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Tattaunawar da ke adawa da haramtacciyar miyagun ƙwayoyi

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Tattaunawar da ke adawa da haramtacciyar miyagun ƙwayoyi

Tattaunawar da aka saba ambaton ita don da kuma adawa da haramtacciyar miyagun ƙwayoyi sun haɗa da:

Inganci

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Tattaunawar cewa dokokin miyagun ƙwayoyi suna da tasiri

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Magoya bayan haramtacciyar doka suna da'awar cewa dokokin miyagun ƙwayoyi suna da nasarar rikodin waƙa wanda ke hana amfani da miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba tun lokacin da aka gabatar da su a cikin 1910s.[1][2] Magungunan barasa na halatta suna da yawan masu amfani na yanzu (watanni 12 da suka gabata) har zuwa 80-90% a cikin yawan mutanen da suka wuce shekaru 14, kuma taba a tarihi yana da yawan amfani da shi har zuwa 60% na yawan manya, duk da haka kashi a halin yanzu suna amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a ƙasashen OECD gabaɗaya ƙasa da 1% na yawan jama'a ban da wiwi inda mafi yawan suna tsakanin 3% da 10%, tare da kasashe shida tsakanin 11% da 17% . [3][4][5]

A cikin shekaru 50 bayan taron farko na kasa da kasa na 1912 wanda ya hana amfani da opium, heroin da cocaine, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na Amurka ban da wiwi ya kasance ƙasa da 0.5% na yawan jama'a, tare da wiwi da ya karu zuwa 1-2% na yawan jamaʼa tsakanin 1955 da 1965.[6] Tare da zuwan motsi na adawa da al'adu daga ƙarshen shekarun 1950, inda aka inganta amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba a matsayin fadada hankali kuma ba shi da lahani, amfani da miyagu ƙwayoyi ya karu sosai. Tare da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin shekarun 1970s a Amurka, kamfen ɗin "Ka ce A'a", wanda aka fara a ƙarƙashin kulawar Nancy Reagan, ya yi daidai da amfani da ƙwayoyi na baya-bayan nan (wata da ta gabata) ya ragu daga 14.1% a 1979 zuwa 5.8% a 1992, raguwar kashi 60% .[7]

A watan Maris, 2007, Antonio Maria Costa, tsohon babban darakta na Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifi, ya ja hankalin manufofin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Sweden, [8] yana jayayya:

Sweden is an excellent example. Drug use is just a third of the European average while spending on drug control is three times the EU average. For three decades,[nb 1] Sweden has had consistent and coherent drug-control policies, regardless of which party is in power. There is a strong emphasis on prevention, drug laws have been progressively tightened, and extensive treatment and rehabilitation opportunities are available to users. The police take drug crime seriously. Governments and societies must keep their nerve and avoid being swayed by misguided notions of tolerance. They must not lose sight of the fact that illicit drugs are dangerous – that is why the world agreed to restrict them.

— Antonio Maria Costa, executive director of UNODC (March 2007). "Cannabis... call it anything but 'softSamfuri:'", The Independent (UK).[9]

A Turai tun daga shekara ta 2007, Sweden ta kashe kashi na biyu mafi girma na GDP, bayan Netherlands, akan kula da miyagun ƙwayoyi.[10] UNODC ta yi jayayya cewa lokacin da Sweden ta rage kashe kudi a kan ilimi da farfadowa a cikin shekarun 1990 a cikin mahallin rashin aikin yi na matasa da raguwar ci gaban GDP, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba ya karu [10] amma maido da kashewa daga 2002 ya sake raguwa sosai kamar yadda binciken ɗalibai ya nuna.[11] A cikin 1998, wani bincike da SIFO ta gudanar na 'yan Sweden 1,000 ya gano cewa kashi 96% na son mataki mai karfi daga gwamnati don dakatar da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, kuma kashi 95% na son amfani da miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba.[1][12]

Ka'idar ƙofar miyagun ƙwayoyi

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Tattaunawar cewa wiwi magani ne na ƙofar

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Ofishin Kula da Magunguna na Amurka na "2008 Marijuana Sourcebook" ya yi jayayya cewa binciken da aka yi kwanan nan yana goyan bayan ra'ayin ƙofar cewa wasu kwayoyi (kamar wiwi) suna aiki ne a matsayin ƙofofi don amfani da kwayoyi 'mafi wuya' kamar heroin, ko dai saboda hulɗar jama'a ko kuma saboda karuwar bincike don mafi kyawun matsayi.[13] Masu goyon baya sun ambaci binciken kamar na tagwayen jima'i guda 311, inda tagwayen daya kawai ya sha wiwi kafin ya kai shekara 17, kuma inda irin waɗannan masu shan wiwi na farko sun ninka sau biyar fiye da tagwayen su su ci gaba da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi masu wuya.

Tattaunawar cewa wiwi ba magani ba ne

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A cikin American Journal of Public Health, Andrew Golub da Bruce Johnson na Cibiyar Ci Gaban Kasa da Bincike a New York sun rubuta cewa matasa da suka sha wiwi a cikin tsararraki kafin da bayan jarirai ba su bayyana cewa za su iya ci gaba da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi masu wuya ba.

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 Drug Free Australia "Arguments for Prohibition" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-04-20. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "DrugFreeAustralia" defined multiple times with different content.
  2. ↑ For example see "The 1912 Hague International Opium Convention". Archived from the original on 2010-09-02. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  3. ↑ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2007 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: first Results. Drug Statistics Series number 20.Cat. no. PHE 98. Canberra: AIHW "Australian 2007 Household Survey" (PDF). 2008. pp. 4, 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-20. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  4. ↑ For example, see Johnson A, Gerstein D "Initiation of Use of Alcohol, Cigarettes, Marijuana, Cocaine, and Other Substances in US Birth Cohorts since 1919" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2010-04-20. American Journal of Public Health, Jan 1998, Vol. 88, No 1 p 27 ff
  5. ↑ UNODC "World Drug Report 2009". p. 235ff. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  6. ↑ See Johnson A, Gerstein D "Initiation of Use of Alcohol, Cigarettes, Marijuana, Cocaine, and Other Substances in US Birth Cohorts since 1919" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2010-04-20. American Journal of Public Health, Jan 1998, Vol. 88, No 1 p 27 ff
  7. ↑ Section 2 "Any Illicit Drug Use", 1996 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Preliminary Results "US SAMHSA Survey". Archived from the original on 2004-09-21. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  8. ↑ The Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (Feb 2008). The Swedish action plan on narcotic drugs 2006–2010[permanent dead link].
  9. ↑ Antonio Maria Costa, executive director of UNODC, "Cannabis... call it anything but 'softSamfuri:'", The Independent (UK), March 25, 2007.
  10. 1 2 UNODC "Sweden's Successful Drug Policy: A Review of the Evidence" (PDF). 2007. pp. 5, 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  11. ↑ UNODC "Sweden's Successful Drug Policy: A Review of the Evidence" (PDF). 2007. pp. 28–31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  12. ↑ "Crime & Society – A Comparative Criminology Tour of the World (Sweden)". Archived from the original on 2010-12-19. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
  13. ↑ "2008 Marijuana Sourcebook" (PDF). United States Drug Enforcement Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  1. ↑ There were changes of course to the drug policy of Sweden prior to the period to which, on both sides of the argument, Antonio Maria Costa and Henrik Tham refer. For example, the Narcotics Penal Act of 1968 increased the maximum penalty for a grave drug offence from one to four years. It was increased again in 1969 to maximum six years (both in the Narcotics Penal Act and in the Smuggling Penal Act). The aim was to permit notable penalties for profiteers taking advantage of the inexperience, curiosity or drug dependence of others. In 1972, maximum punishment for gross offences was increased from 6 to 10 years in order to achieve parity with Finnish, Norwegian and West German law. This increase was intended to affect only the most dangerous criminals. – Source: Bogdan, Michael (1977). Reflections on some international and Swedish legal rules relating to drug offences, pages 1–20, note 46 Archived 2007-12-11 at the Wayback Machine.
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