Tattalin arzikin noma
 Tattalin arzikin noma | |
|---|---|
field of study (en)  da academic discipline (en) | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | ikonomi |
| Bangare na | noma |
| Fuskar | noma |
| Gudanarwan |
agricultural economist (en) |
| Wikimedia import URL (en) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_economics |
tattalin arziki noma wani bangare ne na tattalin arziki wanda ya shafi aikace-aikacen ka'idar tattalin arziki wajen inganta samarwa da rarraba abinci da kayayyakin fiber. Tattalin arzikin noma ya fara ne a matsayin reshe na tattalin arziki wanda ke hulɗa da Amfani da ƙasa. Ya mayar da hankali kan kara yawan amfanin gona yayin da yake kula da yanayin ƙasa mai kyau. A cikin karni na 20 horo ya fadada kuma yanayin horo na yanzu ya fi girma. Tattalin arzikin noma a yau ya haɗa da yankuna daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su, suna da haɗuwa mai yawa tare da tattalin arzikin al'ada. Masana tattalin arzikin noma sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga bincike a cikin tattalin arziki, tattalin arziki, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da Tattalin arzikin muhalli. Tattalin arzikin noma yana tasiri ga Manufofin abinci, Manufofin noma, da Manufofin muhalli.
Asalin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An bayyana tattalin arziki a matsayin nazarin rarraba albarkatu a ƙarƙashin ƙarancin. Tattalin arzikin noma, ko aikace-aikacen hanyoyin tattalin arziki don inganta yanke shawara da masu samar da aikin gona suka yi, sun zama sanannun a farkon karni na 20. Za'a iya gano fannin tattalin arzikin noma zuwa ayyukan tattalin arzikin ƙasa. Henry Charles Taylor shine babban mai ba da gudummawa a wannan lokacin, tare da kafa Sashen Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Wisconsin a cikin 1909.[1]
Wani mai ba da gudummawa, wanda ya lashe Kyautar tattalin arziki ta Nobel ta 1979, Theodore Schultz, ya kasance daga cikin na farko da ya bincika tattalin arzikin ci gaba a matsayin matsala da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da aikin gona. Schultz ya kuma taimaka wajen kafa tattalin arziki a matsayin kayan aiki don amfani a cikin nazarin tattalin arzikin noma da kwarewa; ya lura a cikin labarinsa na 1956 cewa nazarin samar da aikin gona ya samo asali ne a cikin "sand mai canzawa", yana nuna cewa ba a yi shi daidai ba.[2]
Wani masanin a fagen, Ford Runge, ya taƙaita ci gaban tattalin arzikin noma kamar haka:
Tattalin arzikin noma ya tashi a ƙarshen karni na 19, ya haɗu da ka'idar kamfanin tare da ka'idojin tallace-tallace da ƙungiya, kuma ya ci gaba a cikin karni na 20 galibi a matsayin reshe na ƙwarewa na tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya. An danganta horo da aikace-aikacen ƙididdigar lissafi kuma ya ba da gudummawa da wuri ga hanyoyin tattalin arziki. A cikin shekarun 1960 da kuma bayan haka, yayin da bangarorin noma a cikin ƙasashen OECD suka yi kwangila, masana tattalin arzikin noma sun jawo hankalin su ga matsalolin ci gaban ƙasashe matalauta, ga cinikayya da manufofin tattalin arziki na aikin gona a ƙasashe masu arziki, da kuma matsalolin samarwa, amfani, da muhalli da albarkatu.[3]
Masana tattalin arzikin noma sun ba da gudummawa da yawa ga fannin tattalin arziki tare da irin waɗannan samfuran kamar samfurin cobweb, [4] tsarin farashi na hedonic, [5] sabon fasahar da samfuran watsawa (Zvi Griliches), [6] yawan aiki da ka'idar inganci da ma'auni, da kuma koma baya na bazuwar.[7] Ana yawan ambaton bangaren gona a matsayin babban misali na cikakkiyar tsarin tattalin arziki na gasa.
A Asiya, an kafa Faculty of Agricultural Economics a watan Satumbar 1919 a Jami'ar Imperial ta Hokkaido, Japan, yayin da Makarantar Aikin Gona ta Jami'ar Tokyo ta fara fannin tattalin arzikin noma a sashen kimiyya na biyu.
A cikin Philippines, Jami'ar Philippines ta Los Baños Department of Agricultural Economics ce ta fara bayar da tattalin arzikin noma a 1919. A yau, fagen tattalin arzikin noma ya canza zuwa horo mai mahimmanci wanda ya shafi gudanar da gona da tattalin arzikin samarwa, kudi da cibiyoyin karkara, tallan noma da farashi, manufofin noma da ci gaba, tattalin arzikin abinci da abinci mai gina jiki, da tattalin arzjin muhalli da albarkatun kasa.
Tun daga shekarun 1970s, tattalin arzikin noma ya fi mayar da hankali kan manyan batutuwa bakwai, a cewar Ford Runge: yanayin noma da albarkatu; haɗari da rashin tabbas; abinci da tattalin arzikin mabukaci; farashi da kudaden shiga; Tsarin kasuwa; kasuwanci da ci gaba; da Canjin fasaha da kuma Babban birnin ɗan adam.[8]
Manyan batutuwa a cikin tattalin arzikin noma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yanayin noma da albarkatun kasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A fannin tattalin arzikin muhalli, masana tattalin arzikin noma sun ba da gudummawa a manyan fannoni uku: tsara abubuwan motsawa don sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli (kamar gurɓataccen ruwa saboda samar da aikin gona), kimanta darajar fa'idodin da ba na kasuwa ba daga albarkatun kasa da abubuwan more rayuwa na muhalli: da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin ayyukan tattalin arziki da sakamakon muhalli. Game da albarkatun kasa, masana tattalin arzikin noma sun haɓaka kayan aiki masu yawa don inganta kula da ƙasa, hana rushewa, sarrafa kwari, kare bambancin halittu, da hana Cututtukan dabbobi.
Abinci da tattalin arzikin masu amfani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da yake a wani lokaci, fagen tattalin arzikin noma ya fi mayar da hankali kan batutuwan matakin gona, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan masana tattalin arzikin gona sun yi nazarin batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi tattalin arzikin amfani da abinci. Baya ga girmamawar da masana tattalin arziki suka yi a kan tasirin farashi da kudaden shiga, masu bincike a wannan fagen sun yi nazarin yadda bayanai da halayen inganci ke rinjayar halayyar mabukaci. Masana tattalin arzikin noma sun ba da gudummawa don fahimtar yadda gidaje ke yin zabi tsakanin sayen abinci ko shirya shi a gida, yadda ake ƙayyade Farashin abinci, ma'anar ƙofofin talauci, yadda masu amfani ke amsawa ga canje-canjen farashi da samun kudin shiga a hanya mai daidaituwa, da bincike da kayan aikin gwaji don fahimtar abubuwan da masu amfani suka fi so.
Tattalin arzikin samarwa da gudanar da gona
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Binciken tattalin arzikin noma ya magance raguwar dawowa a cikin samar da aikin gona, da kuma farashin manoma da martani na samarwa. Yawancin bincike sun yi amfani da ka'idar tattalin arziki ga yanke shawara a matakin gona. Nazarin haɗari da yanke shawara a ƙarƙashin rashin tabbas suna da aikace-aikacen duniya na ainihi don manufofin inshorar amfanin gona da fahimtar yadda manoma a ƙasashe masu tasowa ke yin zabi game da ɗaukar fasaha. Wadannan batutuwa suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar yiwuwar samar da isasshen abinci ga yawan jama'ar duniya, dangane da sabbin albarkatu da ƙalubalen muhalli kamar ƙarancin ruwa da Canjin yanayi na duniya.
Tattalin arzikin ci gaba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tattalin arzikin ci gaba yana da damuwa sosai game da inganta yanayin rayuwa a cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi, da haɓaka aikin tattalin arziki a cikin saitunan ƙarancin kuɗin shiga. Saboda noma babban bangare ne na mafi yawan tattalin arzikin da ke tasowa, duka dangane da aiki da rabon GDP, masana tattalin arzikin noma sun kasance a kan gaba a binciken da aka yi game da tattalin arzikin ci gaba, suna ba da gudummawa ga fahimtarmu game da rawar da aikin gona ke takawa a ci gaban tattalin arziki, ci gaban tattalin arziƙi da sauye-sauyen tsari. Yawancin masana tattalin arzikin noma suna da sha'awar Tsarin abinci na tattalin arzikin da ke tasowa, alaƙar da ke tsakanin noma da abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma hanyoyin da aikin gona ke hulɗa da wasu yankuna, kamar yanayin halitta.
Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya (IAAE) ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararru ta duniya, wacce ke gudanar da babban taron ta kowace shekara uku. Kungiyar ta buga mujallar Agricultural Economics . [9] Har ila yau, akwai Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai (EAAE), Ƙungiyar Taron Tattalin Aikin Gona ta Afirka (AAAE) da Ƙungiyar Tartalin Arziki da Tattalin Ruwa ta Australiya. Babban aiki a cikin tattalin arzikin noma a duniya ana gudanar da shi ta Cibiyar Binciken Manufofin Abinci ta Duniya.
A Amurka, ƙungiyar ƙwararru ta farko ita ce Kungiyar Aikin Gona da Tattalin Arziki (AAEA), wacce ke gudanar da taron shekara-shekara kuma tana tallafawa taron shekara- shekara-sheko na Kungiyar Kimiyya ta Allied (ASSA). AAEA ta buga Jaridar Amurka ta Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin arzikin Tattalin arziki da Manufofin.
Ayyuka a cikin tattalin arzikin noma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masu kammala karatu daga sassan noma da tattalin arziki masu amfani suna samun ayyuka a bangarori da yawa na tattalin arziki: Gudanar da aikin gona, kasuwancin gona, tallan noma, ilimi, bangaren kudi, gwamnati, albarkatun kasa da Gudanar da muhalli, dukiya, da alakar jama'a. Ayyuka a cikin tattalin arzikin noma suna buƙatar aƙalla digiri na farko, kuma ayyukan bincike a fagen suna buƙatar horo na digiri; [10] duba Masters in Agricultural Economics . Wani binciken da Cibiyar Georgetown kan Ilimi da Ma'aikata ta yi a shekarar 2011 ya sanya tattalin arzikin noma a matsayi na 8 daga cikin fannoni 171 dangane da aikin yi.[11][12]
Littattafai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Evenson, Robert E. da Prabhu Pingali (eds.) (2007). Littafin Hanyar Tattalin Arziki. Amsterdam, NL: Elsevier.
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ƙarin karantawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] "Mene ne tattalin arzikin noma?". Jaridar Tattalin Arziki ta Siyasa. 24 (4): 363–381.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Shaars, Marvin A. (1972). "The Story of The Department of Agricultural Economics: 1909-1972" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-02. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
- ↑ Schultz, Theodore W. (1956). "Reflections on Agricultural Production, Output and Supply". Journal of Farm Economics. 38 (3): 748–762. doi:10.2307/1234459. JSTOR 1234459.
- ↑ Runge, Ford (June 2006). "Agricultural Economics: A Brief Intellectual History" (PDF). University of Minnesota Working Paper WP06-1. p. 1 (abstract).
- ↑ Mordecai Ezekiel (February 1938). "The Cobweb Theorem" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Economics. 52 (2): 255–280. doi:10.2307/1881734. JSTOR 1881734. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-16. Retrieved 2015-03-05.
- ↑ Waugh, F. (1928). "Quality Factors Influencing Vegetable Prices". Journal of Farm Economics. 10 (2): 185–196. doi:10.2307/1230278. JSTOR 1230278.
- ↑ Griliches, Zvi (1957). "Hybrid Corn: An Exploration in the Economics of Technical Change". Econometrica. 25 (4): 501–522. doi:10.2307/1905380. JSTOR 1905380. S2CID 154018839.
- ↑ Hildreth, H.; Houck, J. (1968). "Some Estimators for a Linear Model with Random Coefficients". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 63 (322): 584–595. doi:10.2307/2284029. JSTOR 2284029.
- ↑ Runge, Ford (June 2006). "Agricultural Economics: A Brief Intellectual History" (PDF). University of Minnesota Working Paper WP06-1. p. 15–16.
- ↑ "Agricultural Economics". Archived from the original on 2018-04-27. Retrieved 2009-12-14.
- ↑ Education Portal (2014). "Careers in Agricultural Economics: Job Options and Requirements". Retrieved 2014-10-11.
- ↑ "What's the Value of an Agricultural Economics Degree?". Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics at the Ohio State University. 2014. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
- ↑ Anthony P. Carnevale; Jeff Strohl; Michelle Melton (2011). "What's It Worth? The Economic Value of College Majors". Retrieved 2014-10-11.