Taswirar duniya

Taswirar duniya akan tsinkayen Winkel tripel wanda National Geographic Society ta runguma don reference maps

Mafi cikakken bayani, taswirar launi na gaskiya na dukan Duniya zuwa yau

Taswirar duniya taswira ce ta mafi ko kusan duka Duniya. Taswirorin duniya, saboda girmansu, dole ne su fuskanci matsalar tsinkaya. Taswirorin da aka yi su ta fuskoki biyu ta larura suna karkatar da nunin saman duniya mai fuska uku. Duk da yake wannan gaskiya ne ga kowace taswira, wannan birkita ta yi tsanani a taswirar duniya. An ƙirƙira dabaru da yawa don gabatar da taswirorin duniya waɗanda ke magance mabambantan teknikal manufofi da manufofin ado.

Tsara taswirar duniya yana buƙatar sanin duniya, tekunanta, da nahiyoyinta. Tun kafin-tarihi har zuwa tsakiyar zamani, samar da ingantacciyar taswirar duniya ba zai yuwu ba saboda ƙasa da rabin gaɓar tekun Duniya kuma kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin nahiyoyinta ya kasance sananne a kowace al'ada. Tare da binciken da ya fara a lokacin Farfaɗar Yurofa, ilimin doron ƙasa ya taru da sauri, ta yadda yawancin yankunan bakin tekunan duniya ya kasance taswirantacce , aƙalla sama-sama, a tsakiyar shekarun 1700 da kuma cikin nahiyoyi ta karni na ashirin.

Mafi akasari taswirorin duniya gabaɗaya suna mai da hankali ko dai kan fasalin siyasa ko kuma a kan siffofi na zahiri. Taswirorin siyasa suna jaddada iyakoki na yanki da matsugunnin mutane. Taswirori na zahiri suna nuna fasalin ƙasa kamar tsaunuka, nau'in ƙasa, ko amfani da ƙasa . Taswirorin jogirafiya ba saman ƙasa kawai suke nunawa ba, amma characteristics ɗin dutsen da ke ƙasa, layukan kuskure, da subsurface structures. Taswirorin Choropleth suna amfani da launin hue da intensity don bambanta bambance-bambance tsakanin yankuna, kamar ƙididdigar alƙaluma ko tattalin arziki.

Tsinkayar taswira

Duk taswirorin duniya sun dogara ne akan ɗaya daga cikin tsinyar taswirori, ko hanyoyin wakiltar duniya akan shimfiɗa. Duk tsinkayoyi suna rikita da fasalin jogirafiya, nisassaki, da kwatance zuwa wani mataki. Tsinkayar taswirori daban-daban waɗanda aka haɓaka suna bayar da hanyoyi daban-daban na daidaita daidaito (accuracy) da kuma gurɓacewar da ba za a iya kauce ma wa ba wajen yin taswirorin duniya.

Wataƙila mafi sanannun tsinkaya ita ce Mercator Projection, wanda aka tsara shi da farko azaman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_chart" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Nautical chart" class="cx-link" data-linkid="38">nautical chart</a> na ruwa .

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  Tsinkayen Mercator (82°S da 82°N)
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  Tsinkayen Mollweide
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  BJS Cahill Butterfly Map, 1909, daga ɗan littafin 1919
• Waterman Butterfly Map, 1996 -->
  Waterman Butterfly Map, 1996 -->
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  Polar azimuthal daidaitaccen tsinkaya
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  Taswirar kudu zuwa sama
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  Taswirar tsakiyar Pacific (wanda aka fi amfani dashi a Gabashin Asiya da ƙasashen Oceania )
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  Hasashen Gall–Peters, hasashen taswirar yanki daidai
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  Hasashen Robinson, wanda National Geographic Society ke amfani dashi a da

Taswirorin jigogi

Tawirar jigo na nuna bayanan jogirafiya game da ɗaya ko wasu ƴan batutuwa da aka mayar da hankali a kai. Waɗannan taswirorin "suna iya kwatanta fizika, zamantakewa, siyasa, al'adu, tattalin arziki, sociological, noma, ko wani bangare na birni, jiha, yanki, ƙasa, ko nahiya".

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  Taswirar duniya mai dannawa (tare da rarrabuwar yanayi)
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  Taswirar siyasa mai sauƙi na duniya
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  Topographic taswirar duniya
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  Taswirar anthropogenic CO ₂ fitarwa ta ƙasa
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  Ƙididdigar ci gaban ɗan adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ƙasa har zuwa 2016
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  Taswirar duniya tana nuna tsawon rayuwa
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  Yawan yawan jama'a na 2018 (mutane a kowace km ² ) ta ƙasa
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  Taswirar mai aman wuta
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  Taswirar duniya tana nuna nahiyoyin kusan shekaru miliyan 200 da suka gabata ( Lokacin Triassic )
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  Hoton tauraron dan adam na Duniya da dare

Taswirorin tarihi

 

Taswirorin farko na duniya sun kama hotunan duniya tun daga zamanin ƙarfe zuwa zamanin ganowa da ɓullowar jogirafiyar zamani a farkon farkon zamani . Tsoffin taswirori suna ba da bayanai game da wuraren da aka san su a zamanin da, da kuma tushen falsafa da al'adu na taswirar, waɗanda galibi sun bambanta da cartography na zamani. Taswirori na ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da makimiyanta ke rarraba fikirorinsu da isar da su ga tsararraki masu zuwa .

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  Duniya, Abraham Ortelius 's Typus Orbis Terrarum, wanda aka fara bugawa a 1564
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  Sake gina taswirar duniya na Anaximander (610-546 BC)
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  Taswirar duniya bisa ga Posidonius (150-130 BC), aka gina a 1628
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  Kyakkyawan sake gina taswirar T-da-O na tsakiya (daga Meyers Konversationslexikon, 1895) (An nuna Asiya a hannun dama)
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  Tabula Rogeriana taswirar duniya na Muhammad al-Idrisi a shekara ta 1154 a kula arewa tana can kasa
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  Taswirar duniya a cikin tsinkayar Octant (1514), daga takardun Windsor na Leonardo da Vinci
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  Taswirar duniya ta Gerardus Mercator (1569), taswirar farko a cikin sanannen hasashen Mercator
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  Kunyu Wanguo Quantu ( daular Ming, 1602)
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  1652 taswirar duniya by Claes Janszoon Visscher
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  Taswirar tarihin duniya ta Gerard van Schagen, 1689

  

Ci gaba da karatu

• Edson, Evelyn (2011). Taswirar Duniya, 1300-1492: Dagewar Al'ada da Sauyi . Jarida JHU. ISBN 1421404303
• Harvey, PDA (2006). Taswirar duniya na Hereford: taswirar duniya na tsakiyar zamani da mahallin su . British Library. ISBN 0712347607