Terri Conley
 Terri Conley | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | Tarayyar Amurka, |
| ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta |
University of Wisconsin–Madison (en)  |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
psychologist (en) |
| Employers |
University of Michigan (en) |
Terri Conley Masaniyar ilimin halayyar jama'a ce ta Amurka wadda ke nazarin bambancin jinsi a cikin jima'i, sakamakon tashi daga auren mata guda, da kuma sakamakon barazanar namiji. A halin yanzu ita ce farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da Nazarin mata da jinsi a Jami'ar Michigan, inda take jagorantar dakin bincike na Stigmatized Sexualities . [1][2]
Rayuwa ta farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Terri Conley ta girma ne a cikin ƙaramin garin Greenfield, Indiana, ta mahaifiyarta mai kula da mata.[3]
Ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Conley ta kammala BA a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam da karatun mata (digiri na girmamawa, tare da bambanci a cikin ilimin dan adam) a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison a cikin shekara ta 1993, inda ta rubuta takardun girmamawa guda biyu kuma ta yi aiki a dakunan bincike daban-daban guda uku. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da samun MA a fannin ilimin halayyar jama'a a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles acikin shekarar 1995. Bayan ta sami MA, Conley ta sami Ph.D. a cikin ilimin halayyar jama'a a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles a cikin shekara ta 1999, inda ta kuma ragu a cikin ilimin ilimin halayya da ma'auni da psychometrics.
Ayyuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kai tsaye bayan ta sami Ph.D., Conley ta fara aikinta a matsayin Abokin aikin postdoctoral na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Jama'a daga 2000 zuwa 2002. Daga nan ta ci gaba da zama mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Jihar California-Northridge a 2003 da 2004. Daga 2004 zuwa 2008, Conley ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da karatun mata a Jami'ar Missouri a duka makarantun St. Louis da Kansas City. A shekara ta 2008, Conley ta zama mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da karatun mata a Jami'ar Michigan. A cikin 2013, yana ci gaba a Jami'ar Michigan, Conley ya zama mataimakin farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da nazarin mata da jinsi. Tana aiki a cikin shirin hadin gwiwa a cikin karatun mata da ilimin halayyar mutum, tare da mai da hankali kan mutuntaka da yanayin zamantakewa.[1] Babban layin bincikenta guda uku sun haɗa da bambancin jinsi a cikin jima'i, ra'ayoyin 'yan tsiraru game da membobin wasu kungiyoyi, da kuma kwatanta tsakanin auren mata guda na gargajiya da ba tare da auren mata guda ba.[4] Conley shine shugaban dakin bincike na Stigmatized Sexualities a Jami'ar Michigan.
Bincike
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Conley's most notable contributions to the fields of social psychology and women's studies include demonstrating social factors that contribute to gender differences in sexuality (particularly, casual sex) and demonstrating that consensually non-monogamous relationships have similar (and sometimes superior) outcomes relative to monogamous relationships. One of Conley's studies[5] involves the replication of the 1989 Clark and Hatfield study[6] of casual sex offer acceptance. Conley has since conducted many more studies confirming her suspicions about the original Clark and Hatfield study. She has formulated an alternative explanation for why women are less likely to accept casual sex offers from a stranger.[7] Conley found that women were passing on sexual advances out of fear of being judged as promiscuous and doubt that a one-night stand with a new partner would be pleasurable.[3] She also discovered that regardless of gender, whoever was being approached with a casual sex offer was more "choosy", arguing against the assumption that women are the more selective gender.[7] When discussing her research, Conley says: "I like to look beyond conducting research that confirms existing stereotypes".[3] Although she enjoys this type of research, she also discusses the difficulties, remarking that "if you’re debunking stereotypes you have to do twice as much", and that "when you’re studying sexuality it’s really hard to be taken seriously".[3]
Dalilan da ya sa aka yi amfani da su
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lokacin da take tattauna dalilin da ya sa take nazarin jinsi da jima'i, ta ambaci yadda "ya faru da ni cewa kowane takarda da na rubuta yana da wani da yake ƙoƙarin saukar da shi ko wani da nake fushi da shi. Ina da wani nau'in adawa da kimiyya, wanda a zahiri ina tsammanin yana da lafiya sosai ga kimiyya". [3] Conley ta kuma bayyana muhimmancin binciken da take gudanarwa, musamman dangane da yarjejeniyar da ba ta da aure guda, inda ta ambaci cewa "ko'ina a Amurka, ma'aikaci na iya cewa suna kore ku saboda kuna cikin dangantaka da ba ta yarda ba, kuma babu wani abu da za ku iya yi", inda za a iya ganin hakan da ƙalubalen da za su taimaka wajen motsa al'umma a cikin hanyar da ta dace.[8] Babban burin Conley a binciken jima'i shine kawar da zargi da ke kewaye da batun ta hanyar gudanar da bincike wanda ke tambayar ka'idojin al'umma.
Bambancin jinsi a cikin jima'i
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Conley da abokan aiki sun nuna cewa manyan dalilan da mata ba su da damar karɓar tayin jima'i na jima'i fiye da maza: a) ana nuna mata kunya fiye da maza saboda shiga cikin jima'i, kuma b) mata suna tsammanin [9] cewa za su sami jin daɗin jima'i kaɗan a cikin haɗuwa fiye da maza.
A cikin binciken Conley [5] wanda ke kwaikwayon binciken Clark da Hatfield na 1989 [6] da aka ambata a sama, ta sami shaidar da ke ƙaryata bambancin jinsi da aka tabbatar a cikin binciken asali. Conley ya gano cewa masu ba da shawarar jima'i na yau da kullun waɗanda maza ne (ga mata) an "ganin su da kyau fiye da masu ba da shawara na jima'i mata", [5] yana tabbatar da cewa bambancin jinsi da aka samu a cikin binciken Clark da Hatfield sun fi dacewa da jinsi na mai ba da shawara fiye da na ɗaliban ɗalibai. Ta kuma gano cewa kawai mai tsinkaye na yarda da jima'i na yau da kullun ga maza da mata shine fahimtar damar jima'i, yana nuna cewa karamin karɓar tayin jima'i ta yau da kullun da mata suka samu a cikin binciken Clark da Hatfield ya fi dacewa da fahimtar su game da ikon mai ba da shawara ya kasance mai kyau a gado, kuma ba zai yi aiki da jinsi na mai karatun ba da gudummawa.
A cikin wani binciken, [10] Conley da abokan aikinta Ziegler da Moors sun sami ƙarin hujja cewa bambancin jinsi da masu bincike da ka'idojin zamantakewa suka tabbatar ba su da alaƙa da bambancin jinsi na asali, kuma sun fi dacewa da tasirin tashin hankali da ka'idodin jima'i biyu da al'umma ta ɗora wa mata. Conley da sauransu.[10] An gano cewa zargi da ke tattare da mata da yin jima'i na yau da kullun na iya rage yiwuwar karɓar tayin jima'i. Kodayake ana iya lalata jima'i na yau da kullun ga maza da mata, Conley et al. sun gano cewa mata sun kasance "mafi rinjaye da tsoro da kunya".[10]
Yawancin binciken Conley suna tallafawa ka'idar jin daɗi, wanda Conley ya bayyana a matsayin ra'ayin cewa "neman jin daɗi shine babban ƙarfin da ke motsa halayyar jima'i" ga maza da mata.[11] Wannan ka'idar ta fito ne daga babban rata mai farin ciki a cikin saduwa da jima'i tsakanin maza da mata, inda maza zasu iya tsammanin samun lokaci mai daɗi a mafi yawan saduwa da saduwa da mata, þar da mata ba za su fuskanci jin daɗi ba. Kamar yadda aka tattauna a baya, Conley ya gano cewa bambance-bambance da aka samu a cikin binciken Clark da Hatfield na 1989 sun fi dacewa da "ra'ayin mata cewa abokan jima'i na jima'i ba za su iya ba su jin daɗi ba", fiye da bambancin jinsi a cikin sha'awar jima'i.[11] Ta kuma gudanar da bincike kan mata masu jima'i wanda ya nuna cewa wannan gaskiya ne - waɗannan mata masu jimaʼi sun fi karɓar tayin jima'i daga mace fiye da namiji, saboda ikon da suke da shi na faranta wa mai halarta rai.[11]
Hakazalika, Conley ta bincika rawar da orgasm ke takawa a cikin halayen jima'i na yau da kullun. Piemonte, Conley & Gusakova (2019), sun gano cewa, duk da ra'ayoyin mata da ba su gamsu ba kuma sun fi damuwa da abubuwan da suka faru na jima'i fiye da maza, bambance-bambance na jinsi don mayar da martani ga saduwar jima'i na yau da kullun suna ɓacewa yayin sarrafawa don ko mai halarta yana da orgasm yayin haɗuwa da jima'i.
Ma'aurata guda ɗaya da madadinsa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin bincikenta game da auren mata guda ɗaya da madadinsa, Conley ta nuna cewa, duk da karɓar ra'ayin cewa dangantakar mace ɗaya ta fi sauran shirye-shiryen da ba na mace ɗaya ba, akwai ƙananan shaidu don tallafawa wannan zato.[3] Conley ya kira wannan sabon abu na ganin auren mata guda daya a matsayin abin da ya fi dacewa kuma ya fi kyau fiye da ba tare da auren mata daya ba 'sakamakon halo'. [12] [13] Lokacin da aka tambaye shi don bayyana shi, Conley ya bayyana ba tare da amincewa ba a matsayin "tsarin dangantaka wanda abokan hulɗa suka yarda cewa yana da kyau a sami jima'i da / ko dangantaka ta soyayya fiye da ɗaya a lokaci guda. "[14]
A cikin gudanar da bincike kan dangantakar da ba ta da aure, Conley ya gano cewa mutanen da ke cikin dangantakar da ke da aure (CNM) sun fi dacewa da amfani da kwaroron roba kuma su yi amfani da su daidai fiye da mutanen da ke da mace ɗaya waɗanda ke yaudarar abokin tarayya a asirce.[3] Binciken Conley ya nuna cewa auren mata ɗaya bazai zama kariya daga cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i kamar yadda za a sa ran, saboda mutanen da ke cikin dangantakar CNM sun fi dacewa da yin jima'i mafi aminci.[15] Hakazalika, mutane a wasu nau'ikan dangantakar CNM suna ba da rahoton matakan da suka fi dacewa da daidaitawa fiye da waɗanda ke cikin dangantakar mace ɗaya.[16] Farin cikin jima'i na waɗanda ke cikin wasu nau'ikan dangantakar CNM ya fi na mutane a cikin dangantakar mace ɗaya.[17]
Da yake tattauna aikin bincike ba tare da auren mace ɗaya ba, Conley ta bayyana yadda ake ganin ta a matsayin masanin kimiyya mafi muni saboda tana gudanar da bincike wanda ba ya tabbatar da ra'ayoyi, kuma masu bincike da ke tallafawa ra'ayoyin da aka fi sani ana ganin su a matsayin marasa son kai da masana kimiyya mafi kyau.[8] Ta kuma bayyana yadda ake ganin tana da alaƙa da al'ummar da ba su da aure saboda bincikenta, ko kuma cewa "kawai tana son kowa ya zama mai aure", saboda gaskiyar cewa ta gudanar da bincike wanda ke da kyakkyawan binciken game da rashin aure.[s][8]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Terri Conley | U-M LSA Department of Psychology". lsa.umich.edu. Retrieved 2019-10-02. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Terri Conley | HuffPost". www.huffpost.com. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 "Meet Terri Conley: The Psychologist With an Alternative Theory of Hookup Culture". The Cut (in Turanci). 4 February 2014. Retrieved 2019-10-16. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Dr. Terri Conley: Changing the Way We Think About Monogamy | U-M LSA Department of Psychology". lsa.umich.edu. Retrieved 2019-10-02.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Conley, Terri (2011). "Perceived proposer personality characteristics and gender differences in acceptance of casual sex offers". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 100 (2): 309–329. doi:10.1037/a0022152. PMID 21171789.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Clark, Russell; Hatfield, Elaine (1989). "Gender difference in receptivity to sexual offers". International Journal of Sexual Health. 2: 39–55 – via PsycINFO.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Conley, Terri D.; Moors, Amy C.; Matsick, Jes L.; Ziegler, Ali; Valentine, Brandon A. (2011). "Women, Men, and the Bedroom: Methodological and Conceptual Insights That Narrow, Reframe, and Eliminate Gender Differences in Sexuality". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 20 (5): 296–300. doi:10.1177/0963721411418467. ISSN 0963-7214. JSTOR 23045742. S2CID 109937245.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Tierney, Allison (2017-03-30). "Why We Need to Challenge the Culture of Monogamy". Vice (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-10-16. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Armstrong, Elizabeth; England, Paula; Fogarty, Alison (2012). "Accounting for women's orgasm and sexual enjoyment in college hookups and relationships". American Sociological Review. 77 (3): 435–462. doi:10.1177/0003122412445802. S2CID 146476877.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Conley, Terri; Ziegler, Ali; Moors, Amy (2013). "Backlash from the bedroom: Stigma mediates gender differences in acceptance of casual sex offers". Psychology of Women Quarterly. 37: 392–407. doi:10.1177/0361684312467169. S2CID 145571081.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Jacobs, Tom (14 June 2017). "Women Enjoy Casual Sex, Really". Pacific Standard (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-10-16.
- ↑ Reporter, Camy Metwally Daily Staff (12 February 2016). "Sexpertise speakers address popular myths on sexual behaviors". The Michigan Daily (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-10-16.
- ↑ Conley, Terri; Perry, Morgan; Gusakova, Staci; Piemonte, Jennifer (2019). "Monogamous halo effects: The stigma of non-monogamy within collective sex environments". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 48 (1): 31–34. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1213-8. PMID 29796718. S2CID 44120299.
- ↑ Baer, Drake (2017-03-06). "Maybe Monogamy Isn't the Only Way to Love". The Cut (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-10-16.
- ↑ Conley, Terri; Moors, Amy; Ziegler, Ali; Karathanasis, Constantina (2012). "Unfaithful individuals are less likely to practice safer sex than openly non-monogamous individuals". Journal of Sexual Medicine. 9 (6): 1559–1565. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02712.x. PMID 22463058.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ Conley, Terri; Matsick, Jes; Moors, Amy; Ziegler, Ali (2017). "Investigation of consensually non-monogamous relationships: Theories, methods, and new directions". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 12 (2): 205–232. doi:10.1177/1745691616667925. PMID 28346120. S2CID 42335999.
- ↑ Conley, Terri; Piemonte, Jennifer; Gusakova, Staci; Rubin, Jennifer (2018). "Sexual satisfaction among individuals in monogamous and consensually non-monogamous relationships". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 35 (4): 509–531. doi:10.1177/0265407517743078. S2CID 148605989.