Tebur
 Tebur | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
highland (en)  , tudu, dutse da mountain range (en) |
Mesa wani wuri ne mai tsawo, mai tsawo mai laushi, ko tudun, wanda aka iyakance daga kowane bangare ta hanyar tsaunuka masu tsawo kuma yana tsaye a fili sama da filin da ke kewaye da shi. Mesas sun kunshi duwatsu masu laushi masu laushi, kamar shales, wanda aka rufe shi da wani nau'i mai tsayayya na dutse mai wuya, kamar sandstone ko dutse mai laushi, wanda ke samar da Caprock wanda ke kare taron mai laushi. Caprock na iya haɗawa da kwararar dutse mai laushi ko rushewar duricrust.
Ba kamar tudu ba, wanda ya fi girma, yanki mai tsawo wanda bazai da dutse mai laushi ba (misali, Tibetan Plateau), an bayyana mesa ta hanyar shimfidar shimfiɗa da keɓewa mai tsayi. Manyan tsaunuka masu laushi tare da shimfidar wurare, da ba su da nisa kuma sau da yawa wani ɓangare na tsarin tsaunuka, ana kiransu tsaunuka. A butte ne karami, eroded mesa tare da iyakantaccen taro, yayin da wani cuesta yana da wani m shimfiɗa gangara da kuma daya steep escarpment saboda karkata strata.[1][2]
Sunayen, ma'anar da kuma asalin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamar yadda masanin ilimin ƙasa Kirk Bryan ya lura a 1922, mesas "... tsaye a fili sama da ƙasar da ke kewaye da ita, kamar yadda tebur ke tsaye sama da bene wanda yake kwance".[3] Daga wannan bayyanar ne aka karɓi kalmar mesa daga kalmar Mutanen Espanya mesa, ma'ana "tebur".[4]
Mesa yana kama da, amma yana da faɗin yanki mai faɗi fiye da, butte . Babu iyaka girman girman da aka yarda da zai raba mesas daga ko dai buttes ko plateaus. Misali, tsaunukan da ke saman dutsen da aka fi sani da mesas a cikin Range na Cockburn na Arewacin Yammacin Ostiraliya suna da yankuna masu girman 350 square kilometres (140 sq mi) . Sabanin haka, tsaunuka masu lebur tare da ƙananan yanki kamar 0.1 square kilometres (0.039 sq mi) a cikin Dutsen Sandstone na Elbe, Jamus, an kwatanta su da mesas. [4] [5]
Ƙananan tsananin, wani tsauni mai faɗi, mai laushi, yawanci dutse mai nisa ko dutse mai matsakaici wanda aka iyakance a akalla gefe ɗaya ta dutse mai tsawo ko gangara kuma yana wakiltar ragowar lalacewa ana kiransa mesas.[6]
A cikin wallafe-wallafen geomorphic da geologic na harshen Ingilishi, an kuma yi amfani da wasu kalmomi don mesa. Misali, a yankin Roraima na Venezuela, an yi amfani da sunan gargajiya, tepui, daga yaren Pomón na gida, da kuma kalmar tsaunuka na tebur don bayyana tsaunuka masu laushi na gida. Irin waɗannan siffofi a Ostiraliya an san su da tuddai, tuddai na saman tebur, tuddai masu tasha, ko tsalle-tsalle (tsalle-tsaye). [7] An kuma yi amfani da kalmar Jamusanci Tafelberg a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na Ingilishi a baya.
Kafawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mesas sun samo asali ne ta hanyar yanayi da rushewa duwatsu masu laushi waɗanda aka ɗaga ta hanyar aikin tectonic. Bambance-bambance a cikin ikon nau'ikan dutse daban-daban don tsayayya da yanayi da rushewa suna haifar da nau'ikan duwatsu masu rauni don rushewa, suna barin nau'ikan tsaunuka masu tsayayya fiye da kewayenta. Wannan tsari ana kiransa lalacewar bambanci. Mafi yawan nau'ikan dutse masu tsayayya sun haɗa da sandstone, conglomerate, Quartzite, basalt, chert, limestone, kwararar dutse da sills.[8] Ruwan dutse da sills, musamman, suna da tsayayya sosai ga yanayi da rushewa, kuma galibi suna samar da saman, ko Caprock, na mesa. Ƙananan duwatsun dutse galibi sun ƙunshi shale, dutse mai laushi wanda ke da sauƙin sauyawa kuma ya lalace cikin sauƙi.[8]
Bambance-bambance a cikin ƙarfin nau'ikan dutse daban-daban shine abin da ke ba mesas siffar su ta musamman. Ana lalata duwatsu masu tsayayya a saman zuwa kwari, inda suke tattara ruwa daga yankin da ke kewaye da su, yayin da aka bar mafi tsayayya da tsayayya. Babban yanki na dutse mai tsayayya sosai, kamar sill, na iya kare yadudduka da ke ƙasa da shi daga rushewa yayin da dutse mai laushi da ke kewaye da shi ya rushe cikin kwari, don haka ya samar da caprock.
Bambance-bambance a cikin nau'in dutse kuma suna nunawa a bangarorin mesa, kamar yadda maimakon gangara mai santsi, bangarorin suna karyewa cikin tsarin matakala da ake kira "tsarin dutse da bench". Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi tsayayya sun samar da dutsen, ko matakala, yayin da ƙananan matakan da ba su da tsayayya suna samar da gangara mai laushi, ko benches, tsakanin dutsen. Duwatsun suna janyewa kuma a ƙarshe an yanke su daga babban dutse, ko tudu, ta hanyar sapping. Lokacin da gefen dutsen bai koma baya daidai ba amma a maimakon haka an yi amfani da shi ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa masu narkewa, ana iya yanke wani sashi daga babban dutsen, don samar da mesa.[9]
Basal sapping yana faruwa ne yayin da ruwa ke gudana a kusa da yadudduka na dutse na mesa ya lalata yadudduka masu laushi, ko dai a matsayin runoff daga saman mesa ko daga ruwan kasa da ke motsawa ta hanyar yadudduka da ke sama, wanda ke haifar da raguwa da kwarara na shale. Yayin da shale na ƙasa ya lalace, ba zai iya tallafawa shimfidar dutsen da ke sama ba, wanda ya rushe kuma ya koma baya. Lokacin da caprock ya ɓace har zuwa inda kawai kaɗan ya rage, an san shi da butte.
Misalan da wurare
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ostiraliya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Cockburn Range, Yammacin Ostiraliya
- Dutsen Conner, Yankin Arewa
Mount Conner, a mesa located in Northern Territory, Australia
Cockburn Range, Kimberley, Western Australia, Australia
Czechia
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Děčínský Sněžník, Yankin Ústí nad Labem
Faransa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Dutsen Aiguille, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Jamus
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Indiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Da yawa kusa da Owk mandal, Andhra Pradesh
- Amadiya, Yankin Kurdistan
A kan Mars
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yankin canji a kan 2 kilometres (1.2 mi), wanda aka sani da filin da aka yi amfani da shi, yana tsakanin tsaunuka masu tsawo da ƙananan tsaunuka. Ƙananan ƙasashen suna nuna tsaunuka masu tsawo da maɓalli. An raba mesa da maɓallan ta hanyar shimfiɗa ƙasa mai laushi. Ana zaton sun samo asali ne daga tsarin lalacewar kankara daga ƙasa ko tushen yanayi. Mesas da knobs suna raguwa da girma tare da karuwar nesa daga tsaunuka masu tsawo. Sauye-sauyen tsaunuka sun kasance daga kusan 2 zuwa 100 metres (330 ft) dangane da nisan da suke daga tsaunin.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Migoń, P., 2004a. Mesa. In: Goudie, A.S. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Routledge, London, pp. 668. ISBN 9780415272988
- ↑ Neuendorf, Klaus K.E. Mehl, James P., Jr. Jackson, Julia A.. (2011). Glossary of Geology (5th Edition). American Geosciences Institute. ISBN 9781680151787
- ↑ Bryan, K. (1922). "Erosion and Sedimentation in the Papago Country, Arizona". US Geological Survey Bulletin (730): 19–90.
- 1 2 Migoń, P., 2004a. Mesa. In: Goudie, A.S. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Routledge, London, pp. 668. ISBN 9780415272988 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Migoń2004a" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Neuendorf, Klaus K.E. Mehl, James P., Jr. Jackson, Julia A.. (2011). Glossary of Geology (5th Edition). American Geosciences Institute. ISBN 9781680151787
- ↑ Neuendorf, Klaus K.E. Mehl, James P., Jr. Jackson, Julia A.. (2011). Glossary of Geology (5th Edition). American Geosciences Institute. ISBN 9781680151787
- ↑ "Land Zones of Queensland". Queensland Government. 2012. pp. 62–63. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- 1 2 Cite error: Invalid
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedEasterbrook2 - 1 2 3 Jancewicz, Kacper. "Morphological diversity of mesas in Elbsandsteingebirg". ResearchGate. Retrieved 4 July 2021.