Tawayen Mau Mau da Biyan Gwamnatin Burtaniya
| Iri |
legal settlement (en)  |
|---|---|
| Kwanan watan | 6 ga Yuni, 2013 |
| Ƙasa | Birtaniya |
| Participant (en) | |
Mau Mau Rebellion da Biyan Gwamnatin Burtaniya suna nufin ayyukan shari'a da kuma sasantawa tsakanin gwamnatin Burtaniya da Kenya da aka azabtar da su a lokacin Mau Mau Uprising (1952-1960). Shari'ar ta ƙare a cikin wani sasantawa na 2013 wanda gwamnatin Burtaniya ta amince da biyan £ 19.9 miliyan a matsayin diyya ga masu neman Kenya 5,228 kuma ta ba da wata sanarwa ta nadama game da yadda aka bi da fursunoni a lokacin gaggawa na mulkin mallaka.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mau Mau Uprising, wanda aka fi sani da gaggawa ta Kenya, tawaye ne mai dauke da makamai a kan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Kenya daga 1952 zuwa 1960. A lokacin rikici, hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun tsare kimanin 'yan Kenya miliyan 1.5 a sansanonin fursunoni da ƙauyuka masu garu, inda aka rubuta azabtarwa, cin zarafin jima'i, da sauran nau'ikan rashin kulawa.
Shari'ar ta fito ne shekaru da yawa bayan haka lokacin da tsofaffin mutanen Kenya da suka tsira suka nemi adalci saboda cin zarafin da suka sha. Ayyukan sun sami taimako sosai ta hanyar gano bayanan mulkin mallaka da aka ɓoye a Hanslope Park, wanda ya ƙunshi dubban takardu da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yanayin tsarin cin zarafin.[1]
Shari'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da'awar farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2009, kamfanin lauya na London Leigh Day ya gabatar da karar diyya a kan gwamnatin Burtaniya a madadin tsofaffin 'yan Kenya guda biyar da suka yi zargin cewa sojojin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun azabtar da su a lokacin gaggawa na Mau Mau. Masu da'awar asali sune: [2]
- Niku Mutuwa - da ake zargi da castration a lokacin da aka tsare shi
- Paulo Muoka Nzili - wanda ake zargi da castration a lokacin da aka tsare shi
- Jane Muthoni Mara - zargin cin zarafin jima'i da azabtarwa
- Wambugu Wa Nyingi - wanda ake zargin mummunan duka da azabtarwa
- Susan Ciong'ombe Ngondi - zargin azabtarwa (ya mutu yayin shari'a a shekarar 2011)
Amsar gwamnati da kalubalen shari'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gwamnatin Burtaniya da farko ta kalubalanci da'awar a kan dalilai da yawa, tana jayayya cewa:
- Lokaci mai yawa ya wuce tun lokacin da ake zargin abubuwan da suka faru
- Ya kamata a bi ikirarin a kan gwamnatin Kenya a matsayin magajin jihar
- Babu isasshen shaida don tallafawa zarge-zargen
Binciken tarihin Hanslope Park
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wani muhimmin canji ya zo ne tare da wahayi na Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth Migrated Archives a Hanslope Park a Buckinghamshire. Wadannan ɗakunan ajiya sun ƙunshi kusan fayiloli 8,800 daga tsoffin yankuna 37 na Burtaniya, gami da Kenya, waɗanda aka canja su a asirce zuwa Burtaniya a lokacin mulkin mallaka.[3]
Binciken waɗannan takardun, wanda ya ba da cikakken bayani game da azabtarwa da cin zarafi a sansanonin tsare-tsare na Kenya, ya ƙarfafa shari'ar masu da'awar kuma ya lalata matsayin gwamnati cewa irin wannan cin zarafin sun kasance abubuwan da suka faru da mutane masu laifi suka yi.
Hukuncin Kotun Koli
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2012, Mista Mai Shari'a McCombe na Babban Kotun Shari'a ya yanke hukuncin cewa masu neman gwajin uku da suka tsira (Mutua, Nzili, da Mara) na iya ci gaba da shari'arsu a kan Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth. Alkalin ya gano cewa duk da wucewar lokaci, akwai isasshen shaida cewa masu shigar da kara suna da "ƙaddamarwa da ba za a iya tantancewa ba" kuma zai yiwu a yi shari'a mai adalci.
Hukuncin ya kasance mai mahimmanci saboda shi ne karo na farko da kotun Burtaniya ta ba da izinin da'awar cin zarafin zamanin mulkin mallaka don ci gaba da shari'a.
Sadarwa da diyya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sanarwar gwamnati
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 6 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2013, Sakataren Harkokin Waje William Hague ya sanar da House of Commons cewa gwamnatin Burtaniya ta cimma matsaya a waje da kotun tare da masu neman Mau Mau. A cikin sanarwa, Hague ya nuna "daidaitaccen nadama" saboda cin zarafin da ya faru kuma ya yarda cewa an azabtar da 'yan Kenya da sauran nau'ikan zalunci a hannun gwamnatin mulkin mallaka.[4]
Koyaya, gwamnati ta ci gaba da cewa ba ta yarda da alhakin doka don ayyukan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ba kuma ta jaddada cewa an yi sulhu ba tare da yarda da alƙawari ba.
Biyan kuɗi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yarjejeniyar ta tanada don:
- Jimlar diyya: £ 19.9 miliyan
- Adadin masu da'awar: 5,228 'yan Kenya da suka tsira
- Biyan mutum: Kimanin £ 2,600 ga kowane mai nema
- Kudin shari'a: Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta rufe shi
- Asusun Tunawa: Ƙarin tallafi don tunawa a Nairobi
Abin Tunawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A matsayin wani ɓangare na sulhu, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da kuɗin gina wani abin tunawa a Nairobi don tunawa da wadanda aka azabtar da su a lokacin mulkin mallaka. An gabatar da abin tunawa, wanda a hukumance ake kira "Memorial ga wadanda aka azabtar da su a zamanin mulkin mallaka, 1952-1960," a ranar 12 ga Satumba 2015 a Uhuru Park .
Muhimmancin tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Halin Shari'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yarjejeniyar Mau ta kafa muhimman ka'idojin doka:
- Da'awar nasara ta farko don cin zarafin zamanin mulkin mallaka akan gwamnatin Burtaniya
- Ya nuna cewa ana iya bin rashin adalci na tarihi ta kotuna duk da wucewar lokaci
- Saita tsarin da za a iya yi a nan gaba da wadanda ke fama da cin zarafin mulkin mallaka [5]
Tasirin fahimtar tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wannan shari'ar ta ba da gudummawa ga sake nazarin tarihin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya:
- Ya kawo hankali ga shaidar da aka hana a baya game da azabtarwa ta tsari
- Ya nuna lalacewa da gangan da ɓoye tarihin mulkin mallaka
- Binciken ilimi da ya shafi mulkin mallaka da tashin hankali na mulkin mallaka
- Kira da sauri don irin wannan bincike a wasu rikice-rikicen mulkin mallaka
Hakkin gwamnati
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yarjejeniyar ta wakilci wata sanarwa mai ban sha'awa da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi game da cin zarafin mulkin mallaka, kodayake masu sukar sun lura:
- Ƙin yarda da alhakin doka
- Ƙananan adadin diyya
- Tsawon jinkiri wajen magance wadannan rashin adalci na tarihi
- Tambayoyi game da wasu ikirarin mulkin mallaka da ba a warware su ba
Sakamakon da batutuwan da ke gudana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rarraba diyya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rarraba biyan diyya ya fara ne a cikin 2013, tare da mafi yawan kudade da aka bayar a cikin 2015. Koyaya, tsarin ya fuskanci ƙalubale da yawa:
- Tabbatar da asalin masu da'awar da abubuwan da suka faru
- Samun tsofaffi da suka tsira a yankuna masu nisa
- Gudanar da tsammanin game da adadin diyya
- Magana da'awar daga waɗanda ba a haɗa su a cikin asalin sasantawa ba
Ƙarin ma'ana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yarjejeniyar Mau Mau ta rinjayi tattaunawa game da:
- Gyara wasu rashin adalci na tarihi
- Hakkin tsoffin ikon mulkin mallaka don cin zarafin da ya gabata
- Adanawa da samun damar tarihin mulkin mallaka
- Hanyoyin adalci na wucin gadi don magance kuskuren tarihi
Tattaunawa da muhawara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yarjejeniyar ta sami ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa:
Magoya baya sun yi jayayya cewa:
- Bayar da amincewa da cin zarafin mulkin mallaka na dogon lokaci
- Ya ba da adalci ga tsofaffi da suka tsira
- Kafa muhimmiyar misali don lissafi
Masu sukar sun yi jayayya cewa:
- Rashin cikakken amincewa da alhakin
- Bayar da isasshen diyya ga sikelin wahala
- Rashin magance manyan hanyoyin tashin hankali na mulkin mallaka
- Ya zo da wuri ga mutane da yawa da suka riga sun mutu [6]
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Anderson, David (2012). "Mau Mau in the High Court and the 'Lost' British Empire Archives: Colonial Conspiracy or Bureaucratic Bungle?". Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 40 (5): 801–828. doi:10.1080/03086534.2012.730828.
- ↑ "The Mau Mau claims". Leigh Day. Retrieved 2025-01-01.
- ↑ Cary, Anthony (2012). "The Migrated Archives: What Went Wrong and What Lessons Should We Draw?". The Round Table. 101 (6): 569–579. doi:10.1080/00358533.2012.746321 (inactive 9 June 2025).CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of ga Yuni, 2025 (link)
- ↑ "Statement to Parliament on settlement of Mau Mau claims". GOV.UK. 2013-06-06. Retrieved 2025-01-01.
- ↑ Sands, Philippe (2013). "The Mau Mau Case and the Prospect of Accountability for Colonial Crimes". Journal of International Criminal Justice. 11 (4): 739–756. doi:10.1093/jicj/mqt044.
- ↑ Anderson, David (2013). "Guilty Secrets: Deceit, Denial, and the Discovery of Kenya's 'Migrated Archives'". History Workshop Journal. 75 (1): 142–161. doi:10.1093/hwj/dbt014.