The Bird in Borrowed Feathers

The Bird in Borrowed Feathers
Asali
Mawallafi	Aesop (en)
Asalin suna	Κολοιός και όρνεα
Characteristics
Harshe	Ancient Greek (mul)

Hankakar da Melchior d' Hondecoeter ya fallasa (kimanin 1680), mai a kan zane, 170.2 × 211.5 cm., Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha Mai Kyau, Houston

Tsuntsun da aka aro daga gashin fuka-fukai tatsuniya ce na asalin Girkanci na gargajiya wanda yawanci ake dangantawa da Aesop . Ya wanzu a cikin nau'ikan daban-daban daban-daban tsakanin wannan lokacin da Zamanin Tsakiya, tare da lakabi daban-daban kuma gabaɗaya ya shafi membobin dangin corvid . Darasin da za a koya daga gare shi ya bambanta, ya danganta da mahallin da aka ba shi. Karin magana da yawa sun samo asali ne daga tatsuniyar.

Babban bambance-bambancen

Duk da cewa cikakkun bayanai game da tatsuniyar koyaushe suna da bambance-bambance, manyan nau'ikan guda biyu an watsa su zuwa al'adun Turai a zamanin yau. Na farko daga cikinsu galibi ana samun su ne a cikin tushen Girkanci kuma lambarsa ta 101 a cikin Perry Index . Yana magana ne game da dawwama ko hankaka wanda ke sanye da gashin fuka-fukan wasu tsuntsaye kafin ya yi gogayya da su, sai kawai masu su su gane su kuma su kwace su; a wasu nau'ikan duk gashin fuka-fukansa ana cire su. Darasin da za a koya shi ne cewa kayan aron da aka aro yana kawo wulakanci.

Sigar ta biyu ta samo asali ne daga tarin Latin na Phaedrus kuma tana da lamba 472 a cikin Perry Index. A cikin wannan akwai jackdaw (ko jay a cikin Labarin Caxton) wanda ya sami wasu gashin tsuntsun dawisu ya manne su a tsakanin nasa, ya kalli irinsa ya haɗu da dawisu. Lokacin da suka fahimci cewa mai kutse ba ɗaya daga cikinsu ba ne, sai suka kai masa hari, suka kwace kayan adon da aka aro suka bar jackdaw ɗin ya yi ruɗani har abokansa suka ƙi shi. Ɗabi'ar labarin ba shine a kai sama da inda mutum yake ba. Wasu nau'ikan zamanin da suna da cikakkun bayanai daban-daban. A cikin littafin Odo na Cheriton, an gaya wa hankaka yana jin kunyar munin sa kuma gaggafa ta ba shi shawarar ya aro gashin fuka-fukai daga sauran tsuntsayen, amma lokacin da ta fara zagin su gaggafa ta ba da shawarar tsuntsayen su dawo da gashin fuka-fukan su. Tarihin Froissart yana da wani Friar John yana ba shugabannin coci shawara cewa mallakarsu ta dogara ne akan masu mulki na wucin gadi kuma yana kwatanta darasin da labarin tsuntsu wanda aka haifa ba tare da gashin fuka-fukai ba har sai sauran tsuntsayen sun yanke shawarar samar masa da wasu nasu. Lokacin da ya fara yin alfahari da girman kai, suna barazanar mayar da gashin fuka-fukan su.

Misalin Harrison Weir na The Vain Jackdaw, 1881

Irin waɗannan labaran sun yi magana ne game da nau'ikan alfahari daban-daban kuma sun haifar da kalmar Latin mai suna esopus graculus (jackdaw na Aesop) wanda Erasmus ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa na Adagia . Amma an kuma yi amfani da labarin don yin barkwanci ga masu satar bayanai a zamanin gargajiya. A cikin ɗaya daga cikin Wasiƙunsa, mawaƙin Romawa Horace ya yi nuni ga sigar Girkanci ta tatsuniyar lokacin da yake magana game da mawaƙin Celsus, wanda aka shawarce shi da kada ya aro daga wasu 'don kada, idan akwai yiwuwar garken tsuntsaye su zo su nemi gashin fuka-fukansu, shi, kamar yadda aka cire masa launin da aka sace, ya fuskanci ba'a.' A wannan ma'anar ne kuma babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Robert Greene ya kai wa matashin William Shakespeare hari a matsayin 'hankaka mai tasowa, wanda aka ƙawata shi da gashin fuka-fukanmu'.

Lokacin da Jean de la Fontaine ya daidaita labarin a cikin littafinsa na Fables Choisies (IV.9), sigar Latin ce ta tsuntsu da aka ɓoye a matsayin dawisu wanda ya zaɓa, amma ya bi Horace wajen amfani da shi ga 'The human jay: the shameless purgiarist'. Sigar kyauta ta John Matthews, mai fassara Turancinsa, ta ƙara haɓaka shawarar sosai:

Idan ka yi nazari sosai kan mutanen da ke cikin quill ɗin

Kuma ku nemi kayan da aka sace masu idanu masu kaifi,

Daukar waɗannan daga shafukan kundin su wanda ya cika,

Manyan quartos za su ragu zuwa ƙaramin girma.

Duk da haka, lokacin da aka sake rubuta tatsuniyar La Fontaine don ta dace da wani sanannen labari a ƙarni na 18 Nouvelles Poésies Spirituelles et Morales sur les plus beaux airs, an mayar da hankali kan sanya tufafi sama da matsayin mutum.

Sigar Latin ce ma ta dogara ga kalmar "ƙawata kanka (ko strut) a cikin furannin da aka aro", wadda aka yi amfani da ita wajen nuna cewa ba komai ba ne. Wannan ya bayyana a fili ta hanyar ambaton gashin tsuntsu na peacock a cikin harshen Italiyanci, Vestirsi con le penne del pavone .

Daga cikin nau'ikan tatsuniyar Rasha, Alexander Sumarokov ya nuna kite a shekarar 1760, inda ya kwatanta shi da wani mutum mai tawali'u wanda ya sami damar wadatar da kansa da cin hanci kuma yanzu yana ɗaukar kansa a matsayin daidai da manyan mutane. An sanya wa bambancin Ivan Krylov taken "Kaka" kuma ya haifar da kalmomi biyu a cikin Rashanci (bayan jimloli biyu daban-daban a ciki): "Na bar hankaka, amma bai haɗu da dawisu ba" (От ворон отстала, а к павам не пристала) da "Babu dawisu ko hankaka" (Ни пава, ни ворона). Yayin da yake kusantar tatsuniyar tun farko, Krylov ya ƙare da faɗaɗa amfani da misalin ɗan adam na 'yar ɗan kasuwa ta auri mai daraja kuma ba ta dace da iyalinsa ko nata ba.

Amfani da fasaha

Tatsuniya ta shafi Napoleon a cikin zane mai ban dariya na siyasa

A ƙarni na 17, lokacin da zane-zane suka shahara a gida amma dole ne a tabbatar da su ta hanyar ɗauke da saƙon ɗabi'a, mai zane-zanen ƙasar Holland Melchior d'Hondecoeter ya aiwatar da aƙalla nau'i biyu na tatsuniyar Girkanci inda nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa ke kai hari a farkon alfijir. An bi shi a shekara ta 1719 ta hannun Pieter Casteels III, wanda "Fable of the Hankaka" ya nuna tarin tsuntsaye masu launuka masu haske suna saukowa don kai hari. Mawakan Ingila waɗanda suka sami tasiri daga yadda suka yi wa batun sun haɗa da George Lance, wanda "Jackdaw mai ban sha'awa da aka cire masa gashinsa da aka aro" ya sami yabo sosai lokacin da ya nuna shi a Cibiyar Burtaniya a shekara ta 1828. A ƙarni na 20, ƙirar Edward Bawden ta wannan fannin ta ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu masu ban mamaki, gami da aku da flamingoes.

Zane-zane da yawa na tatsuniyoyi na La Fontaine suna bin jigogi iri ɗaya, ciki har da sigar yanke katako ta Kano Tomo-nobou ta Japan da aka buga daga Tokyo a shekarar 1894. Zane-zanen siyasa na murnar shan kayen Napoleon suma suna nuna wannan hoton, tare da sarakuna masu gashin fuka-fukai da sarakuna suna kwace masa kayan ado. Akwai wani zanen katako na Japan da Kawanabe Kyosai ya yi a baya a cikin jerin Isoho Monogotari (1870–80) wanda ke nuna dawisu suna kai hari ga hankaka mai sujada. Gabaɗaya, mai zane ya dogara ne akan zane-zanen John Tenniel na tatsuniyoyi don fassarorinsa, amma a wannan yanayin, rubutun yayi kama da hoton da ke cikin bugu na Croxall na 1814.