Theobald Smith
 Theobald Smith | |||
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| Rayuwa | |||
| Haihuwa |
Albany (mul)  , 31 ga Yuli, 1859 | ||
| ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka | ||
| Mutuwa | New York, 10 Disamba 1934 | ||
| Yanayin mutuwa | Sababi na ainihi (sankara) | ||
| Karatu | |||
| Makaranta |
Cornell Albany Medical College (en) | ||
| Harsuna | Turanci | ||
| Sana'a | |||
| Sana'a |
university teacher (en) , veterinarian (en) da pathologist (en) | ||
| Wurin aiki | Boston | ||
| Employers |
Jami'ar Harvard The Rockefeller University (en) | ||
| Kyaututtuka |
gani
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| Ayyanawa daga |
gani
| ||
| Mamba |
The Royal Society (mul) American Academy of Arts and Sciences (en) German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (en) American Association for the Advancement of Science (en) National Academy of Sciences (en) American Philosophical Society (mul) | ||
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Theobald Smith FRS (For) [1] HFRSE (Yuli 31, 1859 - Disamba 10, 1934) ya kasance masanin ilimin cututtukan cututtuka, Masanin ƙwayoyin cuta, masanin cututtuka da farfesa. Smith an dauke shi a matsayin masanin kimiyya na farko na binciken kiwon lafiya na duniya.[2]
Ayyukan bincike na Smith sun haɗa da nazarin Babesiosis (wanda aka fi sani da zazzabin shanu na Texas) da kuma yaduwar cututtukan shanu da cututtukani suka haifar da cututsin da aka haifa. Ya kuma bayyana kwayar cuta Salmonella enterica (wanda ake kira Salmonella choleraesuis), wani nau'in Salmonella, mai suna don Ofishin Masana'antar Dabbobi Daniel E. Salmon. Ƙarin aiki a cikin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru na anaphylaxis ya haifar da cewa ana kiransa abin da ya faru na Theobald Smith . [1]
Smith ya koyar a Jami'ar Columbian (yanzu Jami'ar George Washington) kuma ya kafa sashen ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta na makarantar, na farko a makarantar likita a Amurka.[1] Daga baya ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Harvard da Cibiyar Rockefeller .
Ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Smith a Albany, New York, ɗan Philip Smith da matarsa, Theresa Kexel .
Ya sami digiri na farko na Falsafa daga Jami'ar Cornell a 1881, sannan ya biyo bayan MD daga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Albany a 1883.
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar likita, Smith ya rike mukamai daban-daban na wucin gadi wanda za'a iya la'akari da shi a ƙarƙashin taken zamani na "masanin dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita". Bayan wasu matsin lamba daga tsoffin farfesa, Smith ya sami sabon matsayi na mataimakin dakin bincike tare da Sashen Kula da Dabbobi na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA) a Washington, DC, ya fara matsayinsa a can a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1883.
Bincike
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Smith ya zama Sufeto na sabuwar Ofishin Masana'antar Dabbobi (BAI) a 1884. An kafa shi ta Majalisa don yaki da cututtukan dabbobi masu yawa - daga cututtukatattun alade zuwa cutar huhu ta shanu, zazzabin shanu na Texas zuwa glanders - Smith ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Daniel E. Salmon, likitan dabbobi kuma Shugaban BAI.[3] Smith ya kuma gano nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta wanda zai samar da nau'in Salmonella. Bayan shekaru biyu na aiki yana nazarin ingancin allurar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin aladu, Smith ya yi kuskuren ya yi imanin cewa ya sami mai haifar da kwalara ta aladu.[4]
Smith ya mayar da hankalinsa ga zazzabin Texas, cutar shanu mai raunana; wannan aikin ya yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin wani babi a cikin Microbe Hunters, na Paul na Kruif. A shekara ta 1889, shi tare da likitan dabbobi F.L. Kilbourne sun gano Babesia bigemina, kwayar cuta protozoan da ke dauke da kwayar cutar Texas. Wannan alama ce ta farko da aka danganta arthropod da yaduwar cutar cututtuka kuma ya nuna gano kwari kamar ƙwayoyin cuta da sauro a matsayin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka da yawa.
Smith ya kuma koyar a Jami'ar Columbian da ke Washington, DC (yanzu Jami'ar George Washington) daga 1886 zuwa 1895, inda ya kafa Sashen Kwalejin Kwalejin. A shekara ta 1887, Smith ya fara bincike kan tsabtace ruwa a lokacinsa, yana binciken matakin gurɓataccen coliform a cikin Kogin Potomac da ke kusa. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Smith ya fadada karatunsa don haɗawa da Kogin Hudson da yankunan da ke cikinsa.[5]
Duk da yake aikin Smith a BAI ya kasance mai amfani sosai, ya sami tsananin tsarin mulki na gwamnatin tarayya kuma ya koka game da rashin jagoranci daga mai kula da shi. A shekara ta 1895 Smith ya koma Massachusetts" id="mwdg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts don karɓar nadin biyu yana aiki a matsayin farfesa na ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Harvard da kuma jagorantar dakin gwaje-gwaje na ilimin lissafin cututtuka a Hukumar Lafiya ta Jihar Massachusetts .
Smith ya shiga Cibiyar Rockefeller don Binciken Kiwon Lafiya a matsayin Darakta na Sashen Kula da Cututtukan Dabbobi a 1915 kuma ya kasance a can har sai da ya yi ritaya a 1929.
Ya kasance amintacce na Cibiyar Carnegie daga 1914 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1934.
Dokar raguwar ƙwayoyin cuta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abin da aka fi sani da Smith shine ra'ayin, tun da daɗewa ba a karyata shi, cewa za a sami "ma'auni mai mahimmanci" tsakanin rundunonin da cututtukan da za su bunkasa "dangantaka mai kyau" a tsawon lokaci.[6] Wannan ya kasance a kalla ƙididdigar ilimi kuma bai taɓa zama ka'idar kimiyya ba, amma ya zama an yarda da shi azaman hikima ta al'ada kuma an kira shi dokar raguwar Kwayoyin cuta. An karyata shi kuma an maye gurbinsa da tsarin cinikayya, wanda ya bayyana cewa dole ne a yi la'akari da kowane dangantakar mai karɓar bakuncin daban, cewa babu wani tsari na gaba ɗaya da ke hango yadda duk waɗannan dangantakar za su bunkasa, kuma tabbas babu wani abin da za a iya gujewa na rage ƙwayoyin cuta.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nuttall, G. H. F. (1935). "Theobald Smith. 1859-1934". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1 (4): 514–521. Bibcode:1935SciMo..40..196W. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1935.0014. JSTOR 768981. Retrieved 17 March 2022. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "frs" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Middleton, James (July 1914). "A Great American Scientist: Dr. Theobald Smith, Head of The New Department Of Animal Diseases At The Rockefeller Institute". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. Doubleday, Page & Co. XLIV (2): 299–302. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- ↑ J.H., Brown (1 July 1935). "Theobald Smith 1859-1934". J Bacteriol. 30 (1): 1–3. Bibcode:1935SciMo..40..196W. doi:10.1128/JB.30.1.1-3.1935. PMC 543631. PMID 16559815.
- ↑ "Theobald Smith, 1859-1934: A Fiftieth Anniversary Tribute" (PDF). ASM News. 50: 577–80. 1984. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-07.
- ↑ T., Smith (1893). "A new method for determining quantitatively the pollution of water by fecal bacteria". 13th Annual Report of the State Board of Health of New York for 1892: 712–22.
- ↑ Fall, Ed; Yates, Christian (1 February 2021). "Will coronavirus really evolve to become less deadly?". The Conversation. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
The trade-off model is now widely accepted. It emphasises that each host-pathogen combination must be considered individually. There is no general evolutionary law for predicting how these relationships will pan out, and certainly no justification for evoking the inevitability of decreased virulence.
There is little or no direct evidence that virulence decreases over time. While newly emerged pathogens, such as HIV and Mers, are often highly virulent, the converse is not true. There are plenty of ancient diseases, such as tuberculosis and gonorrhoea, that are probably just as virulent today as they ever were.