Jump to content

Tasirin muhalli na mamayen Rasha a Ukraine

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Tasirin muhalli na mamayen Rasha a Ukraine
environmental effects (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Tasirin muhalli na Yaki
Fuskar Mamayewar Rasha na Ukraine na 2022 da Rashin lalacewar muhalli

Yunkurin mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine ya haifar da ci gaba da yaduwa kuma mai yuwuwa munanan lahani da kuma na dogon lokaci. Gwamnatin Ukraine da 'yan jarida da masu sa ido na kasa da kasa sun bayyana barnar da aka yi a matsayin ta'addanci.

Fashe-fashe suna haifar da lahani mai guba tare da lalata jiki. Kowane fashewa yana fitar da barbashi na abubuwa masu guba kamar gubar, mercury da ƙarancin uranium zuwa cikin muhalli. Lokacin da aka sha, abubuwan fashewa kamar TNT, DNT, da RDX, suna haifar da rashin lafiya.

 Yakin da ake yi a yankunan da ke da arzikin masana'antu na iya haifar da bala'o'i na fasaha, kamar zubewar wutsiya da man fetur, wadanda ke dafi a yankuna masu yawa ba kawai a Ukraine ba, har ma a Turai da Rasha. Gine-ginen da aka rusa na iya sakin ƙurar cutar sankara da ta kasance mai haɗari shekaru da yawa. Karfe da sinadarai masu nauyi na iya shiga cikin ruwa na karkashin kasa da kuma hanyoyin ruwa masu guba, suna kashe rayuka a cikin koguna da ruwa. Rushewar ababen more rayuwa ya sa sama da mutane miliyan hudu ba su da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Kasa a wasu wuraren da ake fama da rikicin soji ba su dace da noma ba, saboda tsire-tsire suna zana abubuwan da suka gurbata.

Yaƙi kuma yana ƙara haɗarin haɗarin nukiliya. Karancin wutar lantarki a tashoshin nukiliya da fadace-fadacen da ke kusa da tashoshin na iya haifar da bala'i irin su Chernobyl da Fukushima. Iskar CO2 na soji ya kai ton miliyan ɗaruruwan kuma ya lalata manufofin yarjejeniyar Paris. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja]

Fiye da murabba'in kilomita 12,000 (4,600 sq mi) na ma'aunin yanayin Ukraine ya zama yankin yaƙi. Tuni dai al'ummar da ba safai suke fama da su ba da kuma bakin haure suka yi asara mai yawa, kuma an tilastawa tsuntsaye barin gidajensu tare da sauya hanyoyin ƙaura da suka saba. Ƙoƙarin ayyukan kiyayewa na shekaru da yawa ya lalace.

Kiyasin jimillar lalacewar muhalli da yakin ya yi ba zai yiwu ba har sai ya kare. Dangane da bayanan farko, zai ɗauki yanayin Ukraine aƙalla shekaru 15 don murmurewa.

Lalacewar yaki ga yanayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wutar daji saboda harbi a Mykolaiv Oblast, 9 ga watan Agusta 2022

Lalacewar muhalli da yaƙi ya haifar na iya ɗaukar ƙarni.[1] Dangane da binciken, ƙasa kusa da Ypres a Belgium har yanzu tana dauke da fiye da tan 2,000 (furo miliyan 4.4) na jan ƙarfe bayan Yaƙin Duniya na I. A Iran, ƙasa har yanzu tana gurɓata da mercury da chlorine bayan yaƙe-yaƙe a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Iran. [2] Yaƙin Chechnya Na farko da na biyu ya bar fiye da kashi 30% na ƙasa a Chechnya wanda bai dace da aikin gona ba.[3][4]

Dangane da pH na ƙasa da samun iskar oxygen da ruwa, yana ɗaukar daga shekaru 100 zuwa 300 don harsashi ya lalace.[1] Biranen da aka lalata suna haifar da babbar barazanar muhalli saboda an binne bama-bamai da ba a fashe su ba a cikin tarkace, gidajen da aka rushe suna fitar da ƙurar cutar kansa (wani lokacin shekaru da yawa), kuma miliyoyin ton na tarkace kusan ba zai yiwu a sake amfani da su ba. [lower-alpha 1][6] Ana iya sakin Asbestos cikin iska daga rushewar.[7] Cutar da aka tilasta wa mutane ta yi yawa a cikin ababen more rayuwa na yankunan da ke karbar bakuncin. Sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira suna tara sharar gida kuma kusan ba su da wuraren sake amfani.[8][9][10]

A cikin 2014, an kashe kusan Yuro 2.50 don dasa ma'adinai a Ukraine, yayin da ya kashe sama da € 900 don share wannan nawa.[6] Ana buƙatar bincike da yawa don cikakken kimanta lalacewar muhalli da mamayar Rasha ta haifar, kodayake wannan ba shi da amfani har sai an daina tashin hankali.[11] Tun daga watan Yuni 2022, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Ukraine ta ƙiyasta farashin a Yuro biliyan 6.6.[12]

Taɓawa kai tsaye

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

After the first two weeks of hostilities, air monitoring in Kyiv showed pollutant concentrations 27 times higher than normal.[8] Explosions, destroyed armor and vehicles, burning and spilled fuel pollute air, water, and soils.[13] The explosion of every bomb releases particles of heavy metals,[14] formaldehydes, nitrous oxide, hydrogen cyanide, and toxic organic compounds.[15] These pollutants are spread by winds and underground waters, which is why the hazardous ecological impact of war will directly affect Russia and Europe.[16] The explosives release chemical compounds that are oxidized in air and may cause acid rain. They can 'burn' vegetation and respiratory organs of mammals (including humans).[15] [<span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (May 2023)">medical citation needed</span>]

Kusan kashi 95-97% na harsashi gubar ne. Sauran an yi su ne da kayan aiki irin su zinc, nickel, barium, manganese, jan karfe da antimony, wani lokacin kuma uranium ya rage.[17] Lead yana da guba sosai kuma yana shiga jikin mutum ba kawai lokacin numfashi da ci da sha ba, har ma ta fata da gashi. Tsawaita bayyanar da gubar yana haifar da gazawar koda, har ma da hulɗar ɗan gajeren lokaci yana shafar tsarin juyayi kuma yana haifar da ciwon hauka, da kuma anemia, rashin daidaituwa da ƙwaƙwalwa. Irin wannan tasirin neurotoxic yana faruwa a cikin dabbobi.[1]

Barbashi na uranium da aka rage sun yi ƙasa da leukocytes sau 100 kuma cikin sauƙin ketare shingen jini-kwakwalwa, don haka suna iya kaiwa ga jijiyoyi masu kamshi da rushe hanyoyin fahimta kai tsaye. Antimony yana haifar da kumburin cututtukan zuciya, na numfashi da tsarin narkewa. Nickel kuma yana lalata tsarin rigakafi. Fuskantar babban taro na jan karfe, manganese da zinc na iya yin tasiri mai guba kuma ya haifar da ciwon huhu, fibrosis na huhu, da rashin jin daɗi.[1] Microparticles of destroyed ammunition shells may enter water and penetrate human and animal bodies through the food chain.[15] [<span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (May 2023)">medical citation needed</span>]

Abubuwan fashewa, irin su TNT, DNT, da RDX, suna haifar da gurɓataccen sinadari kuma suna haifar da mummunan maye da tasirin mutagenic na dogon lokaci a cikin mutane. TNT yana cikin sauƙi ta hanyar fata da ƙwayoyin mucous. Dangane da kashi, tasirinsa na kansa na iya haifar da alopecia, anemia, gazawar hanta, da cataracts, da canza yanayin jini. Guba na hexogen yana haifar da tashin zuciya da anemia, tsawon lokaci yana haifar da gazawar koda da hanta. DNT kuma yana da guba, a cikin manyan allurai yana iya rushe tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini kuma yana haifar da oncology.[1] Fashewar BM-21 Grad daya ya saki fiye da 500 grams (18 oz) na sulfur wanda ke amsawa da ruwa kuma ya juya zuwa sulfurous acid. Yankin da ya lalace a yaƙi 'ya ƙone' da acid.[18]

According to the Pentagon, by July 2022 at least 1200 rockets and bombs had exploded in Ukraine.[11] In the first days of the invasion, the Russian army bombed ammunition depots located near urban areas. Toxic clouds raised by the massive explosions and fires covered residential districts and villages; severe damage to health of the locals may be the result.[19][20] The infamous 'Pančevo cancer' is an example of such exposure — a spike of oncology has been recorded among Pančevo 1999 bombing survivors. Many scientists  are sure that toxic damage caused by hostilities is even more hazardous to the human population than explosions.[6] [<span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (May 2023)">medical citation needed</span>]

A cewar 'yar jaridar Rasha Yulia Latynina, man fetur mai guba na makamai masu linzami da aka kaddamar da iska daga jiragen Tu-95 da Tu-160 na Rasha da aka tura a kan Tekun Caspian a lokacin mamayewar ya haifar da Mutuwar jama'a na hatimi na Caspian a cikin 2022. A cewar Latynina, wasu makamai masu linzami sun kasa kaddamarwa yadda ya kamata saboda shekarunsu kuma sun fadi kusa da inda aka kaddamar.[21] Don kauce wa gazawar haɗari a kan ƙasa, ana yin kaddamarwa a kan ruwa.[21] Tun farkon mamayewar an yi rikodin mutuwar mutane da yawa na hatimi na Caspian, kamar a cikin bazara na 2022 lokacin da, tsakanin 31 Maris da 2 Mayu, an sami gawawwakin 832 a Yankin Mangystau na Kazakhstan, kuma a lokacin rani na wannan shekarar lokacin da aka sami gawawwaki 837 a bakin tekun Kazakhstan. [21]

Fashewar bama-bamai a wuraren masana'antu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gabashin Ukraine yanki ne mai ci gaban masana'antu, yana da wurare sama da 900 da cibiyoyin samar da kayayyaki, gami da ma'adinan kwal, matatun mai, dakunan gwaje-gwajen sinadarai da masana'antar karafa.[22][23] Cibiyar sa ido kan rikice-rikice da muhalli (CEOBS) ta kiyasta cewa sama da tan miliyan 10 (fam biliyan 22) na sharar guba da wutsiya ana adana su a wannan yankin.[23][24] Abubuwan kai tsaye da fashewa suna haifar da ɓarkewar kayan haɗari waɗanda ke guba iska, ruwa, da ƙasa.[25] Haɗari a wuraren masana'antu masu haɗari na iya ƙaruwa tare da Tasirin domino kuma ya haifar da bala'i mai zafi, ruwa, da fitar da sinadarai.[26]

Ya zuwa 1 ga , an yi rajistar hare-hare sama da 36 a kan kayan aikin man fetur, hare-hare 29 a kan tashoshin wutar lantarki, bakwai a kan ababen more rayuwa na ruwa, da shida a kan wuraren nukiliya.[14] Fiye da gobara 60 sun faru a masana'antun mai na Ukraine a watan Yunin 2022.[27][28] Hadari a manyan kamfanonin masana'antu kamar Azovstal, Lysychansk Oil Refinery, ko Sumykhimprom na iya haifar da mummunar lalacewar muhalli.[29] Koyaya, Azovstal ta fara shirin rufe muhalli mai aminci a cikin makon farko na mamayar Rasha. An dakatar da murhun cokali, an saukar da zafin jiki, kuma an zuba gilashin ruwa don hana tsarin cokali daga ci gaba da kuma fitar da iskar murhun cokili kamar yadda ya kamata. [lower-alpha 2] A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, an zubar da sinadarai.[31][32] Wani hari a kan refinery na Lysychansk ya kunna tankin mai mai mai 50,000-ton (110-milion-pound) na laka, tafkuna biyu tare da tan 20,000 (miliyan 44 na fam) na man fetur, da kuma kantin sulphur.[33] 

Wani fashewa saboda fashewar tanki cike da nitric acid a Sievierodonetsk, 31 ga Mayu 2022 

Bayanan Kula

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Modern ammo fail rate is estimated at 5%.[5]
  2. ↑ Coke oven gas kills a person after three seconds exposure. If a water tuyere in the convertor department is damaged and water gets into melted metal tanks, it vaporizes and releases hydrogen which explodes.[30]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Lima et al. 2011.
  2. ↑ "Ukraine and the others: the environmental impacts of war". Eurocommission. 2022-03-30. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  3. ↑ Dzombak, Rebecca (2022-07-02). "Russia's invasion could cause long-term harm to Ukraine's prized soil". Science News. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  4. ↑ Velázquez, Jaime (2022-03-22). "The climate crisis and the invasion of Ukraine 'have the same roots', says expert". Euronews. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  5. ↑ Dathan 2020, p. 12.
  6. 1 2 3 Dathan 2020.
  7. ↑ "The toxic legacy of the Ukraine war". UNEP (in Turanci). 2023-02-22. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
  8. 1 2 "'An Ecocide': How the conflict in Ukraine is bombarding the environment". TRT World. 2022-04-29. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  9. ↑ "We must not ignore explosive weapons' environmental impact". Conflict and Environment Observatory. 2021-05-12. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  10. ↑ "Damage to the built environment from the use of explosive weapons" (PDF). Article36. 2013. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  11. 1 2 Kónya, Renáta (2022-06-20). "Ukraine Crisis: Unprecedented environmental impacts of war, WWF warns". Budapest Business Journal. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  12. ↑ Guillot, Louise (2022-06-14). "How Ukraine wants to make Russia pay for war's environmental damage". Politico. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  13. ↑ Hrytsku & Derii 2022.
  14. 1 2 McCarthy, Joe (2022-04-01). "How Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Is Harming Water, Air, Soil, and Wildlife". Global Citizen. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  15. 1 2 3 "Nature and War: How Russian Invasion Destroys Ukrainian Wildlife". Northcoast Environmental Center. 2022-03-28. Retrieved 2022-07-20.
  16. ↑ Genevieve Kotarska, Lauren Young. "Green Insecurity: The Environmental Costs of War in Ukraine". RUSI. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  17. ↑ Ana & Sridhar 2007.
  18. ↑ "Разрушение всего живого" [Killing all life] (in Rashanci). Novaya Gazeta. 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
  19. ↑ "Ukraine invasion repid overview of environmental issues". CEOBS. 2022-02-25. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
  20. ↑ "Environmental trends in the Ukraine conflict, 10 days in". CEOBS. 2022-03-05. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
  21. 1 2 3 "Is a seal killer in the Caspian the poisonous fuel of Russian missiles?". Turan Information Agency. 5 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.[permanent dead link]
  22. ↑ Ayesha Rascoe, Carroll Muffett (2022-04-24). "How the war in Ukraine affects the environment". NPR. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  23. 1 2 "Country brief: Ukraine". CEOBS. 2022-03-26. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
  24. ↑ Nikolaieva, Nikolaieva & Lobodzinskyi 2019.
  25. ↑ "Russia Should Pay for Its Environmental War Crimes". The Wired. 2022-01-22. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  26. ↑ Pax for Peace 2020.
  27. ↑ Nuttall, Philippa (2022-05-21). "How Vladimir Putin weaponised the environment in Ukraine". The New Statesman. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
  28. ↑ Smith, Saphora (2022-03-19). "'This is ecocide': Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russian war ravages environment". Retrieved 2022-07-06.
  29. ↑ "Под Луганском после обстрела загорелся нефтеперерабатывающий завод "Роснефти"" (in Rashanci). Interfax. 2014-07-18. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  30. ↑ Бутченко, М. (2022-07-01). "Подполье. Рассказывают работники "Азовстали", пережившие два месяца осады в подземных убежищах комбината" [Underground. Azovstal workers on surviving two month siege in catacombs] (in Rashanci). Mediazona. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  31. ↑ "Последний бастион Мариуполя. Что такое завод "Азовсталь", который штурмуют российские войска" [Last stronghold of Mariupol: what is Azovstal, stormed by Russian troops?] (in Rashanci). BBC. 2022-04-20. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  32. ↑ Азовсталь був зупинений за правилами та не несе небезпеки екології — гендиректор. suspilne.media (in Harshen Yukuren). Kyiv, Ukraine: НСТУ. 2022-03-19. Archived from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  33. ↑ "Под Луганском после обстрела загорелся нефтеперерабатывающий завод "Роснефти"" [Luhansk: Rosneft oil refinery burns after attack] (in Rashanci). Interfax. 2014-07-18. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tasirin_muhalli_na_mamayen_Rasha_a_Ukraine&oldid=798574"