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Tattalin arzikin Ghana

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Tattalin arzikin Ghana
national economy (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na economy of Africa (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Ghana
Kuɗi Cedi na Ghana
Rukunin da yake danganta Category:Economy of Ghana-related lists (en) Fassara da Category:Lists of companies of Ghana (en) Fassara
Wuri
Map
 7°56′47″N 1°01′24″W / 7.9465°N 1.0232°W / 7.9465; -1.0232

Tattalin arzikin Ghana yana da tushe iri daban-daban kuma mai wadatar albarkatu, gami da kera da fitar da kayayyakin fasahar dijital, kera motoci da kera jiragen ruwa da fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje, da fitar da albarkatu irin su hydrocarbons da ma'adinan masana'antu . Farashin zinari mai girma a shekarar 2023 ya samu dalar Amurka biliyan 15.6 na fitar da kaya zuwa kasashen waje.

Tattalin arzikin cikin gida Dan Ghana a cikin 2012 ya kewaye da ayyuka, wanda ya kai kashi 50% na GDP kuma ya dauki kashi 28% na ma'aikata. Baya ga masana'antu da ke da alaƙa da ma'adanai da mai, ci gaban masana'antu a Ghana ya kasance na asali, sau da yawa yana da alaƙa tare da filastik (kamar kujeru, jaka na filastik, razors, da alkalami). 53.6% na ma'aikatan Ghana sun yi aiki a aikin gona a shekarar 2013.[1] [ƙididdigar da ta wuce gona da iri][outdated statistic]

Ghana ta fara aikin sakewa ba da kuɗin daga Cedi zuwa sabon kuɗin, Ghana Cedi a watan Yulin 2007. Adadin canja wurin shine 1 Ghana Cedi ga kowane Cedis 10,000.

Ghana ta zama babbar kasar da ke samar da zinariya a Afirka bayan ta mamaye Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 2019. [2] Har ila yau, kasar ita ce ta biyu mafi girma mai samar da koko (bayan Ivory Coast). [3] Ghana tana da wadataccen lu'u-lu'u, manganese ko manganese, Bauxite, da mai. An soke mafi yawan bashin a shekara ta 2005, amma daga baya aka ba da izinin kashe kuɗin gwamnati. Haɗe da faduwar farashin mai, wannan ya haifar da rikicin tattalin arziki wanda ya tilasta wa gwamnati tattaunawa kan kayan aikin bashi na dala miliyan 920 daga Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya (IMF) a watan Afrilun 2015.[4] Bloomberg ya kimanta kudin Ghana Cedi a matsayin kudin da ya fi karfi a duniya Afrilu 2025 a kan Dollar da ke rage nauyin bashin.

Haraji

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Harajin da aka kara shi ne harajin amfani da ake gudanarwa a Ghana. Tsarin haraji wanda ya fara a 1998 yana da kudi guda amma tun daga watan Satumbar 2007 ya shiga cikin tsarin kudi mai yawa. A shekara ta 1998, harajin ya kai 10% kuma an gyara shi a shekara ta 2000 zuwa 12.5%. Babban harajin samun kudin shiga da harajin kamfanoni shine 25%. Sauran haraji da aka haɗa tare da harajin da aka kara (VAT), sune harajin inshorar kiwon lafiya na kasa, da harajin samun babban birnin. Kudin haraji gabaɗaya ya kasance 12.1% na jimlar kuɗin shiga na cikin gida na Ghana a cikin 2013. Kasafin kudin Ghana ya kasance daidai da 39.8% na GDP a cikin 2013.[5] Ghana tana aiwatar da harajin haya a cikin 2021.

Masana'antu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cibiyar masana'antu ta Ghana tana da ci gaba sosai. Masana'antu na maye gurbin shigo da kayayyaki sun haɗa da masana'antar lantarki. Rlg Communications ita ce kamfani na farko na asalin Afirka don tara kwamfyutoci, kwamfyutocin, da wayoyin hannu, kuma ita ce babbar fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa ta Yammacin Afirka (ICT) da kamfanin kera Wayar hannu.

Ghana ta fara masana'antar kera motoci tare da gina samfurin SUV mai ƙarfi, mai suna SMATI Turtle 1, wanda aka nufa don amfani a cikin ƙasa mai laushi na Afirka. An tsara shi kuma an ƙera shi ta hanyar Artisans of Suame Magazine Industrial Development Organization. An kera motocin lantarki na Birni a Ghana tun daga shekara ta 2014.

Ya zuwa 2012 akwai manyan kamfanoni huɗu a bangaren masana'antu: Akosombo Textiles Limited, Tex Style Ghana Limited, Printex Ghana, da Ghana Textile Manufacturing Company.[6]

Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa na Ghana da Kamfanin Man Gishiri na Ghana suna hulɗa da binciken mai da iskar gas, amfani, da kuma tsaftacewa.[7]

Sadarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ƙarshen Janairu 2022, jimlar adadin biyan kuɗi na murya a Ghana ya tsaya a 41,380,751. Wannan yana wakiltar karuwar kashi 1.28% a kan adadi na Disamba 2019 na 40,857,007. Adadin shiga ya kai 136.79%.

Gasar tsakanin kamfanonin wayoyin hannu a Ghana wani muhimmin bangare ne na ci gaban masana'antar sadarwa, Shugaban kasuwar yanzu MTN tare da biyan kuɗi na murya na 23,150,485 wanda ke wakiltar 55.95% na kasuwa yana biye da Vodafone tare da biyan kuɗin murya na 9,075,795 wanda ke wakilci kashi 21.93% na kasuwa, biyan kuɗi na AirtelTigo yana tsaye a 8,428,322 wanda ke wakilcin 20.69%, biyan kuɗi na yanzu na Glo yana tsaye a 726,149 wanda ke wakilta rabon kasuwa na 1.75% [8][9][10]

Kafofin yada labarai na Ghana suna daga cikin masu sassaucin ra'ayi a Afirka, tare da Ghana a matsayin na uku mafi 'yanci a Afirka kuma na 30 mafi 'yancin kyauta a duniya a kan lissafin' yancin 'yan jarida na duniya. Babi na 12 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ghana ya tabbatar da 'yancin' yan jaridar Ghana da' yancin kai na kafofin watsa labarai, kuma Babi na 2 ya haramta tantancewa.[11] An dawo da 'yancin' yan jarida na Ghana a shekarar 1992.

Ghana na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko a Afirka da suka sami haɗin kai ga Yanar Gizo ta Duniya. A cikin shekara ta 2010, akwai masu ba da sabis na intanet masu lasisi 165 a Ghana kuma suna gudanar da 29 daga cikin fiber optic, kuma masu ba da izini na cibiyoyin sadarwa na VSAT sun kasance 176, daga cikinsu 57 suna aiki, kuma masu amfani da intanet 99 sun sami izini ga jama'a, kuma masu zaman kansu da masu ba da damar sadarwar packet-switched sun kasance 25.

Bayanai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Canji a cikin GDP na kowane mutum na Ghana, 1870-2018. An daidaita adadi zuwa dala ta duniya ta 2011
Kashi na yawan jama'a a cikin matsanancin talauci a tsawon lokaci, 1981 zuwa 2019

Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna manyan alamun tattalin arziki a cikin 1980-2023. Hawan farashi a ƙasa da 5% yana cikin kore.[12]

Year GDP

(in billion US$ PPP) 		GDP per capita

(in US$ PPP) 		GDP

(in billion US$ nominal) 		GDP growth

(real) 		Inflation rate

(in percent) 		Government debt

(in % of GDP)
1980 12.8 1,202 37.4 Increase0.4% 50.0% n/a
1981 Increase13.5 Increase1,236 Increase60.7 Decrease−3.5% 116.5% n/a
1982 Decrease13.2 Decrease1,175 Increase70.4 Decrease−6.9% 22.5% n/a
1983 Decrease12.8 Decrease1,118 Decrease47.3 Decrease−4.8% 122.2% n/a
1984 Increase14.6 Increase1,185 Decrease17.1 Increase9.0% 40.0% n/a
1985 Increase16.0 Increase1,272 Decrease15.3 Increase5.1% 10.3% n/a
1986 Increase17.3 Increase1,347 Decrease14.1 Increase5.2% 24.5% n/a
1987 Increase18.9 Increase1,439 Decrease11.8 Increase4.8% 39.8% n/a
1988 Increase20.9 Increase1,550 Increase12.5 Increase5.6% 31.4% n/a
1989 Increase22.7 Increase1,646 Increase12.7 Increase5.1% 25.2% n/a
1990 Increase24.4 Increase1,728 Increase14.7 Increase3.3% 37.2% 19.2%
1991 Increase26.4 Increase1,828 Increase16.5 Increase5.3% 18.1% positive decrease18.7%
1992 Increase28.2 Increase1,907 Decrease16.3 Increase3.9% 10.0% 23.1%
1993 Increase30.3 Increase1,997 Decrease13.3 Increase3.7% 24.9% 37.2%
1994 Increase32.0 Increase2,061 Decrease12.3 Increase3.6% 24.9% 55.2%
1995 Increase34.0 Increase2,140 Increase14.6 Increase4.2% 59.3% positive decrease51.0%
1996 Increase36.3 Increase2,228 Increase15.5 Increase4.6% 44.5% positive decrease46.0%
1997 Increase39.0 Increase2,339 Increase15.8 Increase5.8% 24.8% 48.7%
1998 Increase41.5 Increase2,424 Increase17.2 Increase5.0% 19.2% positive decrease40.6%
1999 Increase44.0 Increase2,506 Increase17.8 Increase4.5% 12.5% 55.7%
2000 Increase46.6 Decrease2,464 Decrease11.5 Increase3.6% 25.1% 80.2%
2001 Increase49.5 Increase2,550 Increase12.2 Increase3.8% 32.9% positive decrease61.9%
2002 Increase52.6 Increase2,644 Increase14.2 Increase4.6% 14.8% positive decrease58.0%
2003 Increase56.3 Increase2,766 Increase17.5 Increase5.1% 26.6% positive decrease52.8%
2004 Increase61.0 Increase2,923 Increase20.3 Increase5.4% 12.7% positive decrease41.1%
2005 Increase66.8 Increase3,126 Increase24.6 Increase6.2% 15.1% positive decrease34.0%
2006 Increase72.9 Increase3,331 Increase28.9 Increase5.8% 11.7% positive decrease18.5%
2007 Increase77.9 Increase3,480 Increase34.0 Increase4.1% 10.7% 22.5%
2008 Increase86.5 Increase3,779 Increase38.7 Increase9.2% 16.5% 24.6%
2009 Increase92.0 Increase3,931 Increase34.6 Increase4.8% 13.1% 26.9%
2010 Increase100.4 Increase4,071 Increase43.3 Increase7.9% 6.7% 34.5%
2011 Increase116.8 Increase4,623 Increase53.8 Increase14.0% 7.7% positive decrease31.3%
2012 Increase133.3 Increase5,152 Increase56.9 Increase9.3% 7.1% 35.4%
2013 Increase140.9 Increase5,321 Increase63.7 Increase7.3% 11.7% 42.9%
2014 Increase151.6 Increase5,595 Decrease54.3 Increase2.9% 15.5% 50.1%
2015 Decrease145.0 Decrease5,233 Decrease49.4 Increase2.1% 17.2% 53.9%
2016 Decrease142.3 Decrease5,021 Increase56.1 Increase3.4% 17.5% 55.9%
2017 Increase149.0 Increase5,148 Increase60.4 Increase8.1% 12.4% 57.0%
2018 Increase162.0 Increase5,482 Increase67.3 Increase6.2% 9.3% 62.0%
2019 Increase175.7 Increase5,823 Increase68.4 Increase6.5% 7.1% positive decrease58.3%
2020 Increase178.9 Decrease5,812 Increase70.0 Increase0.5% 9.9% 72.3%
2021 Increase196.4 Increase6,256 Increase79.6 Increase5.1% 10.0% 79.1%
2022 Increase216.6 Increase6,752 Decrease72.1 Increase3.1% 31.9% 92.4%
2023 Increase227.2 Increase6,905 Increase76.6 Increase1.2% 42.2% positive decrease84.9%

Shigarwa da fitarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban kayayyakin fitarwa na Ghana a cikin 2016 sun kasance man fetur ($ 2.66B), zinariya ($ 2.39B), wake na koko ($ 2.27B), man koko ($ 382M) da man koko ($ 252M). Manyan wuraren fitar da kayayyaki na Ghana a shekarar 2016 sune Switzerland ($ 1.73B), China ($ 1.06B), Faransa ($ 939M), Indiya ($ 789M) da Netherlands ($ 778M). [13]

Manyan nau'ikan shigo da Ghana a cikin 2016 sun kasance mai mai tsabta ($ 2.18B), mai mai mai ($ 546M), zinariya ($ 428M), shinkafa ($ 328M) da magungunan da aka shirya ($ 297M). Kasashen da suka fi darajar shigo da kayayyaki zuwa Ghana a shekarar 2016 sune China ($ 4.1B), Netherlands ($ 1.58B), Amurka ($ 1.1B), Najeriya ($ 920M) da Indiya ($ 668M). [13]

Kididdigar kasuwanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kididdigar kasuwanci a cikin miliyoyin daloli
Shekara Fitar da kayayyaki [14] Kasuwanci da kayayyaki [15] Kasuwancin yanar gizo [16]
2023 $16,703Increase $14,009Increase $2,694Increase
2020 $14,472Increase $12,429Decrease $2,043Increase
2015 $10,321Increase $13,465Increase −$3,144Decrease
2010 $7,960Increase $10,922Increase −$2,962Decrease
2005 $2,802Increase $5,347Increase −$2,545Decrease
2000 $1,936Increase $2,767Increase −$830Decrease
1990 $897Decrease $1,205Increase −$308Decrease
1980 $1,104 $908 $195Increase

Bankin sirri

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ayyukan kudi a Ghana sun ga sauye-sauye da yawa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Dokar Bankin (Gwamma) ta 2007 ta haɗa da bayar da lasisin banki ga bankunan da suka cancanta, wanda ke ba da damar Bankunan waje na Ghana kawai su yi aiki a Ghana. Bankin mai zaman kansa na Ghana shine na farko da aka ba shi lasisin banki a Ghana da kuma bankunan masu zaman kansu na Ghana UniBank, Bankin Zuba Jari na Kasa da Prudential Bank Limited. Saboda haka ya zama mai yiwuwa ga mutanen Ghana da ba mazauna ba ko mazauna da kamfanonin kasashen waje ko kamfanonin 'yan asalin Ghana su buɗe asusun banki na Ghana a Ghana.[17] Bankunan tallace-tallace da tanadi na asali na Ghana sun haɗa da Bankin Ci gaban Aikin Gona na Ghana, Bankin CAL, Bankin GCB Ltd, Kamfanin Kudi na Gida da Bankin UT da kuma tanadi na asalin Ghana da cibiyoyin rance na ABii National da Savings and Loans Company.[17]

Kasuwancin Kasuwanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasuwancin kasuwa na Ghana yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a Afirka, tare da kasuwar kasuwar GH¢.2 biliyan ko CN¥.4 biliyan a cikin 2012. JSE Limited ta Afirka ta Kudu ita ce mafi girma.[18]

Makamashi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ghana da Hasken rana, da masana'antar mai da iskar gasmasana'antar man fetur da iskar gas

Ya zuwa 2018, Ghana ta cinye wasu MMtoe 10 na makamashi na farko, wanda aka yi mafi yawa daga biomass (40%), mai da dizal (40%), sannan kuma da wutar lantarki (10%) da iskar gas (10%). [19]

Jimlar amfani da makamashi a cikin Terrawatt-hours (TWh) na Ghana [20]
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2021
25 29Increase 42Increase 55Increase 112Increase 114Increase
Amfani da kowane mutum a cikin Kilowatt-hours (KWh) [21]
2,135 1,900Decrease 2,117Increase 2,142Increase 3,484Increase 3,483Decrease

Man Fetur da Gas

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ghana ta gano manyan tanadi na mai da iskar gas a cikin shekarun 2000 da 2010. Kasar a hukumance ta zama mai samar da man fetur da iskar gas a cikin 2010 tare da kaddamar da filin Jubilee ta Tullow Oil kuma a halin yanzu tana samarwa daga manyan cibiyoyin waje guda uku: Jubilee, TEN, da OCTP. A cikin 2021, samar da shi ya tsaya a wasu ganga 150,000 na mai a kowace rana (bopd). [22] Tun lokacin da aka fara samarwa a shekara ta 2010 Ghana ta zama mai samar da mai na 34 mafi girma.[23]

A cikin 2021 Ghana ta fitar da fiye da ganga 71mil na mai.[24] Kasar Sin ita ce babbar mai shigo da man Ghana, tana karɓar sama da 41% na fitarwa tare da Afirka ta Kudu, mai shigo da na biyu mafi girma, yana ɗaukar 13.9%.[24]

Hasken rana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ghana ta fara gina tsire-tsire na hasken rana a duk faɗin ƙasar da ke da wadataccen rana da nufin zama ƙasa ta farko da ta sami kashi 6% na makamashi daga samar da hasken rana. Tun lokacin da aka fara gini a farkon shekarun 2010 samar da wutar lantarki daga hasken rana ya tafi daga zero KWh a cikin 2014 zuwa sama da 60 GWh a cikin 2020, wanda ya kai kashi .46% na amfani da wutar lantarki na Ghana.[25]

Ƙarfin iska

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Turbines na iska a gonar iska

Ghana tana da albarkatun iska na Class 4-6 da wuraren iska mai ƙarfi, kamar Nkwanta, Filayen Accra, da Kwahu da Gambaga. Matsakaicin makamashi da za a iya amfani da shi daga albarkatun iska na Ghana don wutar lantarki an kiyasta kusan 500-600 GWh / shekara.[26] Don ba da hangen nesa: a cikin 2011, ta hanyar wannan Hukumar Makamashi, babbar madatsar ruwan Akosombo a Ghana kadai ta samar da GWh 6,495 na wutar lantarki kuma, ƙidaya duk samar da makamashi na geothermal na Ghana ban da haka, jimlar makamashi da aka samar ya kasance 11,200 GWh a wannan shekarar.[26] Wadannan kimantawa ba sa la'akari da ƙarin abubuwan da ke iyakancewa kamar ƙuntatawa na amfani da ƙasa, grid ɗin da ke akwai (ko yadda ma'aunin iska zai iya kasancewa daga grid) da kuma samun dama.[26]

Bio-energy

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Filin shuka na sorghum

Ghana ta kafa hanyoyin da za su jawo hankalin saka hannun jari a cikin bangarorin biomass da bio-energy don motsa ci gaban karkara, ƙirƙirar ayyuka da adana musayar kasashen waje.[27] Babban saka hannun jari a cikin ɓangaren bio-energy ya wanzu a yankunan samarwa, sune sufuri, ajiya, rarraba, siyarwa, tallace-tallace da fitarwa.[27]

Manufar Ghana game da makamashi, kamar yadda manufofin bangaren makamashi suka bayyana, shine sabuntawa da bincika fa'idodin makamashi a kan tushen dorewa.[27] Biomass shine babbar hanyar samar da makamashi ta Ghana dangane da bayarwa da amfani, tare da manyan man fetur guda biyu da aka cinye su ne ethanol da Biodiesel.[27] Don haka, ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Ghana a cikin 2010 ta haɓaka dabarun bangaren makamashi da shirin ci gaba.[27] Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa game da dabarun sun haɗa da ci gaba da wadata da ingantaccen amfani da man fetur yayin tabbatar da cewa amfani da su ba ya haifar da sare daji.[27]

Shirin zai tallafa wa saka hannun jari na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a cikin noman kayan abinci na bio-fuel, cire man fetur, da kuma tsaftace shi zuwa samfuran sakandare, don haka samar da kudade da haraji. Dokar Sabunta Makamashi ta Ghana tana ba da tallafin kuɗi da ake buƙata don ci gaban Makamashi mai sabuntawa ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da kuma ba da cikakken bayani game da sarrafawa da gudanar da ayyukan man fetur da man fetur a Ghana.[27] Hukumar Man Fetur ta Kasa ta Ghana (NPA) ta ba da umurni ta Dokar Sabunta Makamashi ta 2011 don farashi ga cakuda man fetur na Ghana daidai da tsarin farashin man fetur da aka tsara.[27]

Haɗin tasirin canjin yanayi da rikice-rikicen tattalin arzikin duniya sun haifar da gaggawa tsakanin masu tsara manufofi na Ghana, masana'antu da masu ci gaba don samun mafita mai ɗorewa da mai yiwuwa a yankin man fetur.[27]

Brazil, wacce ke yin ethanol daga masara da sukari, a halin yanzu ita ce babbar kasuwar man fetur a duniya.[27]

Amfani da makamashi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samar da wutar lantarki yana daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban tattalin arzikin ƙasar Ghana, tare da gagarumin masana'antu; Amfani da wutar lantarki na ƙasar Ghana ya kasance kilowatts 265 ga kowane mutum a cikin shekara ta 2009.[28][29] Rashin wutar lantarki ya haifar da dumsor (ƙuntatawa), yana ƙara sha'awar sabuntawa. [30][31]

Hydrocarbon da hakar ma'adinai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ghanaian mineral resources: bauxite, diamond, timber and manganese
Ƙarin fitar da mai na Ghana a matsayin kashi na duk fitarwa

Ghana tana da 5 billion barrels (790×10^6 m3) zuwa 7 billion barrels (1.1×10^9 m3) na man fetur a tanadi. Babban filin mai wanda ya ƙunshi 3 billion barrels (480×10^6 m3) an gano danyen mai mai zaki a shekara ta 2007. Tun bayan binciken Ghana na kara yawan hakowa a kai a kai, kasashen da ke kan gaba a halin yanzu sun kai ganga 200,000 a kowace rana a shekarar 2019. Yanzu haka a shekarar 2021 ya kai ganga 179,900 a kowace rana. [23]

Ghana tana da manyan wuraren ajiyar iskar gas, wanda kamfanoni da yawa na kasashen waje da ke aiki a Ghana ke amfani da shi.[32] Masana'antar hydrocarbon tana da manyan tasiri ga ci gaban yanki da birane a Ghana kuma waɗannan na iya ƙaruwa sosai a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

Ma'adinai sun sami mahimmanci a cikin tattalin arzikin Ghana tun farkon karni na 21, tare da ci gaban kusan 30% a cikin 2007. [33] Babban hakar ma'adinai shine Bauxite, zinariya (Ghana tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da zinariya a duniya), da kuma phosphate.[34][35][36]

Yawon shakatawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tourism destinations in Ghana[37]

Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido ta mai da hankali sosai kan ƙarin tallafin yawon bude ido da ci gaba. Yawon shakatawa ya ba da gudummawa ga 4.9% na GDP a cikin 2009, yana jan hankalin kusan baƙi 500,000. Wuraren yawon bude ido sun hada da manyan gidaje da tsaunuka da yawa na Ghana, wuraren shakatawa na kasa, rairayin bakin teku, wuraren ajiyar yanayi, shimfidar wurare da gine-ginen Tarihin Duniya da shafuka.[38][39]

A cikin shekara ta 2011, mujallar Forbes ta sanya Ghana a matsayi na goma sha ɗaya mafi kyawun ƙasa a duniya. Wannan ikirarin ya dogara ne akan binciken da aka yi na ɓangaren matafiya a cikin shekara ta 2010. Daga dukkan kasashe a nahiyar Afirka da aka haɗa a cikin binciken, Ghana ta kasance mafi girma.[40]

Don shiga Ghana, ya zama dole a sami biza da Gwamnatin Ghana ta ba da izini, ban da wasu 'yan kasuwa a kan tafiye-tafiye na kasuwanci.[41]

Aikin noma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 2013 aikin gona ya dauki ma'aikata 53.6% na jimlar ma'aikatan Ghana.[1] Kasuwancin noma yana da asusun karamin ɓangare na babban samfurin cikin gida.[42] Babban amfanin gona da aka girbe shinge masara, plantain, shinkafa, millet, sorghum, cassava da yam.[43] Ba kamar dabbobi ba, gandun daji da bangarorin kamun kifi, bangaren amfanin gona shine mabuɗin masana'antar noma ta Ghana.[44]

Ghana ta samar a cikin 2018:

  • Tunanin maniyyi miliyan 20.8 (4th mafi girma a duniya, na biyu kawai ga Najeriya, Thailand da Congo)
  • 7.8 miliyan ton na yam (2nd mafi girma a duniya, na biyu kawai zuwa Najeriya)
  • Tunanin tan miliyan 4.1 na plantain (2nd mafi girma a duniya, kawai bayan Congo)
  • Tunanin Man dabino miliyan 2.6 (mai samar da ita na 8 a duniya)
  • Tunanin masara miliyan 2.3
  • 1.4 miliyan ton na taro (4th mafi girma samarwa a duniya, na biyu kawai ga Najeriya, China da Kamaru)
  • 947 dubu ton na koko (2nd mafi girma a duniya, na biyu kawai zuwa Ivory Coast)
  • Tunanin shinkafa dubu 769.
  • 753 dubu ton na orange (19th mafi girma samarwa a duniya)
  • 713 dubu ton na pineapple (11th mafi girma samarwa a duniya)
  • Tunanin man shanu dubu 521

Baya ga ƙananan kayan aikin gona, kamar dankali mai zaki (ton dubu 151), roba na halitta (ton dubu 23) da taba (ton dubu 2.3). [45]

Ghana: hangen nesa na 2020 da masana'antu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tare da shirin tattalin arziki "Ghana: Vision 2020", Ghana ta yi niyyar cimma burinta na hanzarta ci gaban tattalin arziki da inganta ingancin rayuwa ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa, ta hanyar rage talauci ta hanyar saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu, saurin masana'antu mai ƙarfi, da kuma kokarin kai tsaye da kuma gagarumin rage talauci.[46] An saki waɗannan tsare-tsaren a cikin rahoton gwamnati na 1995, Ghana: Vision 2020. [46] Kasuwanci mallakar gwamnati ya ci gaba, tare da kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na kamfanoni 300 na gwamnatin Ghana.[46] Sauran gyare-gyare da aka karɓa a ƙarƙashin shirin daidaita tsarin gwamnati sun haɗa da ƙara yawan sarrafa canjin musayar da ƙara ƙuntatawa da ƙuntatawa akan shigo da kaya.[46]

Ghana: Hasashen hangen nesa na 2020 yana ɗaukar kwanciyar hankali na siyasa; nasarar daidaita tattalin arziki; aiwatar da Ghana: Hasumiyar manufofin hangen nesa na shekarar 2020 akan ci gaban kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; da kuma kashe kuɗin jama'a mai tsanani akan ayyukan zamantakewa, ababen more rayuwa da masana'antu. Tsinkaya ta bayyana cewa burin Ghana na cimma matsayi na tattalin arziki mai karfi da kuma matsayin sabuwar kasar da ta masana'antu za a samu sauƙin tsakanin 2020 da 2039.[46][47]

2013 fitarwa zuwa[48][49] 2013 shigo da kayayyaki daga[48][49]
Kasar Kashi Kasar Kashi
Gidan koko na Sunyani da Theobroma cacao; Ghana an tsara ta zama babbar mai samar da koko a duniya.[47][50][51] Ghana gold bars; Ghana ita ce ta 7 mafi girma mai samar da zinariya a duniya.[52]
 South Africa 46.89%  China 12.46%
 Netherlands 12.32%  Nigeria 11.76%
 India 5.49%  United States 8.86%
 United Kingdom 3.57%  Belgium 5.15%
 Malaysia 3.32%  India 4.35%
 Switzerland 2.76%  United Kingdom 3.93%
Sauran 25.65% Sauran 53.49%

Bayyanawa ta tattalin arziki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Rarraba mallakar dukiya a cikin al'ummar Ghana a cikin 2013. Mafi yawan dukiya suna hannun kashi 20% na yawan jama'a.

tsarin shari'a na Ghana yana hulɗa da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin aiki na tattalin arziki da rashin nuna gaskiya.[5] Duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki mai mahimmanci, cikas sun kasance. Wasu cibiyoyi suna buƙatar gyare-gyare, kuma haƙƙin mallaka yana buƙatar ingantawa. Tsarin saka hannun jari gabaɗaya ba shi da gaskiya a kasuwa. magance waɗannan batutuwan zai zama dole idan za a ci gaba da bunkasa tattalin arzikin Ghana.[5]

Dangane da Transparency International's 2022 Corruption Perception Index, Ghana ta kasance ta 72 cikin kasashe 180, tare da kashi 43 a kan sikelin inda kashi 0-9 ke nufin cin hanci da rashawa sosai, kuma kashi 90-100 yana nufin tsabta sosai. Wannan ya dogara ne akan matakan da aka fahimta na cin hanci da rashawa na bangaren jama'a.[53] John Addo Kufuor, ɗan tsohon shugaban kasar John Agyekum Kufuor da Kojo Annan, ɗan tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kofi Annan, an ambaci sunansu tare da Takardun Panama.

Lafiya da biotechnology

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya a cikin Magungunan Shuka wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Lafiya wacce aka kafa a cikin shekarun 1970s don bincike da ci gaba kuma a matsayin hanya mai amfani (samar da kayayyaki & rarraba / samarwa) da farko a fannonin biotechnology da suka shafi tsire-tsire na magani. Wannan ya haɗa da maganin ganye da aiki a kan aikace-aikacen da suka fi dacewa. Har ila yau, yana da matsayi na biyu a matsayin hanyar ilimi ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje a fannin kiwon lafiya, biotechnology da fannoni masu alaƙa.

Cybernetics da cyberwarfare

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Amfani da fasahar kwamfuta don koyarwa da ilmantarwa ya fara karɓar hankalin gwamnatin Ghana daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990.[54] Fasahar bayanai da sadarwa a cikin manufofin ilimi na Ghana tana buƙatar amfani da fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa don koyarwa da koyo a duk matakan ilimi.[54] Ma'aikatar Ilimi tana tallafawa cibiyoyi a koyar da ilimin fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa.[54] Yawancin sakandare, da wasu makarantun asali na Ghana suna da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kwamfuta.

Manufar Ghana ta zama cibiyar fasahar bayanai ta Yammacin Afirka ta jagoranci gwamnatin Ghana don aiwatar da dokokin aikata laifuka ta yanar gizo da inganta ayyukan tsaro na yanar gizo.[55] Yin aiki a kan wannan burin, a cikin 2008 Ghana ta zartar da Dokar Sadarwar Lantarki da Dokar Ma'amala ta Lantarki, wanda ya kafa tsarin doka don sarrafa fasahar bayanai.[55] A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011, Mataimakin Ministan Sadarwa da Fasaha ya ba da sanarwar ci gaban dabarun tsaro na yanar gizo na kasa, da nufin yaki da aikata laifuka na yanar gizo da kuma tabbatar da mahimman ababen more rayuwa.[55]

A watan Yunin 2012, Hukumar Fasahar Bayanai ta Kasa ta ba da sanarwar ƙungiyar mayar da martani ta gaggawa ta kwamfuta ta kasa "tsarin" da aka tsara don daidaita martani na gwamnati ga hare-haren yanar gizo, na ciki da na waje.[55] Har ila yau, hukumar ta kafa ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na gaggawa na kwamfuta ga kowane majalisa, birni, da gundumar don inganta daidaitawa da raba bayanai game da barazanar sararin samaniya.[55] Ghana ta kasance ta 2 a Afirka kuma ta 7 a duniya a cikin yaki da yanar gizo, ta'addanci na yanar gizo, aikata laifuka na yanar gizo.[56] A cikin 2018, an kafa Cibiyar Tsaro ta Cyber ta Kasa. Ita ce hukumar kasa da ke da alhakin tsaro ta yanar gizo.[57] A watan Nuwamba 2020, Majalisar ta zartar da Dokar Tsaro ta Cyber 2020. Ministan Sadarwa, Ursula Owusu-Ekuful, ya nuna cewa, "tattalin arzikin da ya ci nasara ya dogara ne akan tsarin halittu na dijital na kasa mai aminci, mai aminci da juriya. Sabili da haka, tsaro na yanar gizo yana da matukar mahimmanci ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar kuma yana da mahimmanci ga kare haƙƙin mutane a cikin tsarin halittu ya kasa".[58]

Gidajen ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gida a Gabashin RidgeGabashin Gabas

Kasuwancin gidaje da gidaje sun zama muhimmiyar bangare ta tattalin arziki, musamman a cikin birane na kudancin Ghana kamar Accra, Kumasi, Sekondi-Takoradi da Tema.[59][60][61] Koyaya, yawancin 'yan ƙasa musamman waɗanda ke Accra ba za su iya biyan farashin gidaje ba wanda shine halin yawancin manyan biranen duniya musamman a Yamma. Kumasi yana girma da sauri fiye da Accra, kuma akwai karancin gasa a kasuwar dukiya.[59] Ana hana harajin kuɗin haya na Ghana a kashi 10%, ana biyan haraji a kashi 15% tare da harajin kyauta na 5% da aka ɗora akan canja wurin kadarori kuma kasuwar dukiyar Ghana ta kasu kashi uku: ci gaban dukiyar jama'a, ci gaban dukiya mai zaman kansa, da masu zaman kansu.[59][60] Ayyukan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi 3 suna sauƙaƙewa daga bankunan Ghana da kasuwar jinginar gida ta farko wanda ya nuna babbar damar ci gaba.[60] Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan sun haifar da bunkasa a bangaren gine-gine, gami da bangaren gidaje da gidajen jama'a da ke samarwa da kuma yin amfani da biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara a cikin tattalin arzikin Ghana.[59][60] Halin saka hannun jari na kasuwar ƙasa da jan hankali sun fito ne daga wurin zafi na Ghana da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa.[59][60] Ƙarin yawan mutanen Ghana suna saka hannun jari a cikin kadarori, kuma gwamnatin Ghana tana ba da ikon kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a cikin jagorancin ƙasa.[59][60]

Kasuwanci da fitarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Yulin 2013, Kamfanin Kasuwanci na DuniyaI.I. Singapore ofishin duniya a Accra don bunkasa kasuwanci da saka hannun jari kan kayan aiki, mai da iskar gas, jirgin sama, sufuri da bangarorin masu amfani.[62] Singapore da Ghana sun kuma sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi huɗu na biyu don inganta haɗin gwiwar bangarorin jama'a da masu zaman kansu, yayin da Ghana ke da niyyar sauya haɗin gwiwar kasuwancin tattalin arziki zuwa Gabashin Asiya da kudu maso gabashin Asiya.[62] Cibiyar tattalin arziki ita ce ofishin IE Singapore na biyu a Afirka.[62] Ma'aikatan Ghana a shekara ta 2008 sun kai 'yan kasar Ghana miliyan 11.5.[63][64] Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tema ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a Afirka, kuma tashar jiragen kasa ta Takoradi tare da tashar jiragen sama ta Tema suna kula da kayayyaki da fitarwa. Har ila yau, tashar zirga-zirga ce inda ake jigilar kayayyaki; tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tema tana kula da mafi yawan kayan fitarwa na ƙasar kuma yawancin manyan fitarwa na kasar ana jigilar su ne daga tashar jiragen ruwan Takoradi.[65][66] Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Takoradi da tashar jiragen ruwa na Tema suna aiki ne daga Hukumar Tashar jiragen kasa da tashar jirgin ruwa ta Ghana. [65][66] 

Ƙalubalen

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bankin Ghana

A cikin shekaru, kasar ta fuskanci kalubale daban-daban na tattalin arziki musamman a kokarin ta na zama mai dorewa. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun shi ne babban bashin jama'a.[67][68] A watan Janairun 2023, Bankin Ghana ya ba da rahoton cewa matakin bashin kasar ya kai GH¢575.7 biliyan a ƙarshen Nuwamba 2022.[69]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Food and Agriculture Policy Decision Analysis (FAPDA). "Country Fact sheet on food and agriculture policy trends" (PDF). Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations. FAO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Food and Agriculture Policy Decision Analysis: Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ "Top 10 Gold Producing Countries" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  3. ↑ "Cocoa in Ivory Coast and Ghana 2017 – African Business" (in Turanci). 22 October 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  4. ↑ The Heritage Foundation. "Ghana's Economy". Heritage. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2016.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Ghana Economy". heritage.org. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2013.CS1 maint: unfit url (link) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "heritage" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Daily Graphic Newspaper. "What Will Save Ghana's Textile Industry?". Government of Ghana. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  7. ↑ "Ghana National Petroleum Corporation" (PDF). ghanaoilwatch.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  8. ↑ "Telecom Voice Subscription » National Communications Authority". nca.org.gh. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  9. ↑ "Mobile voice subscription hits 41.3 million – NCA". ghanaweb.com (in Turanci). 25 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  10. ↑ "Mobile voice subscription hits 41.3m". classfmonline.com (in Turanci). 25 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ghana culture and media
  12. ↑ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 OEC. "Ghana Imports and Exports". Atlas Media. Retrieved 13 May 2016. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Ghana Imports and Exports: OEC" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ "Goods exports (BoP, current US$) - Ghana". World Bank Open Data. Retrieved 2025-01-25.
  15. ↑ "Goods imports (BoP, current US$) - Ghana". World Bank Open Data. Retrieved 2025-01-25.
  16. ↑ "Net trade in goods (BoP, current US$) - Ghana". World Bank Open Data. Retrieved 2025-01-25.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Ghana Economy". heritage.org. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2013.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  18. ↑ "Ghana Market Update" (PDF). icbuk.com. Intercontinental Bank. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012.:13
  19. ↑ "Ghana Energy Outlook – Analysis". IEA (in Turanci). 11 November 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  20. ↑ "Primary energy consumption (Ghana)". Our World in Data.
  21. ↑ "Primary energy consumption per capita". Our World in Data. June 20, 2024. Retrieved January 26, 2025.
  22. ↑ "Public Interest Accountability Committee". piacghana.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Oil Production – Global Rankings". Maxinomics. 1 January 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Ghana Crude Oil Exports 2017 – Present". Maxinomics. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  25. ↑ "Ghana – Solar Electricity Generation 1981 – Present". Maxinomics. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 "Renewable Energy – what is Ghana's wind power potential". arrakis-group.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  27. ↑ 27.00 27.01 27.02 27.03 27.04 27.05 27.06 27.07 27.08 27.09 "Renewable". energymin.gov.gh. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Ghana Renewable Energy – Bio Energy" defined multiple times with different content
  28. ↑ "The sector of electricity in Ghana". Proexca (in Sifaniyanci). 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  29. ↑ "Consumption of Electrical Energy (kWh per capita)". World Bank (in Sifaniyanci). Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  30. ↑ "I've been named 'Mr Dumsor' in Ghana – Prez Mahama tells Ghanaians in Germany – See more at". Graphic Online. Graphic Communications Group Limited (G.C.G.L). 21 January 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  31. ↑ Agbenyega, E. (10 April 2014). "Ghana's power crisis: What about renewable energy?". graphic.com.gh. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  32. ↑ "Guide to Natural Gas in Ghana" (PDF). Bureau of Economic Geology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  33. ↑ "Ghana, the best student of the classroom". Mondial Nieus (in Sifaniyanci). Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  34. ↑ MBendi. "Bauxite Mining in Ghana-Overview". Information Services. Archived from the original on 11 July 2003. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  35. ↑ "Gold in Ghana 2011 market". Proexca (in Sifaniyanci). Archived from the original on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  36. ↑ "Ghana" (PDF). University of Guelph. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  37. ↑ "Trade Expo International". UniqueTtrustex. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  38. ↑ "Asante Traditional Buildings". Unesco. World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  39. ↑ "Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions". Unesco. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  40. ↑ "Forbes: Ghana is eleventh friendliest nation". vibeghana.com. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  41. ↑ Harvard quotation. Belda. 2004. :24
  42. ↑ "Members". ONU (in Sifaniyanci). Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  43. ↑ "Agriculture in Ghana (Facts and figures)" (PDF). 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  44. ↑ "Ghana". Natureduca (in Sifaniyanci). Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  45. ↑ "FAOSTAT". fao.org.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 "Ghana – Vision 2020" (PDF). ndpc.gov.gh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2014. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Ghana – Vision 2020" defined multiple times with different content
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Is Ghana Entering A Sweet, Golden Era?". Africanbusinessmagazine.com. African Business. September 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2014. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Era" defined multiple times with different content
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "The Observatory of Economic Complexity: Ghana". atlas.media.mit.edu. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "Ghana Major Trade Partners". countries.bridgat.com. 2013. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  50. ↑ "Ghana will reclaim top spot in cocoa production -Prez Mahama". Graphic.com.gh. Daily Graphic. 5 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  51. ↑ Jedwab, Rémi; Moradi, Alexander (2012). "Revolutionizing Transport: Modern Infrastructure, Agriculture and Development in Ghana". London School of Economics. Retrieved 15 June 2013. Two railway lines were built between 1901 and 1923 to connect the coast to mining areas and the large hinterland city of Kumasi. This unintendedly opened vast expanses of tropical forest to cocoa cultivation, allowing Ghana to become the world's largest producer. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  52. ↑ Dave Brown. "Top 10 Gold Producers". Gold Investing News. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  53. ↑ "Corruption Perceptions Index". Transparency.org. Transparency International. 31 January 2023.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Pe
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 "The Cyber Index – International Security Trends and Realities" (PDF). unidir.org. 2013. pp. 63–64. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  56. ↑ "Cyber crime:Ghana 2nd in Africa, 7th in the world". GhanaWeb. 1 August 2013. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  57. ↑ "National Cyber Security Center | Securing Ghana's Digital Journey". cybersecurity.gov.gh. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  58. ↑ "Cybersecurity Act Passed to Promote & Regulate Cybersecurity Activities | Ministry of Communications". www.moc.gov.gh. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 59.5 "Economic Update – Ghana: Private opportunities in real estate". oxfordbusinessgroup.com. 12 April 2012. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 60.5 "Real Estate Market in Ghana". orelghana.com. 23 July 2012. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  61. ↑ "Property market faces brighter growth prospects". ghanabizmedia.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 "IE S'pore opens second Africa office in Ghana". business.asiaone.com. AsiaOne. 27 July 2013. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  63. ↑ "Annex 1: Political and Administrative System" (PDF). World Bank. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  64. ↑ "Republic of Ghana Country Strategy Paper 2012–2016" (PDF). afdb.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013.:12–40
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "Port of Takoradi". Ghana Ports & Harbours Authority. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 "Port of Tema". Ghana Ports & Harbours Authority. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
  67. ↑ "Ghana's Growing Public Debt and Its Implications for the Economy" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  68. ↑ "Ghana 'in high risk of debt distress': Finance minister". www.aljazeera.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  69. ↑ "Ghana's debt stock hits GH¢575bn; debt to GDP ratio now 93.5%". Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana (in Turanci). 2023-01-30. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
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