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Tattaunawar sanyaya ta Antarctica

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Tattaunawar sanyaya ta Antarctica
climate change by country or territory (en) Fassara
Yanayin zafin jiki na kankara na Antarctic tsakanin 1981 da 2007, bisa ga lura da infrared mai zafi da jerin na'urorin tauraron dan adam na NOAA suka yi.

Duk da warewa, Antarctica ta fuskanci dumi da asarar kankara a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wanda ya haifar da hayakin gas.1 °C (1.8 °F)[1] Yammacin Antarctica ya yi zafi da sama da 0.1 ° C a kowace shekara goma daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 2000, kuma Yankin Antarctic da aka fallasa ya yi zafi ta 3 ° C (5.4 ° F) tun daga tsakiyar karni na 20.[2] Mafi sanyi, mai tsayi Gabashin Antarctica bai nuna wani dumi ba har zuwa 2000s. [3][4] A kusa da Antarctica, Kudancin Tekun ya shawo kan zafi na teku fiye da kowane teku, kuma ya ga zafi mai ƙarfi a zurfin ƙasa da 2,000 m (6,600 ft) m (6,600 .[5][6] ::1230 A kusa da Yammacin Antarctic, teku ta yi zafi da 1 ° C (1.8 ° F) tun 1955.[2] 

Dumamar Tekun Kudancin da ke kusa da Antarctica ya haifar da rauni ko rushewar rumbun kankara, wanda ke shawagi a bakin tekun glaciers kuma ya daidaita su. Yawancin glaciers na bakin teku suna yin asarar taro da ja da baya, suna haifar da asarar ƙanƙara a duk faɗin Antarctica, [6] :1264ko da yake yankin kankara na gabashin Antarctic na ci gaba da samun kankara a cikin kasa. A shekara ta 2100, ana sa ran asarar kankara daga Antarctica zai ƙara kusan 11 centimetres (4.3 in) zuwa hawan matakin teku na duniya. Rashin kwanciyar hankali na ruwa na kankara na iya haifar da yammacin Antarctica don ba da gudummawar fiye da dubun santimita idan an jawo shi kafin 2100. [6] :1270Tare da ɗumamar girma, rashin zaman lafiya zai kasance mai yuwuwa, kuma zai iya ninka girman matakin teku na ƙarni na 21. [7] [8] [9]

Ruwa mai narkewa daga kankara yana narkar da ruwan gishiri na Antarctic, 3 °C (5.4 °F) [10] yana raunana ƙananan tantanin halitta na Kudancin Tekun (SOOC). [6] ::1240 A cewar wasu bincike, cikakken rushewa SOOC na iya faruwa a tsakanin 1.7 °C (3.1 °F) ° C (3.1 ° F) da 3 ° C (5.4 ° F) na dumama duniya, kodayake ana sa ran cikakken tasirin zai faru a cikin ƙarni da yawa; waɗannan sun haɗa da karancin hazo a Kudancin Kudancin amma fiye a Arewacin Kudanci, raguwar kamun kifi a Kudanci da yiwuwar rushewar wasu yanayin ruwa.[11] Duk da yake yawancin jinsunan Antarctic sun kasance ba a gano su ba, akwai rubuce-rubuce na karuwa a cikin Tsire-tsire na Antarctic, kuma manyan Dabbobi kamar penguins sun riga sun sami wahalar riƙe wurin zama mai dacewa.[12] A kan ƙasar da ba ta da kankara, narkewar permafrost tana fitar da iskar gas mai sanyaya da gurɓataccen gurɓatawar da ta gabata.[13]


Antarctica ita ce nahiya mafi sanyi, mafi bushewa a Duniya, kuma tana da matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawo.[14] Rashin bushewar Antarctica yana nufin iska tana dauke da ɗan tururi na ruwa kuma tana gudanar da zafi mara kyau.[15] Tekun Kudancin da ke kewaye da nahiyar ya fi tasiri wajen shan zafi fiye da kowane teku.[16] Kasancewar babban kankara ta teku, wanda ke da babban albedo (tunani), yana ƙarawa ga albedo na kankara mai haske, fararen fararen farfajiyar.[14] Rashin sanyi na Antarctica yana nufin shi ne kawai wuri a Duniya inda sauya yanayin zafi ke faruwa a kowane hunturu; [14] a wasu wurare a Duniya, yanayin yana da zafi kusa da farfajiya kuma ya zama mai sanyi yayin da tsawo ke ƙaruwa. A lokacin hunturu na Antarctic, farfajiyar tsakiyar Antarctica ta zama mai sanyi fiye da tsakiya na matsakaicin yanayi; wannan yana nufin iskar gas mai ɗumi tana kama zafi a cikin matsakaicin yanayin, kuma ta rage kwarararta zuwa farfajilar da zuwa sararin samaniya, maimakon hana kwararar zafi daga ƙananan yanayi zuwa saman yadudduka.[15] Wannan tasirin yana ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen hunturu na Antarctic. [14][15] Misalai na farko na yanayi sun yi hasashen yanayin zafin jiki a kan Antarctica zai fito da sannu a hankali kuma ya fi dacewa da sauran wurare.

Yanayin zafin jiki na Antarctic, a cikin ° C a kowace shekara goma. Red yana wakiltar yankunan da yanayin zafi ya karu sosai tun daga shekarun 1950.[17]

Duk da haka, takarda ta sami yaduwar kafofin watsa labarai, yayin da 'yan jarida da yawa suka bayyana waɗannan binciken a matsayin "masu sabawa" ga dumamar duniya, wanda masana kimiyya suka soki a lokacin. [18] "Rikici" game da sanyaya Antarctica ya sami ƙarin kulawa a shekara ta 2004 lokacin da Michael Crichton ya rubuta littafin State of Fear . Littafin ya nuna wani makirci na almara tsakanin masana kimiyya na yanayi don tabbatar da shaidar karya game da dumamar duniya, kuma ya ambaci binciken Doran a matsayin tabbacin cewa babu dumamar yanayi a Antarctica a waje da Peninsula. An ambaci wannan labari a cikin sauraron Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta 2006 don tallafawa musanta canjin yanayi, kuma Peter Doran ya buga wata sanarwa a cikin The New York Times yana sukar kuskuren fassarar aikinsa. [19] Binciken Antarctic na Burtaniya da NASA sun kuma bayar da maganganun da ke tabbatar da ƙarfin kimiyyar yanayi bayan sauraron. [20][21]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gabashin Antarctica ya sanyaya a cikin 1980s da 1990s, koda kuwa Yammacin Antarctica ya yi zafi (gefen hagu). Wannan yanayin ya sauya sau da yawa a cikin 2000s da 2010s (gefen dama). [4]
  1. ↑ Casado, Mathieu; Hébert, Raphaël; Faranda, Davide; Landais, Amaelle (2023). "The quandary of detecting the signature of climate change in Antarctica". Nature Climate Change (in Turanci). 13 (10): 1082–1088. Bibcode:2023NatCC..13.1082C. doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01791-5. ISSN 1758-6798.
  2. 1 2 "Impacts of climate change". Discovering Antarctica (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  3. ↑ Clem, Kyle R.; Fogt, Ryan L.; Turner, John; Lintner, Benjamin R.; Marshall, Gareth J.; Miller, James R.; Renwick, James A. (August 2020). "Record warming at the South Pole during the past three decades". Nature Climate Change (in Turanci). 10 (8): 762–770. Bibcode:2020NatCC..10..762C. doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0815-z. ISSN 1758-6798. S2CID 220261150.
  4. 1 2 Xin, Meijiao; Clem, Kyle R; Turner, John; Stammerjohn, Sharon E; Zhu, Jiang; Cai, Wenju; Li, Xichen (2 June 2023). "West-warming East-cooling trend over Antarctica reversed since early 21st century driven by large-scale circulation variation". Environmental Research Letters. 18 (6): 064034. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/acd8d4.
  5. ↑ Bourgeois, Timothée; Goris, Nadine; Schwinger, Jörg; Tjiputra, Jerry F. (17 January 2022). "Stratification constrains future heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean between 30°S and 55°S". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 340. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13..340B. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-27979-5. PMC 8764023 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35039511 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. 1 2 3 4 Fox-Kemper, B.; Hewitt, H.T.; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). "Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change" (PDF). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: 1270–1272.
  7. ↑ Nauels, Alexander; Rogelj, Joeri; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich; Meinshausen, Malte; Mengel, Matthias (1 November 2017). "Linking sea level rise and socioeconomic indicators under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways". Environmental Research Letters. 12 (11): 114002. Bibcode:2017ERL....12k4002N. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa92b6. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  8. ↑ L. Bamber, Jonathan; Oppenheimer, Michael; E. Kopp, Robert; P. Aspinall, Willy; M. Cooke, Roger (May 2019). "Ice sheet contributions to future sea-level rise from structured expert judgment". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (23): 11195–11200. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11611195B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1817205116. PMC 6561295. PMID 31110015.
  9. ↑ Horton, Benjamin P.; Khan, Nicole S.; Cahill, Niamh; Lee, Janice S. H.; Shaw, Timothy A.; Garner, Andra J.; Kemp, Andrew C.; Engelhart, Simon E.; Rahmstorf, Stefan (8 May 2020). "Estimating global mean sea-level rise and its uncertainties by 2100 and 2300 from an expert survey". npj Climate and Atmospheric Science. 3 (1): 18. Bibcode:2020npCAS...3...18H. doi:10.1038/s41612-020-0121-5. S2CID 218541055. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  10. ↑ Pan, Xianliang L.; Li, Bofeng F.; Watanabe, Yutaka W. (10 January 2022). "Intense ocean freshening from melting glacier around the Antarctica during early twenty-first century". Scientific Reports (in Turanci). 12 (1): 383. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12..383P. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04231-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8748732 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35013425 Check |pmid= value (help).
  11. ↑ Logan, Tyne (29 March 2023). "Landmark study projects 'dramatic' changes to Southern Ocean by 2050". ABC News.
  12. ↑ Roland, Thomas P.; Bartlett, Oliver T.; Charman, Dan J.; Anderson, Karen; Hodgson, Dominic A.; Amesbury, Matthew J.; Maclean, Ilya; Fretwell, Peter T.; Fleming, Andrew (2024-10-04). "Sustained greening of the Antarctic Peninsula observed from satellites". Nature Geoscience (in Turanci). 17 (11): 1121–1126. Bibcode:2024NatGe..17.1121R. doi:10.1038/s41561-024-01564-5. ISSN 1752-0908.
  13. ↑ Potapowicz, Joanna; Szumińska, Danuta; Szopińska, Małgorzata; Polkowska, Żaneta (15 February 2019). "The influence of global climate change on the environmental fate of anthropogenic pollution released from the permafrost: Part I. Case study of Antarctica". Science of the Total Environment (in Turanci). 651 (Pt 1): 1534–1548. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.168. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 30360282. S2CID 53093132.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Singh, Hansi A.; Polvani, Lorenzo M. (10 January 2020). "Low Antarctic continental climate sensitivity due to high ice sheet orography". npj Climate and Atmospheric Science (in Turanci). 3 (1): 39. Bibcode:2020npCAS...3...39S. doi:10.1038/s41612-020-00143-w. S2CID 222179485.
  15. 1 2 3 Sejas, Sergio A.; Taylor, Patrick C.; Cai, Ming (11 July 2018). "Unmasking the negative greenhouse effect over the Antarctic Plateau". npj Climate and Atmospheric Science. 1 (1): 17. Bibcode:2018npCAS...1...17S. doi:10.1038/s41612-018-0031-y. PMC 7580794. PMID 33102742.
  16. ↑ Stewart, K. D.; Hogg, A. McC.; England, M. H.; Waugh, D. W. (2 November 2020). "Response of the Southern Ocean Overturning Circulation to Extreme Southern Annular Mode Conditions". Geophysical Research Letters. 47 (22): e2020GL091103. Bibcode:2020GeoRL..4791103S. doi:10.1029/2020GL091103. S2CID 229063736. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  17. ↑ Steig, Eric; Schneider, David; Rutherford, Scott; Mann, Michael E.; Comiso, Josefino; Shindell, Drew (1 January 2009). "Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year". Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications.
  18. ↑ Eric Steig; Gavin Schmidt (2004-12-03). "Antarctic cooling, global warming?". Real Climate. Retrieved 2008-08-14. At first glance this seems to contradict the idea of 'global' warming, but one needs to be careful before jumping to this conclusion. A rise in the global mean temperature does not imply universal warming. Dynamical effects (changes in the winds and ocean circulation) can have just as large an impact, locally as the radiative forcing from greenhouse gases. The temperature change in any particular region will in fact be a combination of radiation-related changes (through greenhouse gases, aerosols, ozone and the like) and dynamical effects. Since the winds tend to only move heat from one place to another, their impact will tend to cancel out in the global mean.
  19. ↑ "America Reacts To Speech Debunking Media Global Warming Alarmism". U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. 2006-09-28. Archived from the original on 2013-03-05. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  20. ↑ "Climate Change—Our Research". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 2006-02-07.
  21. ↑ NASA (2007). "Two Decades of Temperature Change in Antarctica". Earth Observatory Newsroom. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-14. NASA image by Robert Simmon, based on data from Joey Comiso, GSFC.
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