switzerland da Gabas ta Tsakiya tare suna da sama da rabin dukkan fasinjojin da ke tashi tsakanin Burtaniya da sauran duniya, tare da Amurka ta wuce sauran uku tare dangane da lambobin fasinjoji. Tafiyar jirgin sama ita ce mafi mashahuriyar hanyar sufuri ga baƙi zuwa da daga Burtaniya. A shekara ta 2005 an yi amfani da shi don kashi 80 cikin 100 na duk ziyarar da mazaunan Burtaniya ke tafiya zuwa kasashen waje da kuma kashi 74 cikin 100 na dukkan ziyarar da ke shigowa. Fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na dukkan fasinjoji suna tafiya a kan kasuwanci. Zuwan masu jigilar kaya ba tare da raguwa ba ya da tasiri sosai ga bayanan tafiye-tafiye na fasinja, tare da ci gaba mai ƙarfi a cikin tafiye-tarayyar kasuwanci daga filayen jirgin sama na yanki, da haɓaka zirga-zirgar shigowa da aka samar don dalilan waɗanda ba mazauna Burtaniya ba da ke ziyartar abokai da dangi da ke zaune a Burtaniya. Duk da yake an fahimci waɗannan masu ɗaukar kaya don dimokuradiyya tafiye-tafiye na iska, suna ba da damar ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin samun kuɗi suyi tafiya sau da yawa, babban sakamakon shine ainihin cewa ƙungiyoyin samun kudin shiga na tsakiya da mafi girma suna tafiya sau da kullun, kuma sau da yawa don gajeren tafiye-tsalle. Masu bincike suna nuna damuwa game da karuwar motsi na mutane a duniya, wanda ya haɗa da tafiye-tafiye na iska akai-akai kuma sau da yawa mai nisa da kuma sakamakon muhalli da tasirin yanayi.

Capacity

An gano kasancewar damar filin jirgin sama a matsayin muhimmiyar ƙuntatawa kan ikon biyan buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa don tafiye-tafiye na iska. A lokuta da yawa an riga an yi amfani da ƙarfin filin jirgin sama don biyan buƙatun yanzu. A filayen jirgin saman Heathrow da Gatwick titunan jirgin sama sun cika da "... kusan dukan rana". A shekara ta 2003 ana sa ran titin jirgin sama a filin jirgin saman Birmingham zai kai ga cikakken damar zuwa shekara ta 2009 a ƙarshe, yayin da ƙarfin tashar jirgin saman Edinburgh ya kai iyakarsa. Hasashen gwamnati a wannan shekarar ya yi hasashen cewa nan da shekara ta 2030 yawan fasinjoji na iya tashi zuwa tsakanin fasinjoji miliyan 400 a kowace shekara (mppa) da 600 mppa, wanda ke wakiltar karuwar sau biyu zuwa uku, kuma gwamnati ta dauki adadi na 500 mppa a matsayin mai ƙarfi. A shekara ta 2006 gwamnati ta ba da rahoton cewa a 228 mppa bukatar tafiye-tafiye na iska a shekarar da ta gabata ta yi daidai da hasashen 2003, amma kuma ta sake fasalin hasashen da ake buƙata don 2030 zuwa ƙasa zuwa 465 mppa sakamakon ƙuntatawa na iyawa, har ma da la'akari da abubuwan da aka tsara a filin jirgin sama. 

Gwamnati da ka'idoji

Dokar da ke kula da jirgin sama a Burtaniya an bayyana ta hanyar Dokar Jirgin Sama ta 1982, wanda ake sabuntawa lokaci-lokaci tare da gyare-gyare, sabuwar ita ce Dokar Jirgin Jirgin Sama na 2006. Ma'aikatar gwamnati da ke da alhakin yin canje-canje a cikin manufofin kasa da dabarun dogon lokaci da suka shafi jirgin sama ita ce Ma'abiyar Sufuri (DfT). A matakin aiki Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama (CAA) mai zaman kanta tana tsara fannoni na tattalin arziki, aminci, da kariya ga masu amfani, da kuma manufofin sararin samaniya, kodayake ana ci gaba da ba da waɗannan nauyin ga Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Turai (EASA). Abubuwan da suka shafi sufuri na iska na kasa da kasa ana tsara su ta yarjejeniyar da aka yi a cikin Ƙungiyar Jirgin Sama ta Duniya (ICAO) kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Chicago ta kafa, yayin da yawancin sabbin dokoki yanzu ana yin su a matakin Turai ta hanyar Taron Jirgin Sama na Turai (ECAC). A sakamakon haka, ban da ci gaban filin jirgin sama, akwai wasu fannoni na masana'antar sufuri ta iska wanda gwamnati za ta iya aiki a ware.

Shirye-shiryen ci gaban filin jirgin sama

Filin jirgin saman East Midlands - Babban cibiyar don ayyukan jigilar kayayyaki

Yayinda ci gaban filin jirgin sama a Burtaniya ke ƙarƙashin tsarin tsarin tsarin tsarin gida, gwamnati tana ɗaukar filayen jirgin sama a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na ababen more rayuwa na ƙasa kuma saboda haka yana buƙatar a tsara ci gaban su tare da tsarin dabarun. Don tallafawa wannan, gwamnati ta fara tsarin shawarwarin jama'a na shekaru uku tare da bugawa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2000 na takardar shawarwarin The Future of Aviation. Wannan ya tsara batutuwan da ke haifar da jigilar jiragen sama kuma ya nemi ra'ayoyi game da yadda ya kamata a magance su a kowane manufa na gaba. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan tambayoyin da aka yi shi ne ko manufofi ya kamata su mai da hankali kan biyan buƙatu ko kuma ya kamata su mayar da hankali maimakon rage mummunan tasirin sufuri na iska. Wani muhimmin batun da aka nemi ra'ayoyi shine yadda masana'antar zata iya biyan kuɗin muhalli da take ciki. Tsakanin Yuli 2002 da Fabrairu 2003 an buga wasu takardun shawarwari na yanki guda bakwai. Wadannan sun mayar da hankali kan kimantawar tattalin arziki, muhalli, zamantakewa da sararin samaniya dangane da zaɓuɓɓuka don ci gaban filin jirgin sama na gaba na musamman ga yankuna, kuma tare sun samar da martani na rabin miliyan. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2003, an gudanar da bita bisa ga takardar shawarwari mai taken Aviation da Muhalli - Yin amfani da Kayan Tattalin Arziki don neman ra'ayoyin masu ruwa da tsaki game da sha'awa da tasirin matakan kudi daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya magance tasirin muhalli na jirgin sama. Tsarin shawarwari ya ƙare a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003 tare da buga littafin The Future of Air Transport White Paper wanda ya ba da cikakken bayani game da kammalawa na gwamnati.

White Paper a cikin kansa ba ta ba da izini ko hana duk wani ci gaba ba, amma a maimakon haka tana neman bayyana "tsarin dabarun ƙasa don ci gaban filin jirgin sama na gaba" a cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa. Babban ƙarshe shine cewa matsanancin ra'ayi biyu na rashin samar da ƙarin damar filin jirgin sama, da ƙarfafa ci gaba ba tare da la'akari da sakamakon da ya fi girma ba, zaɓuɓɓuka ne da ba a yarda da su ba. Maimakon haka an karɓi "daidaitaccen tsari" ga makomar jigilar iska a Burtaniya. An tsara wannan hanyar don biyan ci gaban da ake buƙata, don haka tallafawa wadatar tattalin arziki a cikin ƙasa da kuma ba da damar talakawa suyi tafiya a farashi mai kyau, yayin da a lokaci guda sarrafawa da rage tasirin muhalli na jirgin sama da tabbatar da cewa farashin da ke tattare da su suna nunawa a farashin tafiye-tafiye na iska. Dabarun na neman rage sabon ci gaban filin jirgin sama ta hanyar yin amfani da kayan aikin da ke akwai, kuma takamaiman manufofi sun hada da: 

Yankin	Manufofin
Scotland	Faɗakar da Filin jirgin saman Edinburgh tare da ƙarin titin jirgin sama, don karɓar har zuwa 20mppa nan da 2020, da kuma shawarar cewa a ɗauki matakai don kare yiwuwar ƙarin titin a Filin jirgin sama na Glasgow.
Wales	Filin jirgin saman Cardiff ya kasance babban filin jirgin sama da ke aiki a Kudancin Wales, don samun tallafi ta hanyar ƙarin ƙarfin tashar da inganta hanyoyin haɗi, dangane da ƙuduri mai gamsarwa na duk wani damuwa na muhalli na gida.
Arewacin Ireland	Taimako don ci gaban iyawa a cikin iyakokin da ke akwai na Filin jirgin saman Belfast da kuma la'akari da ci gaban gaba na gaba na Filin jirgin saman Derry, tare da duk abubuwan da ke buƙatar kimanta muhalli.
Arewacin Ingila	Faɗakar da Filin jirgin saman Manchester don ƙara ƙarfin tashar don tallafawa har zuwa 50mppa, tare da "matakan da suka fi dacewa" don rage rikicewar amo da tabbatar da ƙa'idodin ingancin iska. Halin yiwuwar fadada titin jirgin sama a Filin jirgin saman Liverpool. Ci gaban samun damar farfajiyar a filayen jirgin sama da yawa a yankin.
Tsakiyar Tsakiya	Faɗakar da Filin jirgin saman Birmingham tare da ƙarin titin jirgin sama, tare da "matakan matakai masu ƙarfi" don rage rikicewar amo da tabbatar da ƙa'idodin ingancin iska, da ingantawa ga samun damar farfajiya. Zaɓin fadada Filin jirgin saman East Midlands tare da ƙarin titin jirgin sama za a kiyaye shi a ƙarƙashin bita.
Kudu maso Yammacin Ingila	Ci gaban Filin jirgin saman Bristol tare da tsawo na filin jirgin sama da ƙarin tashar, don tallafawa har zuwa 12mppa, tare da la'akari da tasirin muhalli na irin waɗannan ci gaba, da tallafawa ci gaban Filin jirgin saman Bournemouth, dangane da ingantaccen damar ƙasa da ƙananan ko biyan diyya a kan wuraren muhalli masu mahimmanci. Taimako don ci gaban Filin jirgin saman Newquay da Exeter.
Kudu maso Gabashin Ingila	Faɗakar da Filin jirgin saman Stansted tare da ƙarin titin jirgin sama, tare da "tsananin kula da muhalli", da wuri-wuri kuma a cikin tsammanin cimma wannan a kusa da 2011/2012. Ci gaban Filin jirgin saman Heathrow, dangane da saduwa da "ƙayyadaddun iyakokin muhalli", don haɗawa da ƙarin titin jirgin sama a cikin lokacin 2015-2020, da kuma "... shirin gaggawa na aiki da shawarwari don neman mafita ga mahimman batutuwan muhalli a Heathrow ...". Faɗakar da Filin jirgin saman Gatwick tare da ƙarin titin jirgin sama bayan yarjejeniyar tsarawa da ke hana wannan ya ƙare a cikin 2019.

Abubuwan da suka biyo baya

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006 gwamnati ta wallafa Air Transport White Paper Progress Report 2006 don bayar da rahoto game da ci gaban da aka samu a "... isar da makomar mai dorewa ga jirgin sama. " Rahoton ya sake jaddada jajircewar gwamnati ga dabarun da aka bayyana a cikin asalin White Paper, yana mai cewa "... ya kai ma'auni mai kyau tsakanin manufofin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli. Har ila yau ana tunanin cewa; ƙarin titin jirgin saman Edinburgh yanzu ba zai ga batun don tallafawa filin jirgin sama na gaba ba; don sake dubawa a filin jirgin sama ya zama mai zuwa don sake dubancin Stansted ba a filin jirgin saman Liverpool ba; A wani wuri, hasashen da aka yi kwanan nan don filin jirgin saman Birmingham ya nuna cewa ba za a buƙaci sabon titin jirgin sama a can ba kafin 2030.

Bayan wallafa White Paper, an kafa Project for the Sustainable Development of Heathrow ('Project Heathrow' don takaice) don bincika yadda za'a iya cimma fadada a Heathrow a cikin ƙuntatawa na iyakokin muhalli masu tsauri da White Paper ke buƙata. Binciken wucin gadi ya nuna cewa ana iya samun karuwar amfani da hanyoyin da ke akwai ba tare da kara yawan mutanen da hayaniya ta shafa ba idan ayyukan 'yanayin haɗe-haɗe' (amfani da hanyoyi biyu don isowa da tashi) ana ci gaba a hankali yayin da jirgin sama mai hayaniya ya yi ritaya. Bayanan da ke gaba da kimantawar muhalli na Project Heathrow sun nuna cewa karuwar hayaniya da lalacewa a cikin ingancin iska na iya hana zirga-zirga ta amfani da sabon titin na uku. Wadannan batutuwan za a magance su a matsayin wani ɓangare na shawarwari na watanni uku da suka fara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, kuma ana gudanar da adawa mai yawa game da fadada Heathrow.

Gudummawar tattalin arziki

Masana'antar jirgin sama da gwamnati sun ba da umarni tare da manyan bincike guda biyu game da gudummawar tattalin arziki na sufuri na iska, dukansu biyu da aka gudanar da su ta hanyar Oxford Economic Forecasting (OEF). Na farko; The Contribution of the Aviation Industry to the UK Economy, an buga shi a cikin 1999 kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman tushen bayanan tattalin arziki a cikin The Future of Air Transport White Paper . Nazarin na biyu; Gudummawar Tattalin Arziki na Masana'antar Jirgin Sama a Burtaniya, wanda kamfanin yawon bude ido na kasa VisitBritain ya tallafawa, an buga shi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2006 don fadadawa da sabunta rahoton da ya gabata, kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman tushe a cikin Air Transport White Paper Progress Report 2006. Dukkanin binciken sun kammala cewa yayin da jirgin sama muhimmiyar masana'antu ce a cikin haƙƙinta, mafi mahimmancin gudummawa shine "... mai sauƙaƙe ci gaban tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya. "

Kungiyoyin muhalli suna jayayya da fa'idodin tattalin arziki da ake da'awar sufuri na iska, kuma an kalubalanci rahotanni na OEF musamman. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Jirgin Sama (AEF), ta wallafa rahoton Rebuttal na Rahoton Tattalin Arziki na Oxford, ta lakafta rahoton OEF na 2006 "mai nuna bambanci da yaudara". AirportWatch, wani yunkuri na laima ga kungiyoyin muhalli na kasa da kungiyoyin jama'ar filin jirgin sama da ke adawa da fadada jirgin sama, ya samar da sukar rahoton OEF na 2006 da dogaro da DfT akan binciken tattalin arziki wanda masana'antar jirgin sama ta dauki nauyin "... A mayar da martani ga manufofin gwamnati da ke tallafawa ci gaba a cikin jirgin sama, Abokai na Duniya (FoE) da aka buga Pie in the Sky a watan Satumbar 2006. Wannan binciken ya kammala cewa an yi amfani da fa'idodin tattalin arziki na jirgin sama, kuma an yi watsi da farashin da ke fitowa daga lalacewar muhalli, da kuma sauran bangarorin tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, an buga shi a cikin shekara ta 2006, binciken Cibiyar Canjin Muhalli Tsinkaya da yanke shawara - Jirgin sama, canjin yanayi da manufofin Burtaniya sun sake nazarin muhawara ta tattalin arziki da aka yi don tallafawa jirgin sama, suna kammala cewa ƙuntata ci gaban gaba na gaba ba zai zama da lahani ga tattalin arziki ba, kuma zai iya haifar da wasu fa'idodin tattalin arziki.

Gudummawar tattalin arziki kai tsaye

Dangane da gudummawa kai tsaye ga tattalin arzikin Burtaniya, jigilar jiragen sama masana'antar £ 11.4 biliyan ce, adadi wanda ke wakiltar kashi 1.1 cikin dari na tattalin arzikin kasar. Yana daukar ma'aikata 186,000 (daidai da cikakken lokaci), kuma a kaikaice yana tallafawa ƙarin ayyuka 334,000, kodayake hada aikin kai tsaye a matsayin fa'idar tattalin arziki na sufuri na iska yana da rikici. Dangane da yawan aiki masana'antar jirgin sama a shekara ta 2004 ita ce ta uku mafi yawan amfani, bayan man fetur / gas da bangarorin amfani, sun wuce matsakaicin ƙasa da kashi biyu da rabi. Har ila yau, masana'antar tana da babban birnin, tana da kashi 3.5 cikin dari na jimlar saka hannun jari na kasuwanci na Burtaniya a cikin shekarun 2000 zuwa 2004. Jirgin sama yana da alhakin kai tsaye na £ 3.6 biliyan a cikin haraji da gudummawar inshora na kasa a cikin 2004/5, wanda ya haɗa da £ 0.9 biliyan da aka tara a cikin Air Passenger Duty (APD), adadi da aka saita ya ninka sau biyu bayan an ninka farashin APD a watan Fabrairun 2007. Saboda yanayin duniya na masana'antar, Mataki na 15 na Yarjejeniyar Chicago yadda ya kamata ya hana tilasta harajin man fetur a kan jirgin sama, kuma masana'antar ba ta biya Haraji mai Ƙara (VAT). Kungiyoyin muhalli suna jayayya cewa waɗannan, tare da tallace-tallace ba tare da haraji ba, ba su da izinin haraji wanda ya kai £ biliyan 9 a kowace shekara. Duk da samar da £ 6.9 biliyan a cikin fitarwa a shekara ta 2004, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 3 cikin 100 na duk fitar da Burtaniya da kashi 7 cikin 100 na jimlar fitar da ayyuka, tallafi a Burtaniya na ayyukan sufuri na iska da kamfanonin jiragen sama na kasashen waje suka bayar ya haifar da ma'aunin biyan kuɗi biliyan 3.3 wanda ya danganta da masana'antar.      

Filin jirgin saman London City

Amsar gwamnati ga kalubalen da ke ƙaruwa a Tattalin arzikin duniya shine gina "mai ƙarfi, tattalin arzikin ilimi na zamani", kuma binciken OEF na 2006 ya kammala cewa tattalin arzikin Burtaniya "...ya shirya ya zama mai dogaro da jirgin sama yayin da tsarin tattalin arziki ke tasowa. Samun sabis na sufuri na iska ana ɗaukarsa muhimmiyar mahimmanci wajen sauƙaƙe ayyukan kasuwanci, tare da fa'idodi da ake samu a cikin tallace-tallace da ayyukan tallace, da alaƙar abokan ciniki, ikon yin hidima ga kasuwa mai girma, samun dama ga kasuwannin da ingantaccen samarwa. A cikin bangarorin masana'antu waɗanda zasu iya tallafawa ci gaban tattalin arzikin da ya dogara da ilimi, kamar magunguna, banki da kudi, sabis na sadarwa, sabis na kwamfuta da dai sauransu, akwai shaidu masu rikitarwa game da alaƙa tsakanin ci gaba a cikin wani bangare da kuma amfani da tafiye-tafiye na iska, kodayake sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa ayyukan da suka dogara da ilimi da kasuwancin masana'antu na fasaha sun fi dogara da sufuri don tallace-tallace.

Misali mafi nasara na ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar shine masana'antar sabis na kudi ta duniya da ke Landan. A cikin wannan ɓangaren ana ganin ayyukan jirgin sama suna da mahimmanci ga kamfanoni da abokan cinikin su, har ma a zamanin taron bidiyo. Ana ɗaukar ayyukan sufuri na iska na London a ko'ina a cikin al'ummar kasuwanci na London waɗanda OEF ta bincika don samar da fa'idar gasa a kan sauran Turai, kuma fadada ƙarfin filin jirgin sama a Kudu maso Gabas yana da gagarumin tallafi. Duk da yake waɗannan gudummawar tattalin arziki ba su da rikici daga kungiyoyin muhalli, ba a dauke su a matsayin isasshen hujja don tallafawa ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin sabis na sufuri na iska wanda zai fara ba da sabis ga ƙarin buƙatun tafiye-tafiye maimakon kasuwar tafiye-tallace ta kasuwanci wacce ta riga ta yi aiki sosai.

Ana ɗaukar hanyoyin sufuri gabaɗaya a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci wanda ke shafar shawarar kamfani game da inda za a gano, kuma ta haka ne saka hannun jari, kodayake binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna ingancin sadarwa da ke motsawa sama da sufuri a muhimmancin. Shaidar binciken ta nuna cewa kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na kamfanoni suna ɗaukar damar yin amfani da ayyukan iska a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin yanke shawara game da inda a Burtaniya don gano ayyukan, yayin da ɗaya cikin kamfanoni goma ya ba da rahoton cewa rashin hanyoyin sufuri masu kyau ya shafi shawarar su na saka hannun jari a Burtaniya. An soki binciken ne saboda yana fama da rashin amsawa saboda haka yana buɗewa ga nuna bambanci, kodayake marubutan rahoton sun amince da wannan batun kuma sun daidaita shi.

easyJet, daya daga cikin masu jigilar jiragen sama da suka canza tafiye-tafiye a Burtaniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan

Yawon shakatawa masana'antu ce inda tasirin ayyukan sufuri na iska ya fi bayyane. A shekara ta 2005 wasu baƙi na ƙasashen waje miliyan 22 sun isa ta iska, suna kashe kusan £ 12 biliyan (1.1 cikin dari na GDP) kuma suna tallafawa ayyuka 170,000 a masana'antar yawon bude ido. A cikin wannan shekarar tafiye-tafiye na iska sun kai tafiye-tallace miliyan 36 zuwa kasashen waje ta masu yawon bude ido na Burtaniya gaba ɗaya suna ciyar da sau biyu a kasashen waje kamar yadda baƙi na kasashen waje ke ciyarwa a Burtaniya. Wannan ya haifar da da tabbatar da cewa jirgin sama yana wakiltar "matsayi mara kyau" a kan masana'antar yawon bude ido ta Burtaniya, kuma cewa hana buƙatun tafiye-tafiye na sama zai karfafa ƙarin yawon shakatawa na cikin gida, tare da amfanin tattalin arziki na rage rashi na yawon bude hankali.   

An kiyasta fitar da kaya da shigo da su ta jirgin sama a shekarar 2005 a kan fam biliyan 62.7 da kuma fam biliyan 59.6 bi da bi, tare da yawancin ayyukan jigilar jiragen da ake gudanar da su tare da kasashen da ke wajen EU, [1] da bayyana ayyukan jigilar kayayyaki da ke jigilar kashi 5 cikin dari bisa kimar duk kayayyakin da Birtaniya ke fitarwa a 2004.[2] Duk da yake wuraren fitarwa da shigo da kayayyaki suna ba da dama ga kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa da gasa, ba su da wani mummunan tasiri, kuma noman noma na Biritaniya misali ɗaya ne na masana'antar cikin gida da ta lalace ta hanyar shigo da arha.[3][4]

Hasashen tattalin arziki

Kokarin tantance tasirin tattalin arziki na ci gaba a bangaren sufuri na iska yana haifar da sakamako wanda ya dogara da zato da aka yi, sabili da haka ra'ayi na kungiyar da ke yin bincike. Binciken OEF ya samar da adadi na £ 2.5 biliyan a kowace shekara na ƙarin GDP ta 2015 don Heathrow, ko £ 7 biliyan a shekara ta 2030 idan an gina hanya ta uku a can. Cikakken aiwatarwa na White Paper runway shawarwari ya haifar da hasashen samar da ƙarin £ 13 biliyan a kowace shekara a cikin GDP nan da shekara ta 2030. Lissafin da aka yi wa AEF, bisa ga sabon titin jirgin sama a Stansted, kuma wanda ke ɗaukar karuwar haraji na masana'antar, yana haifar da fa'idar tattalin arziki mara kyau.   

Tasirin muhalli

Kudin waje, wanda kuma ake kira farashin da aka ɓoye, ƙididdigar tasirin muhalli da yanayi na sufuri na iska ne. Yayinda yake saita darajar kuɗi akan duk irin waɗannan tasirin yana da wuyar yin daidai, an samar da adadi don mafi mahimmanci. A shekara ta 2000 gwamnati ta kimanta farashin shekara-shekara na Canjin yanayi wanda ya haifar da hayakin gas daga sufurin iska na Burtaniya a £ 1.4 biliyan, wanda ya karu zuwa £ 4.8 biliyan a kowace shekara ta 2030. Sakamakon hayaniya ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 25 a kowace shekara a cikin 2000, kuma a wannan shekarar tasirin akan ingancin iska ya kai tsakanin fam miliyan 119 da fam miliyan 236 a kowace shekara. Dangane da adadi da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai ta samar AEF ta lissafa jimlar farashi mafi girma na waje don 2000 na kusan £ biliyan 6.      

Tasirin muhalli na duniya

Yayinda hayakin carbon daga dukkan ayyukan Burtaniya ban da jirgin sama ya ragu da kashi 9 cikin dari a cikin shekaru 10 tsakanin 1990 da 2000, hayakin hayakin carbon manipud ayyukan jirgin sama ya ninka sau biyu a wannan lokacin. Jirgin sama a Burtaniya ya kai kashi 6.3 cikin dari na duk hayakin carbon na Burtaniya a shekara ta 2006. Lokacin da aka yi la'akari da tasirin tilasta radiative na wasu hayaki jimlar tasirin hayaki da ke tattare da jirgin sama an kiyasta ya zama sau biyu na hayaki na carbon kawai. Kodayake gwamnati ta yi alkawarin rage yawan hayakin carbon na Burtaniya da kashi 60 cikin dari daga matakan da ke akwai nan da shekara ta 2050, manufofinta sun dogara ne akan amfani da "... kayan aikin tattalin arziki don tabbatar da cewa ana ba da masana'antu masu tasowa a cikin raguwar jimlar. " Ko da an sami wannan raguwar hayakin carbon, binciken da aka buga a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006 ya kammala cewa jirgin sama na iya lissafin tsakanin kashi 24 cikin dari da kashi 50 cikin dari na kasafin kudin carbon na Burtانیا nan da shekara.  

Gwamnati ta fahimci cewa babu wani nau'in man fetur na jirgin sama, kuma yayin da ta yarda cewa cire man fetur daga harajin man fetur ba daidai ba ne, ba ta ga wani bangare don magance wannan. Dabarun da aka karɓa a cikin White Paper yana neman rage tasirin duniya na jigilar iska da farko ta hanyar tsarin kasuwancin hayaki. Kodayake Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta aiwatar da cinikin hayaki a matsayin hanyar rage hayaki a matakan ƙasa, yanayin sufuri na iska na duniya yana nufin cewa duk tafiye-tafiyen iska an cire su daga wannan tsarin. Gwamnati na neman gyara wannan ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya (ICAO), wacce ke aiki a kan batun muhalli tun 1998, amma ci gaba yana da jinkiri. A halin yanzu ana yin ƙoƙari don haɗa jirgin sama a cikin Tsarin Cinikin Kasuwancin EU (EU ETS) tare da ainihin manufa don aiwatar da wannan ta hanyar 2008. A shekara ta 2006 gwamnati ta sake tabbatar da wannan manufofin a matsayin mafi kyawun hanyar magance tasirin canjin yanayi na jirgin sama, kuma shawarwarin yanzu suna da niyyar cimma wannan ga duk jiragen da ke cikin EU ta hanyar 2011, tare da fadada makircin don hada dukkan jiragen zuwa da daga EU a shekara mai zuwa.

Airbus A380 ya fi tsabta kuma ya fi kwanciyar hankali fiye da ƙarni na baya.

Masana'antar jirgin sama tana neman rage tasirin canjin yanayi ta hanyar zama mafi ingancin man fetur, kuma a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata ingancin man ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2005, an kaddamar da wani shiri na hadin gwiwa wanda ya shafi kamfanonin jiragen sama da yawa na Burtaniya, filayen jirgin sama, masana'antun da mai ba da sabis na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama NATS, tare da sanarwa ta hangen nesa da ta shafi batutuwan muhalli na "...kawar ko rage duk wani mummunan tasiri a kan yanayin gida da na duniya". Ɗaya daga cikin alkawurransa shine cimma, ta hanyar ingantaccen jirgin sama, injiniya da sarrafa zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, raguwar kashi 50% a cikin hayakin CO2, da raguwar kashi 80% a cikin hayaki na NO<sub id="mwAxY">x</sub> a cikin sabon jirgin sama na 2020 dangane da sabon jirgin sama a cikin 2000. Wadannan duk da haka burin dogon lokaci ne, kuma yayin da ake samun ci gaba a ci gaban injiniya, kokarin da aka yi na Ci gaban Jirgin Sama mai dorewa don magance canjin yanayi ana jagoranta su ne don tallafawa bincike, rahoto na yau da kullun game da hayaki, cinikin hayaki, da kuma ragewa na mutum. 

Masu sukar manufofin fadadawa suna la'akari da EU ETS ya makara kuma ya sa farashin carbon ya yi ƙasa sosai don rage tasirin canjin yanayi na hayakin jirgin sama. Maimakon haka suna ba da shawarar magance waɗannan tasirin ta hanyar ƙuntata buƙatun tafiye-tafiye na iska. Nazarin Predict and Decide - Aviation, canjin yanayi da manufofin Burtaniya, yana mai lura da cewa karuwar kashi 10 cikin 100 a farashi yana haifar da raguwar kashi 5 zuwa 15 cikin buƙata, yana ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati ta nemi madadin manufofin jirgin sama bisa ga sarrafa buƙata maimakon samar da shi. Za a kammala wannan ta hanyar dabarun da ke zaton "... akan fadada karfin filin jirgin saman Burtaniya" kuma yana hana buƙata ta hanyar amfani da kayan tattalin arziki don farashi na tafiye-tafiye na iska da ba su da kyau. A cikin wani binciken an lissafa harajin £ biliyan 9 don hana hasashen ci gaban buƙata nan da 2030 zuwa fasinjoji miliyan 315, yana rage yawan ci gaban shekara-shekara zuwa kashi 2. Sakon muhalli an sake maimaita shi a cikin rahoto na tara na Kwamitin Zaɓin Nazarin Muhalli na House of Commons, wanda aka buga a watan Yulin 2006, wanda ya lakafta dabarun gwamnati tsinkaya da samar da samfurin kuma ya nuna shakku game da lokaci da ingancin EU ETS. Ya ba da shawarar a maimakon haka cewa gwamnati ta sake tunani game da manufofin fadada filin jirgin sama kuma ta yi la'akari da hanyoyi, musamman ta hanyar karuwar haraji, wanda za'a iya sarrafa buƙatun nan gaba daidai da aikin masana'antu wajen cimma ingancin man fetur, don haka ba a yarda hayaki ya karu a cikakkun sharuddan ba.  

Local environmental effects

.A karkashin dokar ta farar hular jiragen sama a cikin jirgin an kebe su ne musamman daga keta haddi da hana tada hankali, wanda ke musanta duk wani nau'i na gyara ga wadanda ke zaune a kusa da filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama da hayaniya ke damun su. Ma'aunin hayaniyar da gwamnati ta amince da su a kusa da filayen jirgin sama suna ɗaukar matsakaicin matakin sauti, wanda aka auna a decibels (dB), sama da awanni 16, kuma an bayyana su azaman siffa LAeq. A hukumance, 57 dB LAeq shine bakin kofa wanda matakan hayaniya ke zama masu tayar da hankali, 63 dB LAeq yana wakiltar matsakaicin tashin hankali, yayin da 69 dB LAeq yana wakiltar babban tashin hankali.] Inganta fasaha a ƙirar jirgin sama yana nufin cewa jirgin yana yin shuru. Daukar Heathrow a matsayin misali, tsakanin shekarar 1990 zuwa 2004 yankin da ke kusa da filin jirgin sama da hayaniya ya kai 57 db LAeq zuwa sama ya ragu da kashi 60 cikin 100, yayin da adadin mutanen da abin ya shafa ya ragu da kashi 51 cikin dari. Daga cikin wasu batutuwan da suka yi nuni da ra'ayin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya cewa bacin rai yana farawa daga 50 db LAeq yayin da babban bacin rai ya fara a 55 dB LAeq, kuma sun tabbatar da cewa ma'aunin LAeq baya ba da isasshen nauyi ga karuwar abubuwan da ke faruwa a hayaniya. Ƙarshensu shine matakan hayaniya, da adadin mutanen da abin ya shafa, sun ƙaru maimakon raguwa. Wannan ya samo asali ne ta sabon binciken da aka yi na halayen hayaniyar da aka buga a watan Nuwamba 2007 wanda ya ba da rahoton cewa, idan aka kwatanta da fiye da shekaru 20 da suka wuce, ƙarin mutane a yau suna jin haushin irin hayaniyar da LAeq ta auna. Duk da yake wannan na iya zama dangana ga canza halaye, rahoton ya kammala da cewa gudunmawar lambobin jirgin sama zuwa bacin rai ya karu, kuma cewa wata hanyar da za a iya kwatanta matakan bacin rai da ke yin la'akari da wannan zai bayyana ya fi dacewa fiye da ma'aunin LAeq.] Rahoton ya jawo zargi a cikin sake dubawa na takwarorinsu, kuma daya daga cikin irin wannan bita, yana nuna binciken a matsayin wanda bai dace ba ta hanyar yin amfani da sakamakon da aka samu a cikin ci gaba da ci gaba [...] siyasa

⁸A provision of the original Civil Aviation Act allows designated airports to be required to provide facilities for consultation with affected parties, where local environmental concerns can be raised, and some 51 airports have been so designated. A 2000 consultation by the government re-iterated its policy that generally, local issues arising from airport operations are best addressed locally. To support this the Civil Aviation Act was extended in 2006 to give all airports the authority to mandate measures to address noise and air quality issues beyond their boundaries, and to impose financial penalties on aircraft which fail or are unable to adhere to such measures. The Civil Aviation Act 2006 also extends the provisions of section 78 of the original act, augmenting the powers of the Secretary of State to intervene directly in operations at designated airports; currently Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted, "...for the purpose of avoiding, limiting or mitigating the effect of noise and vibration connected with aircraft landing or taking off." The largest airports also implement voluntary schemes to assist local communities in coping with the local effects of airport operations. Birmingham Airport, for example, has been operating a sound insulation scheme since 1978, in which 7,600 properties are eligible for sound proof glazing paid for by the airport. Schemes are also available to residents most affected by noise around Heathrow, designed to protect property prices ahead of any development of a third runway, assist with relocation costs for people who wish to move, and provide sound insulation for private and communal property currently affected by noise. In both cases local residents have also set up campaign groups; Birmingham Airport anti-Noise Group, and HACAN Clearskies at Heathrow, to represent themselves over local environmental issues arising from airport operations. Even the smallest of airports engaged in air transport operations; Gloucestershire Airport, has attracted organised opposition to its plans to extend the main runway there, and the umbrella group AirportWatch lists over 20 local airport campaign groups.