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Thabo Mbeki

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Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki (   ; an haife shi 18 ga Yuni 1942) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban dimokraɗiyya na 2 na Afirka ta Kudu daga 14 ga Yuni 1999 zuwa 24 ga Satumba 2008, lokacin da ya yi murabus bisa buƙatar jam'iyyarsa, African National Congress (ANC). [1] xhKafin wannan, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa a karkashin Nelson Mandela daga 1994 zuwa 1999.[2]

Dan Govan Mbeki, hamshakin ANC, Mbeki ya tsunduma cikin harkokin siyasar ANC tun a shekarar 1956, lokacin da ya shiga jam'iyyar ANC Youth League, kuma ya kasance mamba a kwamitin gudanarwa na jam'iyyar na kasa tun 1975. An haife shi a Transkei, ya bar Afirka ta Kudu yana da shekaru ashirin zuwa jami'a a Ingila, kuma ya shafe kusan shekaru 30 yana gudun hijira a kasashen waje, har zuwa lokacin da jam'iyyar ANC ta yi nasara a cikin jam'iyyar 1999. sashen yada labarai kuma a matsayinsa na wakilin Oliver Tambo, amma kuma ya kasance gogaggen jami'in diflomasiyya, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin jami'iyyar ANC a wurare da dama na Afirka. Ya kasance farkon mai ba da shawara kuma jagoran harkokin diflomasiyya wanda ya kai ga tattaunawar kawo karshen mulkin wariyar launin fata. Bayan zaben dimokradiyya na farko a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1994, an nada shi mataimakin shugaban kasa na kasa. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya bayyana cewa shi ne zababben wanda zai gaji Mandela, kuma an zabe shi ba tare da hamayya ba a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar ANC a shekarar 1997, lamarin da ya ba shi damar hawan kujerar shugabancin kasar a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar ANC a zaben 1999.

Yayin da mataimakin shugaban kasa, Mbeki ya kasance yana daukarsa a matsayin mai kula da manufofin ci gaban gwamnati, samar da aikin yi da rarrabawa, wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 1996, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya ci gaba da bin tsarin manufofin tattalin arziki masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, abokantaka na kasuwa. A lokacin shugabancinsa, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci faɗuwar bashin jama'a, ƙarancin gibin kasafin kuɗi, da ci gaban matsakaicin matsakaicin ci gaban tattalin arziki. Duk da haka, duk da cewa ya riƙe shirye-shiryen dimokraɗiyya na zamantakewa daban-daban, da kuma faɗaɗa da ya yi fice ga shirin ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙin baƙar fata, masu suka sukan ɗauki manufofin tattalin arzikin Mbeki a matsayin masu sassaucin ra'ayi, tare da rashin la'akari da manufofin ci gaba da sake rarrabawa. A bisa wadannan dalilai, Mbeki ya kara nisa daga bangaren hagu na jam'iyyar ANC, da kuma shugabannin kawancen kawancen jam'iyyar ANC, da Congress of African Trade Unions da kuma jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu. Wadannan ‘yan adawa ne suka goyi bayan Jacob Zuma kan Mbeki a fafatawar siyasar da ta barke bayan da Mbeki ya sauke na biyu daga mukaminsa na mataimakin shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2005.

A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, Mbeki yana da ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa game da manufofin kasashen waje musamman ma ga bangarori daban-daban. Kishin-kishinsa da hangen nesansa na “farfadowar Afirka” su ne manyan sassan siyasarsa, kuma masu sharhi sun yi nuni da cewa ya tabbatar wa Afirka ta Kudu rawar da ta taka a siyasar Afirka da ta duniya wadda ta yi daidai da girman kasar da tasirin tarihi.[3][4] Shi ne babban mai tsara sabon kawance don ci gaban Afirka, kuma a matsayinsa na shugaban kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka, ya jagoranci gabatar da tsarin bitar takwarorinsu na Afirka. Bayan da aka kaddamar da taron tattaunawa na IBSA a shekara ta 2003, gwamnatinsa ta hada kai da Indiya da Brazil wajen fafutukar ganin an kawo sauyi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da bayar da shawarar bayar da gudummawa mai karfi ga kasashe masu tasowa. Daga cikin alkawurran wanzar da zaman lafiya daban-daban da Afirka ta Kudu ta yi a lokacin shugabancinsa, Mbeki shi ne mai shiga tsakani na farko a rikicin da aka yi tsakanin jam'iyyar ZANU-PF da 'yan adawar Zimbabwe a shekarun 2000. Sai dai kuma ana yawan sukar shi saboda manufarsa ta "diflomasiyya ta shiru" a Zimbabwe, inda ya ki yin Allah wadai da gwamnatin Robert Mugabe ko kuma kafa takunkumi a kanta.

Haka kuma abin da ya jawo cece-kuce a duk duniya shi ne manufar Mbeki na HIV/AIDS. Gwamnatinsa ba ta bullo da wani shiri na rigakafin kamuwa da cutar daga uwa zuwa ’ya’ya na kasa ba sai a shekara ta 2002, lokacin da Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta ba da umurni, kuma ba ta samar da maganin cutar kanjamau a tsarin kula da lafiyar jama’a ba har zuwa karshen shekarar 2003. Binciken da aka yi a baya ya yi kiyasin cewa wadannan jinkirin ya haifar da mutuwar daruruwan dubban da za a iya rigakafin su. [5][6] Shi kansa Mbeki, kamar ministan lafiyarsa Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, an bayyana shi a matsayin mai musun cutar AIDS, “mai adawa”, ko kuma mai shakka. Ko da yake bai fito fili ya musanta alaƙar da ke tattare da cutar kanjamau ba, amma sau da yawa yakan bayyana bukatar yin bincike kan wasu musabbabin da ke haifar da cutar kanjamau da sauran hanyoyin magance cutar kanjamau, inda ya nuna cewa rashin isasshen rigakafi shi ne sakamakon talauci kai tsaye.

Asalin siyasarsa ya fara ne a taron Polokwane na ANC a watan Disambar 2007, lokacin da Zuma ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin shugaban ANC. Duk da cewa wa'adinsa na shugaban kasa bai cika ba sai watan Yuni na shekarar 2009, amma a ranar 20 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2008 ya bayyana cewa zai yi murabus bisa bukatar kwamitin gudanarwa na jam'iyyar ANC na kasa. An fahimci hukuncin da jam'iyyar ANC ta yanke na "tuna" Mbeki na da nasaba da hukuncin da wata babbar kotu ta yanke a farkon wannan watan, inda mai shari'a Chris Nicholson ya yi zargin kutsawa cikin siyasa da bai dace ba a hukumar masu gabatar da kara ta kasa musamman kan zargin cin hanci da rashawa da ake yiwa Zuma. Kotun kolin daukaka kara ta soke hukuncin Nicholson a watan Janairun 2009, wanda a lokacin ne Kgalema Motlanthe ya maye gurbin Mbeki a matsayin shugaban kasa.

Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

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1942-60: Gabashin Cape

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An haifi Mbeki a ranar 18 ga watan Yunin 1942 a Mbewuleni, wani karamin kauye a tsohon mahaifar Transkei, wanda yanzu yana cikin Gabashin Cape. Na biyu cikin 'yan'uwa hudu, yana da 'yar'uwa daya, Linda (an haifi 1941, ya mutu 2003), da 'yan'uwa biyu, Moeletsi (an haifi 1945) da Jama (an haife shi 1948, ya mutu 1982) :[7][8] Iyayensa sune Epainette (ya mutu 2014), malami mai horarwa, da Govan (ya mutu 2001), mai shago, malami, ɗan jarida, kuma babban mai fafutuka a cikin National Congress Congress (ANC) da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACP). Dukansu Epainette da Govan sun fito ne daga masu ilimi, Kiristanci, iyalai masu mallakar ƙasa, kuma mahaifin Govan shine Sikelewu Mbeki, shugaban da aka naɗa a mulkin mallaka. Ma'auratan sun hadu a Durban, inda Epainette ta zama mace ta biyu baƙar fata ta shiga SACP (wanda har yanzu ake kira Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu); duk da haka, yayin da Mbeki yana yaro, danginsa sun rabu lokacin da Govan ya koma Ladismith shi kaɗai don aikin koyarwa.[7] Mbeki ya ce an haife shi cikin gwagwarmaya, kuma ya tuna cewa gidansa na ƙuruciya an ƙawata shi da hotunan Karl Marx da Mahatma Gandhi.[1][2] Govan ya ba shi sunan babban dan gurguzu na Afirka ta Kudu Thabo Mofutsanyana.[9]

Lovedale, inda Mbeki ya halarci makarantar sakandare, a cikin shekarun 1900.

Mbeki ya fara zuwa makaranta a 1948, a daidai wannan shekarar da aka zabi jam'iyyar National Party tare da ikon kafa dokar wariyar launin fata. dalibai. A Lovedale, ya kasance shekara a bayan Chris Hani, abokin aikinsa na gaba kuma abokin hamayyarsa a cikin ANC. 95  Mbeki ya shiga kungiyar matasan ANC yana da shekaru sha hudu, kuma a cikin 1958 ya zama sakataren reshen Lovedale. Ba da dadewa ba, a farkon shekararsa ta ƙarshe ta sakandare, an gano shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jagororin ƙauracewa karatu a watan Maris na 1959, kuma an kore shi a takaice daga Lovedale, Amma duk da haka ya zana jarrabawar matric kuma ya samu takardar kammala karatun digiri na biyu.

1960-62: Johannesburg

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A watan Yunin 1960, Mbeki ya koma Johannesburg, inda ya zauna a gidan babban sakataren jam'iyyar ANC Duma Nokwe, inda ya yi niyyar zana jarrabawar A-Level. Kwanan nan an dakatar da ANC bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Sharpeville, amma Mbeki ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani a siyasance, inda ya zama sakataren kungiyar daliban Afirka na kasa, sabuwar kungiyar matasa (kuma ba ta dadewa ba) da aka yi hasashen maye gurbin kungiyar matasan ANC ba bisa ka'ida ba. Hakanan a wannan lokacin ne Nokwe ya dauki Mbeki a cikin SACP. 129-48

Don haka jam'iyyar ANC ta umarce shi da ya shiga gungun 'yan sanda da ke barin Afirka ta Kudu don gujewa kulawar 'yan sanda, da samun horo, da kafa tsare-tsaren jam'iyyar ANC na fili wadanda a halin yanzu suka sabawa doka a cikin kasar. 'Yan sanda sun tsare Mbeki sau biyu a lokacin da yake yunkurin ficewa daga kasar, na farko a Rustenberg, lokacin da kungiyar da yake tafiya tare suka kasa ba da kansu a matsayin tawagar wasan kwallon kafa, sannan kuma a Rhodesia.169–70  Ya isa sabon hedkwatar jam'iyyar ANC a Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, a watan Nuwamba 1962, kuma ya tashi jim kadan zuwa Ingila.[1]: 174-75

Fitarwa da farkon aiki

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Govan Mbeki a lokacin harin da aka kai a gonar Liliesleaf, Yuli 1963.

1962-69: Ingila

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Yayin da yake a Sussex, Mbeki ya shiga cikin aikin ANC da kuma faffadar shiryawa don Harkar Anti-Apartheid ta Ingilishi. Watanni bayan isowarsa, an kama mahaifinsa a lokacin wani hari da Reshen Tsaro a Liliesleaf Farm a watan Yuli 1963. A lokacin gwajin Rivonia da ya biyo baya, Mbeki ya bayyana a gaban Kwamitin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) kan wariyar launin fata kuma daga baya ya jagoranci tafiya ta dalibi daga Brighton zuwa London, nisan mil hamsin. su Nelson Mandela da Walter Sisulu, an yanke musu hukuncin daurin rai da rai.

Mbeki ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki a watan Mayun 1965, amma bisa ga kwadaitar da O. R. Tambo ya yi, ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki da raya kasa maimakon ya koma Afirka ya shiga Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), reshen jam'iyyar ANC mai dauke da makamai. Dissertation na Jagoransa ya kasance a fannin tattalin arziki. 198, 223  Baya ga wannan da tsarinsa na siyasa, ya sami sha'awar kiɗan Yeats, Brecht, Shakespeare, da blues. Hedkwatar ANC ta Turanci.  251 Ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin SACP, wadda ke da kusanci da ANC, kuma a cikin 1967 aka nada shi a cikin kwamitin edita na mujallarta na hukuma, African Communist : 221.

A tsawon lokacinsa a Ingila, Mbeki ya kasance gundumar O.R. Tambo da matarsa ​​Adelaide Tambo - in babu iyayensa, Adelaide da babban dan gurguzu Michael Harmel ne suka halarci bikin yaye Mbeki a 1965. majiɓinci" har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1993. Sauran abokan Mbeki da ya yi a Ingila, ciki har da Ronnie Kasrils da 'yan'uwan Essop Pahad da Aziz Pahad, su ma suna cikin manyan abokan siyasarsa a cikin aikinsa na gaba.

1969-71: Tarayyar Soviet

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A watan Fabrairun 1969, an aika Mbeki zuwa birnin Moscow na Tarayyar Soviet don samun horon siyasa da akida na Marxist-Leninist - al'ada ce ta gama gari, har ma da tsarin tsagaita wuta, a tsakanin matasa da aka gano a matsayin na gaba na shugabannin siyasa na ANC da SACP. Ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Lenin, inda saboda sirrin da ake bukata, ya tafi da sunan "Jack Fortune". hankali, dabara, da makami. Duk da haka, marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa Mark Gevisser ya nuna cewa "ba shi ne wanda ya dace da rayuwar soja ba", kuma Max Sisulu, wanda ya yi horo tare da shi, ya ce a ko da yaushe yana daukar Mbeki a matsayin wanda ya fi dacewa da shugabancin siyasa fiye da shugabancin soja. 278-80

1971-75: Lusaka

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A watan Afrilun 1971, bayan da aka cire Mbeki daga horon soja, an aika da Mbeki zuwa Lusaka, Zambia, inda jam'iyyar ANC mai gudun hijira ta kafa sabuwar hedikwatarta a karkashin shugaban riko Tambo. Ya zama sakataren gudanarwa na majalisar juyin juya halin ANC, wata kungiya da aka kafa sabuwar kafa don daidaita kokarin siyasa da soja na ANC da SACP. Kwamitin.  296, 317  A wannan lokacin ne ya fara rubuta wasu daga cikin jawabai da rahotannin Tambo, sannan ya raka Tambo a lokuta masu muhimmanci, kamar ganawar da aka yi a watan Disamba 1972 da Mangosuthu Buthelezi, shugaban Inkatha, a Landan.  3 17. don kafa ofishin jam'iyyar ANC a Botswana, wanda ake ganin "kasa ce ta gaba" saboda iyakarta da Afirka ta Kudu, inda jam'iyyar ANC ke kokarin sake kafa karkashin kasa..

Ɗan'uwan Mbeki Moeletsi a Amsterdam a 1978, yana karɓar lambar yabo a madadin mahaifinsu. Fadar ta yi kira ga a saki Govan.

1975-76: Swaziland

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Tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1976, Mbeki ya taka rawar gani wajen kafa cibiyar sahun gaba na jam'iyyar ANC a kasar Swaziland. An fara aika shi zuwa wurin don tantance yanayin siyasa a watan Janairun 1975, a ƙarƙashin halartar taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan balaguron binciken, shi da abokin aikinsa Max Sisulu sun shafe lokaci tare da S'bu Ndebele, 'yar'uwar Max Lindiwe Sisulu, da abokansu a cikin Black Consciousness motsi, wanda a lokacin ya hau a makwabciyar Afirka ta Kudu. tushe. A Swaziland, ya zauna a gidan dangin Stanley Mabizela a Manzini. Aiki tare da Albert Dhlomo, Mbeki ne ke da alhakin taimakawa wajen sake kafa hanyoyin sadarwa na karkashin kasa na ANC a lardunan Natal da Transvaal na Afirka ta Kudu, wadanda ke kan iyaka da Swaziland. Takwaransa na Afirka ta Kudu shi ne dan takarar MK Jacob Zuma, wanda ke gudanar da kungiyar ta Natal karkashin kasa. A cewar Gevisser, ma'auratan sun samar da "kwakwalwar da ba za ta yiwu ba" 343-345  Mbeki shi ma yana da alhakin daukar sabbin jami'an MK, da hulda da dalibai da masu fafutuka na Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma yin hulda da Inkatha, wanda ya zama babba a Natal. 316–34 17

Sai dai kuma wani bangare na aikinsa shi ne zama wakilin jam'iyyar ANC a kasar, da kuma kulla kyakkyawar huldar diflomasiyya da gwamnatin Swazi. A cikin Maris 1976, gwamnati ta gano cewa Mbeki yana da hannu a ayyukan soji a cikin Swaziland, kuma shi da Dhlomo - da kuma Zuma, wanda ke cikin kasar ba bisa ka'ida ba - an tsare su sannan aka kore su, ko da yake sun yi nasarar yin shawarwarin korar su zuwa wani yanki mai tsaka-tsaki na Mozambique maimakon Afirka ta Kudu.[1] Rikici tsakaninsa da Mac Maharaj, wanda dangantakarsa ta yi tsami shekaru da yawa bayan haka. A cikin 1978, Maharaj da Mbeki sun yi gardama a wani babban taro na dabaru a Luanda, Angola, lokacin da Maharaj, wanda aka ba shi alhakin gudanar da harkokin siyasa a karkashin kasa, ya yi iƙirarin cewa bayanan Mbeki daga ofishin Swaziland “jandali ne kawai.” 348-49

1976-78: Najeriya

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Bayan an kore shi, Mbeki ya koma Lusaka, inda aka nada shi mataimakin Duma Nokwe a sashen yada labarai da yada farfagandar jam’iyyar ANC (DIP). A cikin Janairu 1977, an tura shi Legas, Najeriya, inda zai kasance - kamar a Swaziland - wakilin farko na ANC a kasar. Duk da cewa an yi ta cece-kuce kan ko nadin na nuni da cewa an yi watsi da shi a gefe, Gevisser ya ce Mbeki ya yi rawar gani a Legas, inda ya kulla kyakkyawar alaka da gwamnatin Olusegun Obasanjo tare da kafa jam’iyyar ANC domin kawar da ta abokin takararta na Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). 370–71, 384–85

1978-80: Sakataren Siyasa

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Lokacin da ya dawo Lusaka daga Legas a 1978, an sake ba shi girma: ya maye gurbin Nokwe a matsayin shugaban DIP, kuma a lokaci guda aka nada shi sakataren siyasa na Tambo, matsayi mai matukar tasiri wanda ya zama daya daga cikin manyan mashawarta da amintattun Tambo. Ya kuma ci gaba da rubuta fatalwa ga Tambo, yanzu yana aiki a hukumance.  385, 415  A DIP, tsarinsa ya cika da canjin da ya yi da sunan sashen, inda ya maye gurbin " farfaganda " da "jama'a". Ya nisanci sirrin shekarun baya kuma ya fito fili yayi hira da manema labarai na Amurka, don rashin amincewar wasu 'yan gurguzu masu tsaurin ra'ayi. A cewar majiyoyi daban-daban, shi ne ke da alhakin gyara martabar jama'a na ANC daga na kungiyar ta'addanci zuwa "gwamnati mai jiran gado : 394. [10]   Ya kafa wasu manyan cibiyoyin leken asiri na kansa, tare da manyan jami'an karkashin kasa suna ba da rahoto kai tsaye zuwa gare shi, kuma Gevisser ya yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan sun haifar da fara dangantaka da yawancin masu fafutuka na cikin gida waɗanda daga baya suka zama abokan siyasa. Haka kuma, shi ne ke da alhakin kirkiro wasu kalmomin da suka zama alamar gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata a shekarun 1980, wanda ya barke bayan boren Soweto na 1976. Ire-iren wadannan kalamai kamar "motsi na dimokuradiyya", "karfin jama'a", da kwadaitar da "mayar da kasa mulki" ana alakanta su da Mbeki, kuma sun samu karbuwa sosai a Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen Freedom da DIP ko Mbeki ya rubuta da kansa. hawa mulki a jam’iyyar ANC kuma daga karshe ya kai ga shugaban kasa. 415

A shekarar 1980 Mbeki ya jagoranci tawagar ANC zuwa kasar Zimbabwe, inda jam'iyyar ke fatan kulla alaka da sabuwar zababbiyar gwamnatin Robert Mugabe. Wannan manufa ce mai muhimmanci, domin a tarihi ANC ta kasance babbar kawance da kungiyar jama'ar Afirka ta Zimbabwe, babbar abokiyar hamayyar ZANU-PF ta Mugabe. Da yake aiki da farko ta hannun na hannun daman Mugabe, shugaban kasar Zimbabwe Emmerson Mnangagwa, Mbeki ya tattauna kan wata yarjejeniya ta musamman tsakanin ZANU-PF da ANC. Yarjejeniyar ta baiwa jam'iyyar ANC damar bude ofishi a kasar Zimbabwe da kuma tura makamai da 'yan kungiyar MK kan iyakokin Zimbabwe; Bugu da kari, ta sadaukar da sojojin Zimbabwe wajen taimakawa jam'iyyar ANC, da kuma gwamnati wajen baiwa 'yan MK takardun shaidar zama 'yan Zimbabwe. 434-36  Duk da haka, Mbeki ya mika ragamar ofishin Salisbury ga wani jami'in ANC, kuma daga baya yarjejeniyar ta ruguje.

1980s: Tattaunawa

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A cikin 1985, PW Botha ya ayyana dokar ta-baci kuma ya ba sojoji da 'yan sanda iko na musamman. A cikin 1986, Sojojin Afirka ta Kudu sun aika da wani kaftin a rundunar tsaron Afirka ta Kudu (SADF) don ya kashe Mbeki. An yi shirin sanya bam a gidansa da ke Lusaka, amma ‘yan sandan Zambiya sun kama wanda ya kashe shi kafin ya aiwatar da shirin.[11] Haka kuma a shekarar 1985, Mbeki ya zama daraktan Sashen Watsa Labarai da Watsa Labarai na Jam’iyyar ANC, tare da hada kan kamfen din diflomasiyya don shigar da karin fararen fata na Afirka ta Kudu cikin ayyukan yaki da wariyar launin fata. A shekarar 1989, ya samu mukamin shugaban sashen kula da harkokin kasa da kasa na jam'iyyar ANC, ya kuma shiga cikin tattaunawar da jam'iyyar ANC ke yi da gwamnatin Afrika ta Kudu. Mbeki ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen mayar da kafafen yada labarai na duniya yaki da wariyar launin fata. Da yake daukaka martabar diflomasiyya ta ANC, Mbeki ya kasance wurin tuntubar gwamnatocin kasashen waje da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kuma ya yi matukar nasara a wannan matsayi. Mbeki ya kuma taka rawa a matsayin jakada a ci gaba da kwararowar wakilai daga manyan sassan Afirka ta Kudu. Wadannan sun hada da malamai, malamai, 'yan kasuwa da wakilan kungiyoyin fararen fata masu sassaucin ra'ayi wadanda suka je Lusaka don tantance ra'ayoyin jam'iyyar ANC game da dimokiradiyya, Afirka ta Kudu mai 'yanci.

Ana ganin Mbeki a matsayin mai fa'ida, mai iya magana, mai hankali, kuma ɗan birni. An san shi da salon diflomasiyya da natsuwa. A farkon shekarun 1980 ne Tambo ta nada Mbeki da Jacob Zuma da kuma Aziz Pahad don gudanar da tattaunawar sirri da wakilan gwamnatin jam'iyyar ta kasa. An gudanar da tarurruka goma sha biyu tsakanin ɓangarorin a tsakanin Nuwamba 1987 da Mayu 1990, yawancinsu sun yi a Mells Park House, wani gidan ƙasa kusa da Bath a Somerset, Ingila. A watan Satumba na 1989, tawagar ta sadu da Maritz Spaarwater da Mike Louw a asirce a wani otal a Switzerland. Wanda aka fi sani da "Operation Flair", an sanar da PW Botha game da duk tarurrukan. A sa'i daya kuma, Mandela da Kobie Coetzee, ministan shari'a, sun yi wata tattaunawa ta sirri. Lokacin da Mbeki ya samu damar komawa gida Afirka ta Kudu a karshe kuma ya sake haduwa da mahaifinsa, dattijo Mbeki ya shaida wa wani dan jarida cewa, "Ku tuna cewa Thabo Mbeki ba dana ba ne, abokina ne!" Wani labarin ya nuna cewa wannan abin alfahari ne, yana mai bayanin cewa, "Ga Govan Mbeki, ɗa wani abu ne kawai na halitta, wanda ake kira abokin tarayya, a daya bangaren, shi ne mafi girma." [12]

A karshen shekarun 1970, Mbeki ya yi tafiye-tafiye da dama zuwa Amurka domin neman tallafi tsakanin kamfanonin Amurka. Mai karatu da ban dariya, ya yi abokai da yawa a birnin New York. An nada Mbeki a matsayin shugaban sashen yada labarai na jam’iyyar ANC a shekarar 1984, sannan ya zama shugaban sashen kasa da kasa a shekarar 1989, inda ya yi rahoton kai tsaye ga Oliver Tambo, wanda shi ne shugaban jam’iyyar ANC a lokacin. Tambo ya kasance mai baiwa Mbeki shawara na dogon lokaci. A shekarar 1985, Mbeki na cikin tawagar da ta fara ganawa a asirce da wakilan 'yan kasuwar Afirka ta Kudu, kuma a shekarar 1989, ya jagoranci tawagar ANC da ta gudanar da tattaunawar sirri da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu. Tattaunawar ta kai ga dakatar da ANC da kuma sakin fursunonin siyasa. Ya kuma halarci da yawa daga cikin muhimman shawarwarin da aka yi tsakanin jam'iyyar ANC da gwamnati wanda a karshe ya kai ga tabbatar da dimokuradiyyar Afirka ta Kudu.[13] A matsayin alamar kyakkyawar niyya, de Klerk ya saki wasu daga cikin manyan shugabannin ANC a ƙarshen 1989, daga cikinsu Govan Mbeki.

Hawan zuwa shugabancin

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A ranar 2 ga Fabrairun 1990, magajin Botha a matsayin shugaban jihar, F.W. de Klerk, ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba za a dakatar da ANC da sauran kungiyoyin siyasa ba, kuma 'yan gudun hijirar ANC sun fara komawa Afirka ta Kudu. A daidai lokacin da ake shirin yin shawarwarin kawo karshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, dole ne ANC ta aiwatar da wani gagarumin shiri na cikin gida, tare da shigar da jam'iyyar ANC mai gudun hijira a karkashin kasa, da sakin fursunonin siyasa, da sauran masu fafutuka daga kungiyoyin kwadago da United Democratic Front. Har ila yau, yana da shugabanci na tsufa, ma'ana cewa dole ne a shirya sababbin shugabannin don maye gurbin.[14]

1993: Shugaban ANC

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A karshen shekarun 1980 zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, muhimmiyar rawar da Mbeki ya taka a tattaunawar farko ta sa ya zama mai yiyuwar tsayawa takarar manyan mukamai a jam'iyyar, har ma an dauke shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar ANC. [14] Duk da haka, a taron kasa na ANC karo na 48 a watan Yulin 1991, taron zaɓe na kasa na farko tun 1960, ba a zaɓi Mbeki a kowane matsayi na shugabanni na "Top Shida". An zabi Sisulu mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar ANC, kusan a matsayin dan takara mai sassaucin ra'ayi, kuma an zabi Cyril Ramaphosa na kungiyar kwadago a matsayin babban sakatare.[1] A cewar masanin tarihi Tom Lodge, zaben Ramaphosa wani shiri ne da "reshen cikin gida" na jam'iyyar ya yi, wanda ya sabawa tsoffin 'yan gudun hijira da fursunonin siyasa wadanda suka mamaye shugabancin ANC. [14] A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, Ramaphosa kuma ya zo ne domin ya kifar da Mbeki a matsayin babban mai shiga tsakani na jam'iyyar lokacin da aka nada shi, ba Mbeki ba, ya jagoranci tawagar ANC a tattaunawar CODESA. Da zarar an kashe shugaban SACP Chris Hani a watan Afrilun 1993, Ramaphosa ya zama gasar farko ta Mbeki a yakin neman zaben ANC. [14] Lokacin da Tambo ya mutu daga baya a wannan watan, Mbeki ya gaji shi a matsayin shugaban kasa na ANC.[15]

1994: Mataimakin shugaban kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Bayan zabukan 1994, wanda shi ne na farko a Afirka ta Kudu a karkashin zaɓen duniya, Mbeki ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mataimakan shugaban ƙasa guda biyu a gwamnatin haɗin kan ƙasa da ANC ke jagoranta, inda Mandela ya kasance shugaban ƙasa. A babban taron kasa na ANC na gaba, wanda aka gudanar a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, an zabi Mbeki ba tare da hamayya ba a mataimakin shugaban ANC, shi ma a karkashin Mandela. [16] A watan Yunin 1996, jam'iyyar National Party ta fice daga gwamnatin hadin kan kasa kuma, tare da mataimakin na biyu, de Klerk, bayan da ya yi murabus, Mbeki ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasa tilo.

A wannan shekarar, a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa, Mbeki ya kasance mai samar da zaman lafiya a wani yanki da ake kira Zaire a lokacin, bayan yakin Kongo na farko da kuma tsige shugaban kasar Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko. [17] Mbeki ya kuma kara daukar nauyin ayyukan cikin gida, ciki har da ikon zartarwa da Mandela ya waka masa, ta yadda Mandela ya kira shi "shugaban gaskiya". [18] Mandela ya bayyana a fili tun farkon 1995 ko a baya cewa ya yi niyyar yin ritaya bayan wa'adi daya a ofis, kuma a lokacin an riga an ga Mbeki a matsayin magajinsa.

1997: Shugaban ANC

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Disambar 1997, babban taron jam'iyyar ANC karo na 50 ya zabi Mbeki ba tare da hamayya ba ya gaji Mandela a matsayin shugaban ANC. A wasu bayanai, ba a fafata a zaben ba saboda manyan shugabannin sun shirya tsaf domin gudanar da taron, suna ta kai ruwa rana da yin shawarwari a madadin Mbeki domin samun hadin kai da ci gaba.[19] Dangane da Zaben kasa na 1999, wanda ANC ta lashe da rinjaye, an zabi Mbeki a matsayin shugaban Afirka ta Kudu. An sake zabarsa a karo na biyu a shekara ta 2002.

Shugabancin Afirka ta Kudu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Manufofin tattalin arziki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan matakan 1997, babban taron jam'iyyar ANC karo na 50 ya zabi Mbeki ba tare da sanin ba ya gaji Mandela a matsayin shugaban ANC. A wasu bayanan, ba a fafata a zaben ba saboda manyan sun shirya tsaf domin da taron, suna ta kai ruwa rana da yin madadin a madadin Mbeki domin samun hadin kai da ci gaba. [20][21] Idan aka kwatanta da manufofin Shirin Sake Ginawa da Ci Gaba wanda ya kasance ginshikin dandalin ANC a cikin 1994, GEAR ya ba da fifiko ga ci gaba da sake rarrabawa, kuma ya ba da kuɗin shiga ga abubuwa na sassaucin ra'ayi, rarrabuwar kawuna, da keɓancewa a tsakiyar gyare-gyaren salon Yarjejeniyar Washington.[21] Saboda haka wasu sun kalli shi a matsayin "canjin manufofi" da kuma rungumar Neoliberalism, kuma ta haka ne a matsayin watsi da ka'idodin kwaminisanci na ANC.[22][20][21] Mbeki ya kuma jaddada sadarwa tsakanin gwamnati, kasuwanci, da ma'aikata, inda ya kafa kungiyoyin aiki hudu - na manyan 'yan kasuwa, bakar fata, kungiyoyin kwadago, da harkokin noma - wanda ministoci, manyan jami'ai, da Mbeki da kansa ya gana akai-akai tare da shugabannin 'yan kasuwa da na kungiyoyi don gina amincewa da gano hanyoyin magance matsalolin tattalin arziki.

Mbeki yayi magana da masu neman ƙasa na Gundumar shida a Cape Town, 2001.

Kungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kamar Cibiyar Cato sun yaba da manufofin tattalin arziki na Mbeki, wanda ya rage karancin kasafin kuɗi da bashin jama'a kuma wanda a cewar su mai yiwuwa ya taka rawar gani wajen kara ci gaban tattalin arziki.[23][24] A cewar Gidauniyar Kasuwanci ta Kyau, a lokacin shugabancin Mbeki, matsakaicin ci gaban GDP na shekara-shekara ya kasance 4.2%, kuma matsakaicin hauhawar farashin shekara-sheko ya kasance 5.7%.[24] A gefe guda, canjin ya ware masu hagu, ciki har da ciki a cikin ANC da Tripartite Alliance . [21] Zwelinzima Vavi na Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu (COSATU) ta kasance mai sukar manufofin tattalin arziki na "kasuwa" na Mbeki, yana mai da'awar cewa "kwarkwasa" da Mbeki ya kasance "mummunan bala'i" ga ci gaba, musamman ga ci gaban da ake bukata don magance yawan rashin aikin yi a Afirka ta Kudu. Rikicin da ke tsakanin Mbeki da na hagu ya fito fili ne a watan Disambar 2002, lokacin da Mbeki ya kai hari kan abin da ya kira "masu ra'ayin gurguzu" a jawabin da ya yi a taron kasa na ANC karo na 51. [25]

Koyaya, a bayyane yake, Mbeki bai taɓa yin rajista ga neoliberalism ba tare da an cire shi ba. Ya riƙe shirye-shirye da ka'idojin dimokuradiyya daban-daban, kuma gabaɗaya ya amince da tattalin arziki a Afirka ta Kudu.[20] Ya yada manufar tattalin arziki mai nisa ko biyu a Afirka ta Kudu, tare da rashin ci gaba mai tsanani a wani bangare na yawan jama'a, kuma, alal misali a cikin wata jarida ta 2003, ya yi iƙirarin cewa babban ci gaba shi kaɗai zai amfanar da ɓangaren da ya ci gaba, ba tare da wani gagarumin fa'ida ga sauran jama'a ba.[26] Amma duk da haka, a ɗan daƙiƙa, ya fito fili ya ba da shawarar goyan bayan ƙasa don ƙirƙirar aji na ɗan jari hujja a Afirka ta Kudu. An soki manufofin baƙar fata na gwamnatin baƙar fata na ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙin, wanda aka faɗaɗa tare da ƙarfafawa a ƙarƙashin gwamnatinsa, an soki shi daidai don cin gajiyar ƙananan ƙwararrun baƙar fata kawai don haka ya kasa magance rashin daidaito..[21]

Manufofin kasashen waje

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Mbeki tare da Shugaban Amurka George W. Bush a Fadar White House, Yuni 2001.
Mbeki tare da Shugaban Rasha Vladimir Putin, Firayim Minista na Kanada Jean Chrétien da Firayim Ministan Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad a watan Yunin 2003.
  1. ↑ "Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki, Mr". Government Communication and Information System (GCIS). 14 October 2004. Archived from the original on 16 April 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
  2. ↑ "South Africa: Three decades, two ex-presidents, one election".
  3. ↑ Landsberg, Chris (2007-06-18). "The AU, Nepad and Mbeki's 'progressive African agenda'". The Mail & Guardian (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  4. ↑ Olivier, Gerrit (2003). "Is Thabo Mbeki Africa's Saviour?". International Affairs. 79 (4): 815–828. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.00338. ISSN 0020-5850. JSTOR 3569575.
  5. ↑ Nattrass, Nicoli (2008-02-07). "AIDS and the Scientific Governance of Medicine in Post-Apartheid South Africa". African Affairs. 107 (427): 157–176. doi:10.1093/afraf/adm087.
  6. ↑ Chigwedere, Pride; Seage, George R.; Gruskin, Sofia; Lee, Tun-Hou; Essex, M. (2008-12-01). "Estimating the lost benefits of antiretroviral drug use in South Africa". Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 49 (4): 410–415. doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e31818a6cd5. ISSN 1525-4135. PMID 19186354. S2CID 11458278.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Gevisser, Mark (2014-06-07). "The world of Epainette Mbeki: A mother and a comrade to the end". The Mail & Guardian (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-02-05.
  8. ↑ "Mbeki's sister dies at 61". News24 (in Turanci). 2003-03-17. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
  9. ↑ Ejigiri, Damien (2014). "Govan Mbeki, Colin Bundy". Africa Today. 60 (4): 89–91. doi:10.2979/africatoday.60.4.89. ISSN 0001-9887. JSTOR 10.2979/africatoday.60.4.89. S2CID 140881911.
  10. ↑ McGreal, Chris (1999-06-18). "The great persuader steps out of Mandela's shadow". The Mail & Guardian (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-02-05.
  11. ↑ Ross Webb (2019-03-24). "NZ's South African community needs to stop peddling the myth of white genocide". The Spinoff.
  12. ↑ Gevisser, Mark (2001). "ANC was his family, the struggle was his life". Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 1 October 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  13. ↑ Office of the Deputy Executive President (13 September 1996). "Biography of Thabo Mbeki". ANC. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Lodge, Tom (1993). "Thabo Mbeki and Cyril Ramaphosa: Crown Princes to Nelson Mandela's Throne". World Policy Journal. 10 (3): 65–71. ISSN 0740-2775. JSTOR 40209320.
  15. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  16. ↑ "49th National Conference: National Executive Committee as elected at Conference". ANC (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-12-04.
  17. ↑ Ozkan, Mehmet (2013). "When a Giant became a 'Reluctant Peacekeeper': South Africa and Peacekeeping Operations between 1994–2003". Insight on Africa. 5 (2): 129–138. doi:10.1177/0975087813515980. ISSN 0975-0878. S2CID 153939580.
  18. ↑ "1997 Conference, leadership dynamics and Presidential transition". Nelson Mandela: The Presidential Years (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-12-10.
  19. ↑ Lodge, Tom (1998). "The ANC's 50th Conference: A House of Many Mansions?". Southern Africa Report. 13 (2). Archived from the original on 2014-07-14.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Webster, Edward (2020-06-01). "Inequality, the pitfalls, and the promise of liberation in Africa". African Review of Economics and Finance. 12 (1): 293–298.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Vale, Peter; Barrett, Georgina (2009-12-01). "The curious career of an African modernizer: South Africa's Thabo Mbeki". Contemporary Politics. 15 (4): 445–460. doi:10.1080/13569770903416521. ISSN 1356-9775. S2CID 144117346.
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Bond-2004
  23. ↑ Tupy, Marian L. (2008-09-22). "Mbeki's Legacy". Cato Institute. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Nolutshungu, Temba A. (2019-05-06). "A tale of two eras: Mandela/Mbeki vs Zuma/Ramaphosa administrations". Free Market Foundation (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-02-04.[permanent dead link]
  25. ↑ Battersby, John (2002-12-20). "ANC gets tough on Reds in its bed". IOL (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-12-10.
  26. ↑ "Mbeki slams 'neo-liberal' market ideology". IOL (in Turanci). 2003-10-31. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
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