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Tatars na Ruwa

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  • Portrait of a Tungusic man by Carl Peter Mazer (1850)
    Portrait of a Tungusic man by Carl Peter Mazer (1850)
  • The Manchu people in Fuzhou in 1915
    The Manchu people in Fuzhou in 1915
  • A Manchu guard
    A Manchu guard
  • An Evenks wooden home
    An Evenks wooden home
  • Sibe military colonists (1885)
    Sibe military colonists (1885)
  • An Udege family (early 20th century)
    An Udege family (early 20th century)
  • Tungus man in Vorogovo, Siberia (1914)
    Tungus man in Vorogovo, Siberia (1914)
  • A Manchu man in traditional clothing
    A Manchu man in traditional clothing

Mutanen Tungusic ƙungiya ce ta kabilanci da masu magana da harsunan Tungusic suka kafa (ko harsunan Manchu-Tungus).  Suna zaune a Siberiya, Mongoliya da China.

Iyalin yaren Tungusic ya kasu kashi biyu, Arewa (Ewenic-Udegheic) da Kudancin Tungusic (Jurchens-Nanaic).

Sunan Tungusic na wucin gadi ne, kuma da kyau yana nufin dangin harshe kawai (harsunan Tungusic).  An samo shi daga Tungus na Rasha (Тунгус), ƙayyadaddun kalmomin Rasha don Evenks (Ewenki).  Friedrich Max Müller ne ya gabatar da amfani da Tungusic a Turanci a cikin 1850s, dangane da yadda Heinrich Julius Klaproth yayi amfani da Tungusik na Jamus a baya.  Hakanan ana amfani da madadin kalmar Manchu–Tungus (Тунгусо-маньчжурские 'Tunguso-Manchurian').

Sunan Tungus, wani yanki na gabashin Siberia wanda ke da iyaka a yammacin Kogin Tunguska da gabas da Tekun Pacific, ya samo asali ne daga mutanen Tungus (Evenks). An dauki Tungus na Rasha daga kalmar Sinanci Donghu (東胡, 'Masu Gabas', cf. Tonggu 通古 'Tungusic'). , ko kuma daga Gabashin Turkic tunguz (a zahiri, 'azaki na daji, alade', daga Tsohon Turkic tonguz).
Wannan "kamar damar da aka yi a cikin furcin zamani ya haifar da zaton da aka yi amfani da shi a ko'ina cewa Hu na Gabas sun kasance Tungusic a cikin harshe. "

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gabaɗaya ana ba da shawarar cewa ƙasar Tungusic ta kasance a arewa maso gabashin Manchuria, wani wuri kusa da yankin kogin Amur.  Shaidar kwayoyin halitta da aka tattara daga gundumar Ulchsky suna nuna kwanan wata don faɗaɗa kafin 3500 BC.

Yaduwar Tungusic zuwa Siberia ya kawar da yarukan Siberian na asali, waɗanda yanzu aka haɗa su a ƙarƙashin kalmar Paleosiberian.

Mutanen Tungusic a kan kogin Amur kamar Udeghe, Ulchi da Nanai sun karɓi tasirin Sinanci a cikin addininsu da tufafi tare da dodanni na Sinanci akan riguna na bikin, naɗaɗɗen da tsuntsaye masu juzu'i da kuma zane-zanen abin rufe fuska, Sabuwar Shekarar Sinanci, ta amfani da siliki da auduga, tukwane na dafa abinci na ƙarfe, da gidaje masu zafi daga China.

Manchu da farko sun fito ne daga Manchuria, wanda yanzu shine Arewa maso gabashin China da Gabashin Gabashin Rasha. Bayan kafawar Manchu na daular Qing a karni na 17, an kusan daidaita su gaba ɗaya cikin al'adun mutanen Han na kasar Sin, suna karɓar yarensu.

Hanyar rayuwa ta kudancin Tungusic Manchu ta zama ta bambanta da salon rayuwa mai farauta mai tarawa na danginsu na arewacin Tungusical kamar Warka, wanda ya bar jihar Qing don ƙoƙarin sa su zama da gona kamar Manchus.

Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kogin Tunguska, wanda ya samar da iyakar yamma

Yankin kudancin ya mamaye Manchu (a tarihi Jurchen). Sarakunan Qing sun kasance Manchu, kuma ƙungiyar Manchu galibi an yi amfani da ita (Harshen Manchu yana mutuwa, tare da masu magana da asali 20 da aka ruwaito tun daga 2007 ).

Sibe sun kasance mai yiwuwa wani bangare ne na Tungusic na (Mongolic) Shiwei kuma Manchu (Jurchen) mai fadada sun ci su. Harshensu yana da fahimtar juna tare da Manchu. Nanai (Goldi) kuma an samo su ne daga Jurchen . Orok (Ulta) reshe ne na Nanai . Sauran ƙananan kungiyoyi da ke da alaƙa da Nanai sune Ulch, Oroch da Udege . Udege suna zaune a cikin Primorsky Krai da Khabarovsk Krai a cikin Tarayyar Rasha.

Ofishin arewacin yafi kafa shi ne ta hanyar kabilun da ke da alaƙa da Evenks (Ewenki) da Evens. (Evenks da Evens suma an haɗa su a matsayin "Evenic". An rarrabe sunayensu ne kawai ta hanyar bambancin -n don Even da -nkī don Evenkī; endonymically, har ma suna amfani da adjective iri ɗaya don kansu - ǝwǝdī, ma'ana "Ko" a cikin harshen Evenkī da "Evenkī" a cikin yaren Evenkī.) Evenks suna zaune a cikin Evenk Autonomous Okrug na Rasha a cikin ɓangarori da yawa na gabashin Siberia. Evens suna da alaƙa sosai da Evenks ta hanyar yare da al'adu, kuma suna zaune a sassa daban-daban na gabashin Siberia. Mutanen da suka rarraba kansu a matsayin Evenks a cikin ƙididdigar Rasha suna rayuwa zuwa yamma da kudu maso gabashin Siberia, yayin da mutanen da suka rarrabe kansu a matsayin Evens suna rayuwa zuwa gabas da arewacin gabashin Siberia. Ƙananan kabilun kuma a cikin reshen arewa sune Negidals da Oroqen . Oroqen, Solon, da Khamnigan suna zaune a wasu sassan Lardin Heilongjiang, Inner Mongol" id="mwoQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mongolia">Mongolia a China, da Mongolia kuma ana iya la'akari da su a matsayin ƙananan rukuni na kabilanci na Evenk, kodayake Solons da Khamnigans musamman sun yi hulɗa da mutanen Mongolic (Mongol, Daur, Buryat), kuma sun bambanta da Evenks a Rasha.

Mutanen Taz na musamman ne tsakanin mutanen Tungusic saboda suna da yaren Sinitic a matsayin yarensu na asali. Su ne sakamakon auren tsakanin mazajen kasar Sin na Han da mata na Udege, Nanai, da Oroch a Outer Manchuria a lokacin daular Qing.

Yawan jama'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rarraba harsunan Tungusic

Mutanen Tungusic sune:

Jerin mutanen Tungusic na zamani
Sunan kabilanci Yawan jama'a Babban ƙasar Addini
Manchus 10,424,785  China Manchu shamanism, Buddha, Addinin gargajiya na kasar Sin, Roman Katolika
Sibes 190,481  China Buddha, Shamanism
Evenks 69,503  Russia Shamanism, Orthodox na Rasha, BuddhaAddinin Buddha
Abubuwan da suka faru 22,487  Russia Shamanism, Orthodox na Rasha
Nanais 17,514  Russia Buddha, Orthodox na Rasha, Shamanism
Oroqens 8,659  China Shamanism, BuddhaAddinin Buddha
Ulchs 2,841  Russia Shamanism, Orthodox na Rasha
Udeges 1,538  Russia Shamanism
Orochs 815  Russia Shamanism, Orthodox na Rasha, BuddhaAddinin Buddha
Ƙaryatãwa 565  Russia Shamanism
Oroks 315  Russia Shamanism, Orthodox na Rasha
Kofin 274  Russia Orthodox na Rasha

Yawan jama'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Nazarin da ya gabata ya yi jayayya game da yiwuwar kakanninmu tsakanin mutanen Tungusic, Mongolic, Turkic, Koreanic, da Jafananci ta hanyar al'ummomin aikin gona na Neolithic daga Arewa maso gabashin China (misali wayewar Liao) a matsayin wani ɓangare na dangin yaren Altaic. Koyaya, bayanan kwayar halitta sun saba wa wannan saboda yayin da aka samo kakannin Kogin Liao na Yamma tsakanin 'yan Koriya da Jafananci na "macro-Altaic", ba su nan tsakanin mutanen Tungusic da Mongolic na "micro-Altaïque".[1] Sauran rikitarwa na haɗa dangin yaren Altaic da Kogin Liao na Yamma shine cewa farkon kwayoyin halitta daga Kogin Lhao na Yamma sun ƙunshi kakannin Kogin Yellow (wanda ba a samu a Amur ko Primorye) kuma cewa kamanceceniya tsakanin Tsohon kakannin Arewa maso gabashin Asiya da suka samo asali daga Kogin West Liao tare da waɗanda 'yan asalin yankin Amur sun sa irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi su cikin wannan yankin suna da wuyar bin diddigin kwayoyin halitta.[2]

Manchu, mafi yawan mutanen da ke magana da harshen Tungusic, suna nuna karuwar alaƙar kwayar halitta tare da Han Chinese, da Koreans, idan aka kwatanta da sauran mutanen Tungusic. Saboda haka Manchu sun kasance banbanci ga tsarin kwayar halitta na yawan mutanen da ke magana da harshen Tungusic, mai yiwuwa ne saboda yawan ƙaura da ƙwayoyin halitta tare da Han na kasar Sin a cikin 'yan shekaru da suka gabata.[3]

Ƙungiyoyin iyaye

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mutanen Tungusic suna nuna farkon haplogroup na uba da ke da alaƙa da Tsohon Arewa maso gabashin Asiya, kuma suna nuna kyakkyawar alaƙa da Mutanen Mongoliya da sauran mutanen Arewa maso gabobin Asiya. Kungiyarsu ta farko tana da alaƙa da C-M217 da ƙananan ta. Sauran haplogroup mai rinjaye shine Haplogroup N-M231, wanda aka samo a cikin al'ummomin Neolithic na Arewa maso gabashin Asiya tare da Kogin Liao kuma ya bazu a duk Siberia. Wani banda shi ne Mutanen Manchu na zamani waɗanda ke nuna mafi girman mitar Haplogroup O-M122 . [4] [5] [6] [7][8][9] 29/97 = 29.9% C-M86 a cikin samfurin Mongols daga arewa maso yammacin Mongolia, [10]

Haplogroups (darajar a cikin kashi)
Yawan jama'a Harshe n C  C-M217 C-M48 C-M86/M77 C-M407 O O-M122 O-M119 O-M268 O-M176 N N-Tat N-P43 R1a R1b Q Sauran Bayani
Evenks (China) Arewacin Tungusic 41 43.9 43.9 - 34.1 - 36.6 24.4 2.4 9.8 2.4 4.9 0.0 2.4 4.9 0.0 9.8 0.0 Hammer 2006 [5]
Evenks (China) Arewacin Tungusic 26 57.7 57.7 30.8 - 0.0 34.6 23.1 7.7 3.8 0.0 3.8 - - 0.0 0.0 0.0 K-M9 (xNO-M214, P-92R7) =3.8 Xue 2006 [6]
Evenks (Rasha) Arewacin Tungusic 95 68.4 68.4 - 54.7 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.9 16.8 2.1 1.1 0.0 4.2 I1-P30=5.3J2-M172 (xM12) =2.1
 Hammer 2006 [5]
Evens (Rasha) Arewacin Tungusic 31 74.2 74.2 - 61.3 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.9 12.9 0.0 6.5 0.0 3.2 I2a1-P37.2=3.2 Hammer 2006 [5]
Hezhe (China) Amur Tungusic 45 28.9 22.2 11.1 - - 51.1 44.4 0.0 6.7 4.4 20.0 - 17.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Xue 2006 [6]
Manchu (China) Jurchen-Manchu 52 26.9 26.9 - 0.0 - 57.7 38.5 3.8 9.6 3.8 5.8 0.0 0.0 1.9 - 0.0 R2a-M124=3.8R1-M173 (xP25, M73, M269, SRY10831b) =1.9J-12f2 (xM172) =1.9

 Hammer 2006 [5]
Manchu (China) Jurchen-Manchu 35 25.7 25.7 2.9 - - 54.3 37.1 2.9 14.3 5.7 14.3 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 DE-YAP (xE-SRY4064) =2.9K-M9 (xNO-M214, P-92R7) =2.9
 Xue 2006 [6]
Oroqen (China) Arewacin Tungusic 22 90.9 90.9 - 68.2 - 4.5 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0 4.5 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hammer 2006 [5]
Oroqen (China) Arewacin Tungusic 31 61.3 61.3 41.9 - - 29.0 19.4 0.0 6.5 0.0 6.5 0.0 6.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 K-M9 (xNO-M214, P-92R7) =3.2 Xue 2006 [6]
Ulchi (Rasha) Amur Tungusic 52 69.2 69.2 34.6 26.9 0.0 15.4 11.5 1.9 1.9 - 5.8 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.8 I-P37=1.9%J1-M267 (xP58) =1.9%
 Balanovska 2018 [11]
Xibe (China) Jurchen-Manchu 41 26.8 26.8 4.9 - - 36.6 26.8 7.3 2.4 2.4 17.1 4.9 0.0 0.0 - - J-12f2=7.3P-92R7 (xR1a-SRY10831.2) =2.4DE-YAP (xE-SRY4064) =2.4BT-SRY-10831.1 (xC-M130, DE-YAP, J-12f2, K-M9) =2.4


 Xue 2006 [6]

Ƙungiyoyin uwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dangane da jimlar samfurori 29 daga binciken mtDNA na Xibo, Oroqen, da Hezhen daga China:

Rukunin Haplogroup Pop. % Bayani
Rukunin Haplogroup B 2/29 6.89%
Rukunin Haplogroup C 8/29 27.58%
Rukunin D 6/29 20.68%
Rukunin Haplogroup F 4/29 13.79%
Haplogroup M 1/29 3.44%
Rukunin R 1/29 3.44%
Haplogroup J 1/29 3.44% An samo 1 cikin 10 (10%) samfurori na Oroqen
Haplogroup U 1/29 3.44% An samo samfurori 1 cikin 9 (11.11%) na Xibo
Haplogroup Y 4/29 13.79% Dukkanin samfurori 4 da aka samu kawai a cikin mutanen Hezhen
Haplogroup Z 1/29 3.44%%

Samfurori 283 daga binciken mtDNA na Tungusic Evenks, Evens, da Udeges a Rasha da aka buga a cikin 2013, manyan rukunin mtDNA sune:

Rukunin Haplogroup Pop. % Bayani
Rukunin Haplogroup C 121/283 42.76%
C4b 55/283 19.43%
C4a 54/283 19.08%
C5 11/283 3.89%
Rukunin D 69/283 24.38%
D4l2 18/283 6.36%
D5a2a2 12/283 4.24%
D4e4a 10/283 3.53%
D3 8/283 2.83%
D4o2 8/283 2.83% (an lura kawai a cikin samfurin Evens daga Kamchatka)
D4i2 5/283 1.77%
D4j 5/283 1.77%
D4m2 3/283 1.06%
Haplogroup Z1a 25/283 8.83%
Z1a (xZ1a1, Z1a2) 12/283 4.24%
Z1a2 9/283 3.18%
Z1a1 4/283 1.41%
Rukunin Haplogroup A 11/283 3.89%
A4 (xA2a, A2b1, A8, A12a) 7/283 2.47%
A12a 2/283 0.71%
A2a 2/283 0.71%
Haplogroup N9b 10/283 3.53% (an lura kawai a cikin samfurin Udege)
Haplogroup G 10/283 3.53%
G1b 9/283 3.18%
G2a1 1/283 0.35%
Haplogroup Y1a 8/283 2.83%
Haplogroup M7 8/283 2.83%
M7a2a 6/283 2.12%
M7c1d 2/283 0.71%
Haplogroup F1b1 6/283 2.12%

Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Haɗin waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Wang, Chuan-Chao; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Popov, Alexander N.; Zhang, Hu-Qin; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Sirak, Kendra; Cheronet, Olivia; Kovalev, Alexey; Rohland, Nadin; Kim, Alexander M.; Mallick, Swapan; Bernardos, Rebecca; Tumen, Dashtseveg; Zhao, Jing; Liu, Yi-Chang (2021-03-18). "Genomic insights into the formation of human populations in East Asia". Nature (in Turanci). 591 (7850): 413–419. Bibcode:2021Natur.591..413W. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03336-2. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 7993749. PMID 33618348 Check |pmid= value (help).
  2. ↑ Bennett, E. Andrew; Liu, Yichen; Fu, Qiaomei (2024-12-03). "Reconstructing the Human Population History of East Asia through Ancient Genomics". Elements in Ancient East Asia (in Turanci). doi:10.1017/9781009246675.
  3. ↑ Zhang, Xianpeng; He, Guanglin; Li, Wenhui; Wang, Yunfeng; Li, Xin; Chen, Ying; Qu, Quanying; Wang, Ying; Xi, Huanjiu; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Wen, Youfeng (2021). "Genomic Insight Into the Population Admixture History of Tungusic-Speaking Manchu People in Northeast China". Frontiers in Genetics. 12: 754492. doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.754492. ISSN 1664-8021. PMC 8515022 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34659368 Check |pmid= value (help).
  4. ↑ Lell JT, Sukernik RI, Starikovskaya YB, et al. (January 2002). "The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70 (1): 192–206. doi:10.1086/338457. PMC 384887. PMID 11731934.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". J Hum Genet. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Hammer2006" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Xue, Yali; Zerjal, Tatiana; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Shu, Qunfang; Xu, Jiujin; Du, Ruofu; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu; Hurles, Matthew E.; Yang, Huanming; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2005). "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times". Genetics. 172 (4): 2431–2439. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC 1456369. PMID 16489223. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Xue2006" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Duggan, AT; Whitten, M; Wiebe, V; Crawford, M; Butthof, A; et al. (2013). "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e83570. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...883570D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570. PMC 3861515. PMID 24349531.
  8. ↑ Fedorova, Sardana A; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; et al. (2013). "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2013 (13): 127. Bibcode:2013BMCEE..13..127F. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-127. PMC 3695835. PMID 23782551.
  9. ↑ Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Denisova, Galina; Khoyt, Sanj; Wozniak, Marcin; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Zakharov, Ilya (2013). "Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels". Journal of Human Genetics. 58 (12): 804–811. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108. PMID 24132124.
  10. ↑ Di Cristofaro, J; Pennarun, E; Mazières, S; Myres, NM; Lin, AA; et al. (2013). "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge". PLOS ONE. 8 (10): e76748. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...876748D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748. PMC 3799995. PMID 24204668.
  11. ↑ Balanovska, E. V.; et al. (2018). "Demographic and Genetic Portraits of the Ulchi Population". Russian Journal of Genetics. 54 (10): 1245–1253. doi:10.1134/s1022795418100046. S2CID 53085396.
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