Tattalin arziki

Tattalin arziki

Iri	human activity (en)
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Economic sector (en)
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economic sector (en)
# (mul)	#economy

PPP)_per_capita" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">Kudin cikin gida na kowane mutum na ƙasashe (2024, PPP) > $ 60,000 $ 50,000 - $ 60,000 $ 40,000 - $ 40,000 $ 20,000 - $ 30,000 $ 10,000 - $ 20,000 $ 20,000 - $20,000 - $ 20,000 - $10,000 $ 2,500 - $ 5,000 - $ 5,000 $ 2,500 - € 2,500 - $ 2,500 < $ 1,000 Babu bayanai

•   >$60,000
•   $50,000 – $60,000
•   $40,000 – $50,000
•   $30,000 – $40,000
•   $20,000 – $30,000
•   $10,000 – $20,000
•   $5,000 – $10,000
•   $2,500 – $5,000
•   $1,000 – $2,500
•   <$1,000
•   No data

  tattalin arziki wani yanki ne na samarwa, rarraba da Kasuwanci, da kuma amfani da kayayyaki da aiyuka. Gabaɗaya, an bayyana shi azaman yanki na zamantakewa wanda ke jaddada ayyuka, jawabai, da maganganun kayan da ke da alaƙa da samarwa, amfani, da kuma gudanar da albarkatu. Tattalin arzikin da aka ba shi shine tsari wanda ya shafi al'adu sa, dabi'u, ilimi, juyin halitta na fasaha, tarihi, tsarin zamantakewa, Tsarin siyasa, tsarin shari'a, da albarkatun kasa a matsayin manyan dalilai. Wadannan dalilai suna ba da mahallin, abun ciki, da kuma saita yanayin da sigogi wanda tattalin arziki ke aiki. A wasu kalmomi, yankin tattalin arziki yanki ne na zamantakewa na ayyukan ɗan adam da ma'amaloli waɗanda ba su tsaya shi kaɗai ba.

Wakilan tattalin arziki na iya zama mutane, kamfanoni, kungiyoyi, ko gwamnatoci. Ma'amaloli na tattalin arziki suna faruwa ne lokacin da kungiyoyi biyu ko bangarori suka amince da darajar ko farashin kayan aiki ko sabis, wanda aka saba bayyana a cikin wani kudin. Koyaya, ma'amaloli na kuɗi kawai suna da ƙarancin ɓangaren yankin tattalin arziki.

Ayyukan tattalin arziki suna motsawa ta hanyar samarwa wanda ke amfani da albarkatun kasa, aiki da kuma babban birnin. Ya canza a tsawon lokaci saboda fasaha, kirkire-kirkire (sabon samfurori, ayyuka, matakai, fadada kasuwanni, bambancin kasuwanni, kasuwanni, kara ayyukan kudaden shiga) da canje-canje a Dangantakar masana'antu (musamman ma aikin yara da ake maye gurbin su a wasu sassan duniya tare da samun damar ilimi na duniya).

Magana.

Birnin New York, babbar cibiyar fintech da kudi ta duniya da kuma cibiyar tattalin arzikin birni na duniya

Kalmar tattalin arziki a cikin Turanci ta samo asali ne daga yconomie na Faransanci na Tsakiya, wanda kansa ya samo asali ne na oeconomia na Latin na Tsakiya. Kalmar Latin ta samo asali ne daga tsohuwar Girkanci ta oikonomia ko oikonomos . Sashe na farko na kalmar oikos yana nufin "gida", kuma sashe na biyu nemein yana nufin "management".

Ma'anar da aka fi amfani da ita a yanzu, wanda ke nuna "tsarin tattalin arziki na ƙasa ko yanki", da alama bai ci gaba ba har zuwa shekarun 1650.

Tushen farko.

Tsohon Roman mosaic daga Bosra, wanda ke nuna dan kasuwa yana jagorantar raƙuma a cikin hamada

Muddin wani yana yin, samarwa da rarraba kayayyaki ko ayyuka, akwai wani nau'in tattalin arziki; tattalin arziki ya karu yayin da al'ummomi suka girma kuma suka zama mafi rikitarwa. Sumer ta haɓaka tattalin arziki mai girma wanda ya dogara da kuɗin kaya, yayin da Babiloniyawa da jihohin biranen da ke makwabtaka da su daga baya suka haɓaka tsarin tattalin arziki na farko kamar yadda muke tunani, dangane da dokoki / dokoki kan bashin, kwangilar shari'a da lambobin doka da suka shafi ayyukan kasuwanci, da dukiyar masu zaman kansu.

Babiloniyawa da maƙwabtansu na birni sun haɓaka nau'ikan tattalin arziki waɗanda za a iya kwatanta su da ra'ayoyin jama'a (doka) da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu. Sun haɓaka tsarin shari'a da na gudanarwa na farko da aka sani, cikakke tare da kotuna, kurkuku, da bayanan gwamnati.

Tattalin arzikin tsohuwar ya dogara ne da aikin gona. Shekel sune na farko da ke komawa ga ma'auni na nauyi da kudin, wanda Mutanen Semitic ke amfani da su. Amfani na farko da kalmar ya fito ne daga Mesopotamiya a kusa da 3000 BC. kuma ana magana ne game da takamaiman tarin sha'ir wanda ke danganta wasu dabi'u a cikin ma'auni kamar azurfa, tagulla, jan ƙarfe, da dai sauransu. Sha'ir / shekel asalinsa duka ɗayan kuɗi ne da ɗayan nauyi, kamar yadda Pound na Burtaniya asalinsa ɗayan da ke kiran nauyin azurfa guda ɗaya.

Most exchange of goods had occurred through social relationships. There were also traders who bartered in the marketplaces. In Ancient Greece, where the present English word 'economy' originated, many people were bond slaves of the freeholders. The economic discussion was driven by scarcity.

A cikin dokar tattalin arzikin kasar Sin, babban zagaye na kirkire-kirkire na ma'aikata ya ƙunshi ra'ayi. Yin hidima ga tattalin arzikin da ba na kasuwa ba yana inganta aikin kamfani wanda aka tabbatar da shi bisa doka kuma an kare shi daga damar bureaucratic.

Middle Ages

A tsakiyar zamanai, abin da yanzu aka sani da tattalin arziki bai kasance da nisa da matakin rayuwa ba. Yawancin musayar sun faru ne a cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. A saman wannan, manyan masu cin nasara sun tada abin da muke kira yanzu babban birnin Kasuwanci (daga Ventura, ital.; haɗari) don tallafawa kama su. Ya kamata a mayar da babban birnin ta hanyar kayan da za su kawo a Sabon Duniya. Abubuwan da Marco Polo (1254-1324), Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) da Vasco da Gama (1469-1524) suka gano sun haifar da tattalin arzikin duniya na farko. kamfanoni na farko sun kasance cibiyoyin kasuwanci. A shekara ta 1513, an kafa musayar hannun jari ta farko a Antwerp. Tattalin arziki a lokacin yana nufin kasuwanci.

Kashewar Turai sun zama rassa na jihohin Turai, abin da ake kira yankuna. Kasashen da ke tasowa Spain, Portugal, Faransa, Biritaniya da Netherlands sun yi ƙoƙari su sarrafa cinikayya ta hanyar harajin al'ada da mercantilism (daga mercator, lat.: merchant) ita ce hanyar farko ta matsakaici tsakanin dukiyar masu zaman kansu da Sha'awar jama'a. Rashin addini a Turai ya ba da damar jihohi su yi amfani da dukiyar cocin don ci gaban garuruwa. Tasirin manyan mutane ya ragu. Sakataren Gwamnati na farko na tattalin arziki sun fara aikinsu. Bankuna kamar Amschel Mayer Rothschild (1773-1855) sun fara tallafawa ayyukan kasa kamar yaƙe-yaƙe da ababen more rayuwa. Tattalin arziki daga wannan lokacin ya ci gaba yana nufin tattalin arzikin kasa a matsayin batun ayyukan tattalin arziki na 'Yan ƙasa na jihar.

Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu

masanin tattalin arziki na farko a cikin ainihin ma'anar zamani na kalmar shine ɗan Scotland Adam Smith (1723-1790) wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da ra'ayoyin physiocracy, martani ga mercantilism kuma daga baya ɗalibin tattalin arziki, Adam Mari . Ya bayyana abubuwan tattalin arzikin kasa: ana ba da kayayyakin a farashi na halitta wanda aka samar ta hanyar amfani da gasa - wadata da buƙata - da rarraba aiki. Ya ci gaba da cewa ainihin dalilin cinikayya kyauta shine son kai na ɗan adam. Abin da ake kira ra'ayi na son kai ya zama tushen ilimin ɗan adam don tattalin arziki. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) ya canja ra'ayin wadata da buƙata zuwa matsalar Yawan jama'a.

Juyin Juya Halin masana'antu wani lokaci ne daga karni na 18 zuwa 19 inda manyan canje-canje a aikin noma, masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai, da sufuri suka yi tasiri sosai a kan yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu da ya fara a Ingila, sannan daga baya ya bazu a duk faɗin Turai, Arewacin Amurka, kuma a ƙarshe duniya. Farawar Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu ya nuna babban canji a tarihin ɗan adam; kusan kowane bangare na rayuwar yau da kullun ya sami rinjaye ta wata hanya. A Turai jari-hujja ta daji ta fara maye gurbin tsarin mercantilism (a yau: kariya) kuma ta haifar da Ci gaban tattalin arziki. Ana kiran wannan lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu saboda tsarin samarwa da rarraba ma'aikata ya ba da damar samar da kayayyaki.

Karni na 20

Ba a san ra'ayin zamani na "tattalin arziki" ba har sai Babban Mawuyacin Amurka a cikin shekarun 1930.

After the chaos of two World Wars and the devastating Great Depression, policymakers searched for new ways of controlling the course of the economy. This was explored and discussed by Friedrich August von Hayek (1899–1992) and Milton Friedman (1912–2006) who pleaded for a global free trade and are supposed to be the fathers of the so-called neoliberalism. However, the prevailing view was that held by John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946), who argued for a stronger control of the markets by the state. The theory that the state can alleviate economic problems and instigate economic growth through state manipulation of aggregate demand is called Keynesianism in his honor. In the late 1950s, the economic growth in America and Europe—often called Wirtschaftswunder (German for economic miracle) —brought up a new form of economy: mass consumption economy. In 1958, John Kenneth Galbraith (1908–2006) was the first to speak of an affluent society in his book The Affluent Society. In most of the countries the economic system is called a social market economy.

Karni na 21

Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Frankfurt a cikin 2015

Tare da faduwar Iron Curtain da sauyawar ƙasashen Gabas zuwa gwamnatin dimokuradiyya da tattalin arzikin kasuwa, an kawo ra'ayin al'ummar masana'antu da muhimmanci yayin da rawar da take takawa ita ce ta nuna muhimmancin da bangaren sabis ke samu maimakon masana'antu. Wasu sun danganta amfani da wannan kalmar na farko ga littafin Daniel Bell na 1973, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, yayin da wasu suka danganta shi ga littafin masanin falsafar zamantakewa Ivan Illich, Tools for Conviviality . Ana kuma amfani da kalmar a cikin falsafar don nuna faduwar postmodernism a ƙarshen 90s kuma musamman a farkon karni na 21.

Tare da yaduwar Intanet a matsayin kafofin watsa labarai da matsakaicin sadarwa musamman bayan 2000-2001, an ba da ra'ayin Intanet da tattalin arzikin bayanai saboda karuwar muhimmancin Kasuwancin e-commerce da kasuwancin lantarki, kuma an kirkiro kalmar ga al'ummar bayanai ta duniya kamar yadda ake fahimtar sabon nau'in al'umma "dukkanin". A ƙarshen 2000s, sabon nau'in tattalin arziki da fadada tattalin arziki na ƙasashe kamar China, Brazil, da Indiya suna kawo hankali da sha'awa ga tattalin arziki daban-daban daga yawanci mamaye tattalin arzikin Yamma da kuma tsarin tattalin arziki.

Abubuwa.

Nau'o'in

A market economy is one where goods and services are produced and exchanged according to demand and supply between participants (economic agents) by barter or a medium of exchange with a credit or debit value accepted within the network, such as a unit of currency. A planned economy is one where political agents directly control what is produced and how it is sold and distributed. A green economy is low-carbon and resource efficient. In a green economy, growth in income and employment is driven by public and private investments that reduce carbon emissions and pollution, enhance energy and resource efficiency, and prevent the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. A gig economy is one in which short-term jobs are assigned or chosen on-demand. The global economy refers to humanity's economic system or systems overall. An informal economy is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government. A local economy is an economy centred around a particular settlement or commercial area, and may be a driver for local purchasing being promoted and practiced in its area.

Yankuna

The economy may be considered as having developed through the following phases or degrees of precedence: 

• Tattalin arzikin tsohuwar ya dogara ne akan aikin gona.
• Lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu ya rage rawar da aikin gona ke takawa, ya canza shi zuwa nau'ikan noma masu yawa a cikin ƙarni uku da suka gabata. Ci gaban tattalin arziki ya faru ne galibi a cikin hakar ma'adinai, gine-gine da masana'antu. Kasuwanci ya zama mafi mahimmanci saboda buƙatar inganta musayar da rarraba kayan a duk faɗin al'umma.
• A cikin tattalin arzikin al'ummomin masu amfani da zamani akwai wani bangare mai girma da sabis, kudi, da fasaha ke takawa - tattalin arzikin ilimi.

A cikin tattalin arzikin zamani, waɗannan matakan da aka riga aka bayyana su daban ta hanyar tsarin bangarori uku:

• Firamare: Ya haɗa da cirewa da samar da albarkatun kasa, kamar masara, kwal, itace da baƙin ƙarfe.
• Na biyu: Ya haɗa da sauya albarkatun ko kayan matsakaici zuwa kayayyaki misali masana'antar ƙarfe zuwa motoci, ko masana'antu zuwa tufafi.
• Tertiary: Ya haɗa da samar da sabis ga masu amfani da kasuwanci, kamar zama jariri, sinima da banki.

Sauran bangarorin al'umma masu tasowa sun hada da:

• bangaren jama'a ko bangaren jiha (wanda yawanci ya haɗa da: majalisa, kotunan shari'a da cibiyoyin gwamnati, ayyuka daban-daban na gaggawa, kiwon lafiyar jama'a, mafaka ga matalauta da masu barazana, wuraren sufuri, tashar jiragen ruwa na iska / teku, kulawa bayan haihuwa, asibitoci, makarantu, ɗakunan karatu, gidajen tarihi, gine-ginen tarihi da aka adana, wuraren shakatawa / lambuna, wuraren ajiyar yanayi, wasu jami'o'i, wuraren wasanni na kasa / dakunan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa, wuraren wasan kwaikwayo ko wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na addinai daban-daban).
• kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko kamfanoni masu masu zaman kansu.
• bangaren sa kai ko bangaren zamantakewa.

Bayyanawa

The gross domestic product (GDP) of a country is a measure of the size of its economy, or more specifically, monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced. The most conventional economic analysis of a country relies heavily on economic indicators like the GDP and GDP per capita. While often useful, GDP only includes economic activity for which money is exchanged.

Saboda yadda harkar hada-hadar kudi ke karuwa a wannan zamani. ana amfani da kalmar tattalin arziki ta gaske ta hanyar manazarta, da kuma 'yan siyasa don nuna ɓangaren tattalin arzikin da ya shafi ainihin samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka, , a bayyane yake an bambanta da tattalin arzikin takarda, ko bangaren kudi na tattalin arzikin, wanda ya shafi saye da sayarwa a kasuwannin hada-hadar kudi.  Madadin kalmomi da tsayin daka suna bambanta ma'auni na tattalin arzikin da aka bayyana a ainihin ƙima (daidaitacce don hauhawar farashin kaya), kamar ainihin GDP, ko a cikin ƙima mai ƙima (wanda ba a daidaita don hauhawar farashin kaya).

Nazarin

Nazarin tattalin arziki ya kasu kusan zuwa macroeconomics da microeconomics, amma kuma yana iya haɗawa da ilimin zamantakewa, Tarihi, ilimin ɗan adam, da Yanayin ƙasa. Yankuna masu amfani da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da ayyukan ɗan adam waɗanda suka haɗa da samarwa, rarraba, musayar, da amfani da kayayyaki da ayyuka gaba ɗaya kasuwanci ne, injiniya, gwamnati, da kiwon lafiya. Ana nazarin Macroeconomics a matakin yanki da na ƙasa, kuma bincike na yau da kullun sun haɗa da samun kudin shiga da samarwa, kuɗi, farashi, aiki, cinikayya ta duniya, da sauran batutuwa.

Dubi kuma

• Dimokuradiyya ta tattalin arziki
• Tarihin tattalin arziki
• Tsarin tattalin arziki
• Tattalin arzikin zamantakewa
• Tattalin arzikin hadin kai

Ƙarin karantawa

• Friedman, Milton, Capitalism da Freedom, 1962.
• Rothbard, Murray, Man, Tattalin Arziki, da Jiha: Wani Takaddar kan Ka'idodin Tattalin Ruwa, 1962.
• [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga littafin nan The Affluent Society.
• Mises, Ludwig von, Human Action: A Treatise on Economics, 1949.
• Keynes, John Maynard, Babban Ka'idar Aiki, Sha'awa da Kudi, 1936.
• [Hasiya]
• Smith, Adam, Bincike game da Yanayi da Dalilan Dukiyar Al'ummai, 1776.