Tereska Tres

Tereska Tres
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	13th arrondissement of Paris (en) , 3 Satumba 1920
ƙasa	Faransa
Harshen uwa	Faransanci
Mutuwa	13th arrondissement of Paris (en) , 20 Satumba 2012
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Marek Szwarc
Yara	view Gabriel Levin (en)
Karatu
Harsuna	Faransanci Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	mai aikin fassara
Mamba	Free French Forces (en)
Aikin soja
Ya faɗaci	Yakin Duniya na II
IMDb	nm0868838

Tereska Torrès (an haife shi Tereska Szwarc ; 3 Satumba 1920 – 20 ga Satumba 2012) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Faransa da aka san ta da littafin Women's Barracks na shekarar 1950, wanda shine "littafin farko da aka fi sayarwa a takarda." A shekarar 2008, masana tarihi sun yaba wa littafin da aka sake bugawa a matsayin littafin almara na farko da aka buga a Amurka wanda ya yi magana a kan dangantakar 'yan madigo, kodayake Torrès bai yarda da wannan bincike ba.

Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Torrès Tereska Szwarc ga wani mai sassaka Bayahude ɗan Poland Marek Szwarc da matarsa Guina Pinkus a birnin Paris . Kawunta na uba Samuel Schwarz sanannen masanin tarihi ne na Yahudawan da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje da kuma addinin Yahudanci na crypto .

Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu

Torrès ta gudu daga ƙasarta ta asali a shekarar 1940 ta hanyar Lisbon zuwa Ingila lokacin da Faransa ta miƙa wuya ga Jamus ta Nazi bayan Yaƙin Faransa, yayin da mahaifinta - wanda ke aiki a Rundunar Sojin Poland a Yamma - aka kwashe shi daga La Rochelle ta hannun Rundunar Sojojin Gida ta Burtaniya . Iyalinta sun sami damar tserewa saboda sun sami takardar izinin shiga ƙasa wanda mataimakin jakadan Portugal Manuel Vieira Braga (bin umarnin Aristides de Sousa Mendes ) ya sanya wa hannu a Bayonne, Faransa, a watan Yunin 1940. Wataƙila ƙoƙarin da Samuel Schwarz, wanda ke zaune a Portugal, ya taimaka wajen samun takardar izinin shiga.

Tana da shekaru 19, Torrès ta shiga cikin rundunar sojojin Faransa ta 'Yanci ta Corps des Volontaires ' ta Charles de Gaulle kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare a hedikwatar de Gaulle da ke Landan. A watan Oktoban 1944, lokacin da take da ciki na watanni biyar, mijinta na farko - Georges Torrès mai shekaru 20, ɗan ango na Firayim Ministan Faransa da Yahudawa kafin yaƙi Léon Blum - ya mutu yayin da yake yaƙi da Rundunar Sojojin Faransa ta Biyu a Lorraine .

Bayan Yaƙin

A shekarar 1947, Torrès ya raka marubuci ɗan Amurka Meyer Levin yayin da yake ɗaukar fim ɗin shirin fim mai suna Lo Tafhidunu ( The Illegals ) game da 'yan gudun hijirar Yahudawa waɗanda suka tsere daga Poland bayan kisan kiyashi kuma suka yi ƙoƙarin isa Falasɗinu . Littafin tarihin rayuwarta game da abubuwan da ta fuskanta a wannan tafiya—daga biranen Poland da aka lalata ta hanyar sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Yammacin Turai zuwa Isra'ila da kuma ɗaurin kurkukun da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi mata—har yanzu an buga shi ne kawai a cikin Jamusanci, ƙarƙashin taken Unerschrocken ( Unafraid ).

murfin 1950

Aikin rubutu

A shekarar 1948, Torrès ya auri Meyer Levin a birnin Paris. Ya bukaci ta buga littafin da ta rubuta yayin da take aiki a rundunar sojojin Faransa ta 'Yanci. A shekarar 1950, Torrès ta buga littafin Women's Barracks a Amurka. Labarin almara game da abubuwan da ta fuskanta a lokacin yaƙi, "ya zama littafin farko da aka fi sayarwa da farko a takarda," inda ya sayar da kwafi sama da miliyan biyu a cikin shekaru biyar na farko. Jimilla, an sayar da kwafi miliyan huɗu na littafin a Amurka, kuma an fassara shi zuwa harsuna 13 daban-daban.

A shekarar 1952, Kwamitin Zaɓen Majalisa kan Kayan Batsa na Yanzu ya yi amfani da Barikin Mata a matsayin misali na yadda littattafan takarda ke haɓaka lalacewar ɗabi'a. Lokacin da The Feminist Press da ke New York ta sake buga littafin a shekara ta 2003, an yaba masa a matsayin wanda ya ba da kwarin gwiwa ga wani sabon nau'in adabin 'yan madigo da na mata a Amurka. An yaba wa Torrès da rubuta littafi na farko da ya yi magana a kan dangantakar 'yan madigo a Amurka da gaskiya. Duk da haka, ta ji cewa littafin ba shi da laifi kuma masu buga littafin sun yi amfani da shi.

Gado

A shekarar 2019, an keɓe wani lambun jama'a mai suna jardin Tereska Torrès-Levin (Lambun Tereska Torrès-Levin) don tunawa da ita a Paris. Wannan wurin tunawa yana tsakiyar gundumar 8 ta Paris a kan Rue Laure Diebold tsakanin Champs-Élysées da Parc Monceau . Masanin adabi Yvonne Keller ya sanya wa Torrès suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙaramin rukuni na marubuta waɗanda aikinsu ya samar da wani nau'in almara na "masu ra'ayin mazan jiya"; wasu sun haɗa da Ann Bannon, Sloane Britain, Paula Christian, Joan Ellis, March Hastings, Marjorie Lee, Della Martin, Rea Michaels, Claire Morgan, Vin Packer, Randy Salem, Artemis Smith, Valerie Taylor, da Shirley Verel .