The Dog and Its Reflection

The Dog and Its Reflection
Asali
Mawallafi	Aesop (mul)
Asalin suna	Κύων κρέας φέρουσα
Characteristics
Genre (en)	fable (en)
Harshe	Ancient Greek (en)
Description
Ɓangaren	Aesop's Fables (en)

Tatsuniya kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin dabbobin daji na zamanin da

The Dog and Its Reflection (ko Inuwa a cikin fassarar da ta gabata) yana ɗaya daga cikin Tatsuniyoyi na Aesop kuma an ƙidaya shi a lamba 133 a cikin Perry Index . An sake ba da labarin asalin Girkanci a cikin Latin kuma ta wannan hanyar an bazu shi a duk faɗin Turai, yana koyar da darasin gamsuwa da abin da mutum ke da shi kuma kada a bar abu don inuwa. Akwai kuma nau'ikan labarin Indiyawa. Ɗabi'un da ke ƙarshen tatsuniyoyi sun ba da karin magana na Ingilishi da Faransanci kuma an yi amfani da labarin a cikin yanayi daban-daban na zamantakewa.

Tatsuniya

Karen da ke ɗauke da naman da aka sace yana kallon ƙasa yayin da yake tafiya kusa da ko ya ketare rafi sai ya ga nasa tunanin a cikin ruwa. Idan aka ɗauki hakan a matsayin wani kare da ke ɗauke da wani abu mafi kyau, sai ya buɗe bakinsa ya kai wa "ɗayan" hari, sannan ya faɗi abin da yake ɗauke da shi. Alamar tsufa da shaharar wannan labarin an bayar da ita ta hanyar ambato a cikin aikin masanin falsafar Democritus na ƙarni na 5 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Da yake tattaunawa kan sha'awar ɗan adam ta wauta don ƙari, maimakon gamsuwa da abin da mutum yake da shi, ya bayyana shi a matsayin "kamar kare a cikin tatsuniyar Aesop".

Akwai kuma nau'ikan tatsuniyoyi da yawa na Latin, kuma daga ƙarshe labarin ya shiga cikin labaran dabbobi na zamanin da. Littafin Aberdeen Bestiary, wanda aka rubuta kuma aka haskaka a Ingila a kusan shekara ta 1200 (duba sama), ya yi iƙirarin cewa "Idan kare ya yi iyo a kan kogi yana ɗauke da nama ko wani abu makamancin haka a bakinsa, kuma ya ga inuwarsa, sai ya buɗe bakinsa, kuma cikin gaggawa ya kama ɗayan naman, sai ya rasa wanda yake ɗauke da shi".

Littafin The Kare and the Inuwa na Edwin Landseer, 1822

Duk da cewa bayanin labarin ya kasance iri ɗaya, wasu bayanai sun canza a tsawon lokaci. Ana kiran tatsuniya a cikin majiyoyin Girkanci a matsayin "Karen da ke ɗauke da nama" bayan kalmomin farko (Κύων κρέας φέρουσα), kuma ɗabi'ar da aka zana a wurin ya kamata a gamsu da abin da mutum ke da shi. Majiyoyin Latin sau da yawa suna jaddada gaskiyar cewa an kama karen ta hanyar tunani (simulacrum) a cikin ruwa, tare da ƙarin ɗabi'ar rashin ɗaukarsa ta hanyar bayyanarsa.

Wasu kalmomi da ake amfani da su wajen nufin tunani sun ba da gudummawa ga taken madadin tatsuniya, "Kare da Inuwarsa". A cikin sigar Latin ta Walter na Ingila, Odo na Cheriton da Aesop na Heinrich Steinhöwel, misali, ana amfani da kalmar umbra . A wancan lokacin yana iya nufin tunani da inuwa, kuma ita ce kalmar ƙarshe da William Caxton ya fi so, wanda ya yi amfani da na Steinhöwel a matsayin tushen tarin tatsuniyoyi nasa na 1384. Duk da haka, John Lydgate, a cikin sake ba da labarin tatsuniya a farkon ƙarni, ya yi amfani da "reflexion" maimakon. A cikin sigar Faransanci ta labarin, La Fontaine ya ba shi taken Le chien qui lâche sa proie pour l'ombre (Karen da ya bar abin farautarsa don inuwarsa VI.17), inda ombre yana da irin wannan rashin tabbas na ma'ana.

Bayan haka, musamman ma a ƙarni na 19, fifikon Ingilishi shine amfani da kalmar inuwa a cikin taken tatsuniya. A wannan lokacin ma, an nuna karen a matsayin wanda ya hango kansa a cikin ruwa yayin da yake ketare gada. An nuna shi sosai a cikin zanen Paul de Vos a cikin Museo del Prado, wanda ya fara daga 1638/40, da kuma wanda Edwin Henry Landseer ya nuna, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da The Kare and the Inuwa (1822), a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert . Masu sukar La Fontaine sun nuna cewa karen ba zai iya ganin haskensa ba idan yana yin iyo ko iyo a kan rafin, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin majiyoyin da suka gabata, don haka ketare gada zai zama dole don yin hakan. Duk da haka, an riga an shigar da gada cikin labarin Norman-French na ƙarni na 12 game da Marie de France kuma daga baya Lydgate zai bi ta wajen ba da wannan bayanin. Dukansu sun bi wani nau'i wanda yake kama da cuku maimakon nama da kare ke ɗauke da shi.

Sinadaran Indiya

Misalin labarin Gabas daga Kalila da Dimna

An saka wani labari kusa da na Aesop a cikin littattafan addinin Buddha kamar Calladhanuggaha Jataka, inda wani dila mai ɗauke da nama ya yi tafiya a gefen kogi ya nutse bayan kifin da ya gani yana iyo a can. Da ya dawo daga farautarsa da ba ta yi nasara ba, dila ya sami ungulu ta kama wani abin farautarsa. Wani bambancin da ya samo asali daga wannan shine labarin "Dila da Gundumar Nama" wanda aka danganta ga Bidpai . A can wani dila yana kan hanyarsa ta komawa gida da naman lokacin da ya ga wasu kaji kuma ya yanke shawarar farautar ɗaya daga cikinsu; kite ne da ke tashi da naman da aka bari a wannan sigar.

Ɗabi'un karin magana

A cikin sake ba da labarin, Lydgate ya zana darasin cewa wanda "Duk wanda ya yi kwadayi, sau da yawa yakan rasa duka", Ya kuma faɗi cewa wannan "tsohon karin magana ne" wanda, hakika, a cikin siffar "Duk wanda ya yi kwadayi, duk ya yi hasara", daga baya aka ambato shi a matsayin ɗabi'ar tatsuniya ta Roger L'Estrange .

Jean de la Fontaine ya fara sigar tatsuniyar da ɗabi'ar da ta nuna kafin ya ci gaba zuwa ɗan gajeren labarin. Ma'anar ita ce kada a ɗauke ta da kamanni, kamar karen da ya kai hari ga tunaninsa ya faɗa cikin ruwa. Yayin da yake ƙoƙarin yin iyo zuwa bakin teku, ya sassauta riƙonsa ga ganimarsa kuma ya rasa "inuwa da abu duka". Wani karin magana mai kama da aka samo daga taken: Lâcher sa proie pour l'ombre (bayar da ganimar don inuwa).

Duk da haka, lokacin da aka yi amfani da wannan karin magana a cikin ƙamus na kalmomin gallici, an ba shi fassarar Turanci, "don yin hadaya da abu don inuwa", wanda ya dogara ne akan adawar karin magana tsakanin inuwa da abu da aka samu a cikin sigar Turanci na tatsuniyoyi. Aphra Behn, a cikin taƙaita sigar zane-zane ta Francis Barlow ta 1687 ta "Kare da Yanka na Nama", ta haɗu da tsohuwar karin magana da sabon:

Curr mai fatan alheri ya girma yana da kwadayi ga kowa.

Don kama Inuwa sai abu ya faɗi.

A cikin dangantakar Roger L'Estrange na "The Dog and a Inuwa", "He Chops at the Inuwa and Loses the Substance"; Brooke Boothby, a cikin fassarar tatsuniyoyi na Phaedrus, ya rufe waƙar "The Dog and his Inuwa" da layin "Kuma inuwa da abu duka an tashi". Karin maganar da aka yi amfani da ita a matsayin "Ka kama inuwa ka rasa abu" a cikin wani ƙamus na baya-bayan nan.

Wani marubuci, Walter Pope a cikin tatsuniyoyinsa na ɗabi'a da siyasa, na da da na zamani (1698), ya ba da shawarar cewa karin maganar, "Tsuntsu a hannu yana da daraja biyu a cikin daji", za a iya amfani da ita ga rashin kyawun hukuncin kare.

Madadin aikace-aikace

Karen yana iyo a cikin bugun Hieronymus Osius na 1564

Littattafan tambarin ƙarni na 16 sun yi amfani da zane-zane don koyar da darussa na ɗabi'a ta hanyar hoton kawai, amma wani lokacin ana samun ambato na zane-zane ga tatsuniyoyi masu amfani wajen ba da ɗan haske game da ma'anarsu. Don haka a cikin Littafin Tambayoyi (1586), mawaƙin Ingila Geoffrey Whitney ya ba wa misalin tatsuniyoyi taken Latin Mediocribus utere partis (Yi amfani da matsakaicin abu) da sharhi a cikin waƙar da ke tare da shi,

Wanda ya ji sa'a ya raba gadon gado,

Duk da haka, yana ba wa kowane mutum abin da yake so:

Wannan ƙarfin da ke girgiza, wanda ke fatan samun makoma mafi kyau,

Kuma ba tare da gamsuwa ba, muryarsa tana raina shi,

Maie vainlie clime, amma wataƙila har yanzu tana faɗuwa,

Kuma ku rayu tsawon lokaci tare da rashin Maine da komai.

Wasu kuma sun yi amfani da batun gamsuwa da abin da mutum ya riga ya mallaka ta hanyar alama. Sun haɗa da sigar Latin ta tatsuniyar Gabriele Faerno, wanda De Canis & Caro ya yi gargaɗin kada a fifita rashin tabbas fiye da tabbatacce ( Ne incerta certis anteponantur ); Hieronymus Osius, tare da sharhinsa cewa da zarar wasu mutane sun sami, da yawa suke so ( Sunt, qui possident cum plurima, plura requirunt ); da Arnold Freitag, wanda ya nuna wauta na canza tabbatacce zuwa rashin tabbas ( Stulta certi per incertum commutatio ). A wani lokaci daga baya, za a taƙaita ma'anar kuɗi na "jefa kuɗi mai kyau bayan mugunta" don samun riba mara tabbas a cikin kalmar Ingilishi "Labarin kare ne da inuwar".

Tatsuniyar ta kuma iya amfani da siyasa. John Matthews ya daidaita tatsuniyar zuwa hari kan "masu tsattsauran ra'ayi" na juyin juya halin Faransa don neman ruɗani na 'yanci. [undefined] A cikin mahallin Birtaniya, a lokacin zanga-zangar da ke gudana kafin Dokar Gyaran 1832, wani mai suna 'Peter Pilpay' ya rubuta jerin Tatsuniya daga tsoffin marubuta, ko tsoffin mayaka tare da misalan zamani waɗanda suka bayyana sake ba da labarin "Kare da Inuwa". An keɓe shi ga "waɗanda ke da wani abu", ya mayar da ɗabi'ar tatsuniya zuwa roƙon masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na bin tsoffin hanyoyin. Kuma a cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo baya, an yi wa wani ɗan majalisa wanda ya bar matsayinsa don ya tsaya takara ba tare da nasara ba don wani yanki mai daraja a cikin manema labarai a matsayin "wanda aka fi wakilta a matsayin kare a cikin tatsuniya wanda, yana kwace inuwar, ya rasa abin da ke ciki".

A ƙarƙashin taken "Kare da Kashi" ne Scott Watson (wanda aka haifa a 1964) ya kafa tatsuniyar a matsayin ta uku a cikin littafinsa na "Aesop's Fables for mai ba da labari da ƙungiyar mawaƙa" (1999). Kwanan nan, an yi amfani da yanayin don koyar da darasi na tunani daga mai tsara waƙoƙin Koriya Hong Sung-yup. A cikin rawar ballet ɗinsa "The Dog and the Inuwa" (2013), naman da ya ɓace yana wakiltar abubuwan tunawa da suka tara waɗanda ke tsara halayen mutum. A wannan shekarar, tatsuniyar ta zama motsi na uku na biyar a cikin "Aesop's Fables Suite" na matashiyar mawakiyar Australiya Alice Chance don viola da gamba .