Thunder
Thunder shine sauti da walƙiya ta haifar.[1][2][3] Dangane da nisa daga walƙiya da kuma yanayin walƙiyar, sautin tsawa na iya kasancewa daga ƙara mai tsawo da ƙasa zuwa ƙarar fashewa mai ƙarfi da ta taso kwatsam. Ƙaruwa cikin sauri ta zafin jiki da kuma matsin iska da walƙiya ke haifarwa tana sa iskar da ke cikin hanyar walƙiya ta faɗaɗa cikin gaggawa.[4]
Wannan faɗaɗawar iska tana haifar da kalaman girgizar sauti (sonic shock wave), wanda ake yawan kira da ƙarar tsawa ko kuma rurin tsawa. Nazarin kimiyya kan tsawa ana kiransa brontology, yayin da tsananin tsoro ko fargabar tsawa da ba ta da tushe na hankali (phobia) ake kira brontophobia.
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Harafin d da ke cikin kalmar Turancin zamani thunder (wanda ya samo asali daga tsohuwar Turanci þunor) ƙari ne da aka samu a cikin kalmar yayin sauyin lafazi da tsarin harshe, wanda ake kira epenthesis. Wannan harafi ya kuma bayyana a cikin kalmar Yaren Holan na zamani donder, wadda ta samo asali daga Yaren Holan na Tsakiya donre. Haka kuma, akwai kalmomi masu alaƙa a Tsohon Yaren Norse (þorr), Tsohon Yaren Frisian (þuner), da Tsohon Babban Yaren Jamus (donar), waɗanda duk a ƙarshe suka samo asali daga Proto-Germanic þunraz.
A cikin Latin, kalmar da ake amfani da ita don bayyana tsawa ita ce tonare, wato “yin tsawa”. Sunan allahn ƙasashen Nordic, Thor, kuma ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Tsohon Yaren Norse da ke nufin tsawa.[5]
Tushen Proto-Indo-Turai da aka raba shi ne (s) tónh2-rʹ, wanda aka samo a cikin Taranis na Gaulish.[6]
Dalilin da ya sa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dalilin tsawa ya kasance batun ƙarni na hasashe da bincike na kimiyya.[7] A tunanin farko, mutane sun yi imanin cewa alloli ne ke haddasa tsawa. Tsawon ƙarnuka, tatsuniyoyin gargajiya sun kawo bayanai daban-daban masu ban al'ajabi game da abin da ke haddasa tsawa. Daga cikin waɗannan bayanai akwai imanin cewa gnomes suna wasa da wani wasan da ake kira ninepins. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan labaran an ƙirƙire su ne cikin raha domin a ba yara labari da zai kwantar musu da hankali tare da rage tsoron ƙarar tsawa.
Masana falsafar Girka ta dā kuwa sun danganta tsawa da abubuwan halitta. Misali, Anaximander da Aristotle sun yi hasashen cewa tsawa tana faruwa ne sakamakon iska da ke bugun gajimare, yayin da Democritus ya danganta ta da motsin iska a cikin gajimare. [8] Masanin falsafar Roma Lucretius ya ce daga sautin ƙanƙara ne da ke haɗuwa a cikin girgije.[8] A tsakiyar karni na 19, ka'idar da aka yarda da ita ita ce walƙiya ta haifar da iska kuma cewa rushewar wannan iska ta haifar da abin da aka sani da tsawa.[7]
Masana kimiyya sun amince tun daga karni na 20 cewa tsawa dole ne ya fara da raƙuman ruwa a cikin iska saboda fadada zafi na kwatsam na Plasma a cikin tashar walƙiya.[8] Yawan zafin jiki a cikin tashar walƙiya, wanda aka auna ta hanyar nazarin bakan gizo, ya bambanta a lokacin wanzuwarsa na 50 μs, yana tashi sosai daga zafin jiki na farko na kusan 20,000 K (19,700 °C; 35,500 °F) ° C; 35,500 ° F) zuwa kusan 30,000 K (29,700 °C; 53,500 °F) ° F; sannan ya sauka a hankali zuwa kusan 10,000 K (9,700 °C; 17,500 °F) K (9,700 ° F). Matsakaicin yana da kimanin 20,400 K (20,100 °C; 36,300 °F) K (20,100 ° C; 36,300 ° F). Wannan dumama yana haifar da fadadawa cikin sauri, yana tasiri ga iska mai sanyi da ke kewaye da shi a cikin sauri fiye da sauti zai yi tafiya. Sakamakon motsi na waje shine raƙuman ruwa, mai kama da ka'idar raƙuman da aka kafa ta fashewa, ko a gaban jirgin sama mai saurin sauti.[9] Kusa da tushen, matakin matsin lamba na tsawa yawanci 165 zuwa 180 dB, amma zai iya wucewa 200 dB a wasu lokuta.[10]
Nazarin gwaji na walƙiya mai laushi ya samar da sakamakon da ya dace da wannan samfurin, kodayake akwai ci gaba da muhawara game da ainihin hanyoyin jiki na tsari.[11][12] An kuma ba da shawarar wasu dalilai, suna dogaro da tasirin lantarki na babban halin yanzu da ke aiki a kan plasma a cikin walƙiya.[13]
Sakamakon
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin ƙarfi a cikin tsawa ya isa ya haifar da lalacewar dukiya [7] da rauni, kamar rikicewar ciki, ga mutanen da ke kusa.[14] Thunder na iya fashewa da kunnuwan mutanen da ke kusa, wanda ke haifar da Rashin jin kai har abada.[7] Ko da ba haka ba, yana iya haifar da kurma na ɗan lokaci.[7]
Nau'o'in
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Vavrek et al. (n.d.) sun ba da rahoton cewa sautunan tsawa sun fada cikin rukunoni bisa ga ƙarfi, tsawon lokaci, da farar.[7] Sauti mai ƙarfi ne wanda ke da tsawon 0.2 zuwa 2 seconds kuma yana dauke da mafi girma. Peals sauti ne mai canzawa a cikin murya da farar. Rolls ne irregular cakuda na murya da kuma farar. Rumbles ba su da ƙarfi, na ƙarshe don tsawo (har zuwa fiye da 30 seconds), kuma suna da ƙananan farar.[15]
Juyawa tsawa yana haifar da lokacin da walƙiya ta faru tsakanin girgije da ƙasa yayin juyawa na zafin jiki. Sautin tsawa da ya haifar yana da makamashi mai yawa fiye da waɗanda aka samar daga nesa ɗaya a cikin yanayin da ba a juyawa ba. A cikin juyin zafin jiki, iska kusa da ƙasa ya fi sanyi fiye da iska sama. Sauye-sauye sau da yawa suna faruwa lokacin da iska mai dumi, mai laushi ya wuce sama da sanyi. A cikin juyawa na zafin jiki, ana hana makamashi mai sauti daga warwatsewa tsaye kamar yadda zai kasance a cikin yanayin da ba juyawa ba, kuma ta haka ne aka mayar da hankali a cikin Layer na kusa.[16]
Hasken girgije zuwa ƙasa (CG) yawanci ya ƙunshi bugun dawowa biyu ko fiye, daga ƙasa zuwa girgije. Daga baya dawowar bugun jini yana da ƙarfin sauti fiye da na farko.[17]
Fahimtar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abu mafi mahimmanci na walƙiya da tsawa shine cewa ana ganin walƙiya kafin a ji tsawa. Wannan sakamako ne na saurin haske ya fi saurin sauti girma. Saurin sauti a cikin iska mai bushe yana da kusan mita 343 a kowace dakika (1,130 ft / s) ko 667 knots (1,235 km/h; 768 mph) km / h; a 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F) K (20 ° C; 68 ° F).
Wannan yana fassara zuwa kusan sakan uku a kowace kilomita (4.8 s / mi); yana cewa "dubu daya da daya... dubu daya da biyu..." hanya ce mai amfani don ƙidaya seconds daga fahimtar walƙiya da aka ba da ita zuwa fahimtar tsawa (wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don auna kusanci da walƙiya don kare lafiya). Don kimanta nisan daga walƙiya, raba ƙididdigar seconds da biyar don mil, [18] ko uku don kilomita.
Hasken walƙiya mai haske da kusan lokaci guda mai kaifi na tsawa, tsawa, saboda haka yana nuna cewa walƙiya ta kusa sosai.
An bayyana walƙiya ta kusa da farko a matsayin dannawa ko sautin zane-zane, sannan sautin harbi ko sautin murya mai ƙarfi / murmushi, sannan ci gaba da murmushi.[7] Sautunan farko sun fito ne daga sassan jagora na walƙiya, sannan sassan kusa da bugun jini, sannan sashe masu nisa na bugun jini.[7]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Severe Weather 101: Lightning Basics". nssl.noaa.gov. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
- ↑ "Thunder Facts". factsjustforkids.com. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
- ↑ "The Sound of Thunder". weather.gov. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
- ↑ "What Causes Lightning and Thunder?". NOAA. 2022.
- ↑ "thunder". Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989.
- ↑ Matasovic, Ranko. Etymological Dictionary of Proto Celtic. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. 2009. p. 384. ISBN 978-90-04-17336-1
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Vavrek, R. J.; Kithil, R.; Holle, R. L.; Allsopp, J.; Cooper, M. A. (17 July 2006). "Section 6.1.8: The Science of Thunder". National Lightning Safety Institute. Archived from the original on 17 July 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
- 1 2 3 Heidorn, Keith C. (1999). "Thunder: Voice of the heavens". Archived from the original on 1999-10-23.
- ↑ "Thunder". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2008-06-07. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ↑ "Ultimate Sound Pressure Level Decibel Table". Retrieved 2020-12-13.
- ↑ MacGorman, Donald R.; Rust, W. David (1998). The Electrical Nature of Storms. Oxford University Press. pp. 102–104. ISBN 978-0195073379. Archived from the original on 2014-06-28. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
- ↑ Rakov, Vladimir A.; Uman, Martin A. (2007). Lightning: Physics and Effects. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-521-03541-5.,
- ↑ P Graneau (1989). "The cause of thunder". J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 22 (8): 1083–1094. Bibcode:1989JPhD...22.1083G. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/22/8/012. S2CID 250836715 Check
|s2cid=value (help). - ↑ Fish, Raymond M (2021). "Thermal and mechanical shock wave injury". In Nabours, Robert E (ed.). Electrical injuries: engineering, medical, and legal aspects. Tucson, AZ: Lawyers & Judges Publishing. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-930056-71-8.
- ↑ "Thunder Facts". Fast Facts for Kids. 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2026-08-16.
- ↑ Dean A. Pollet and Micheal M. Kordich (2013-04-08). "User's guide for the Sound Intensity Prediction System (SIPS) as installed at the Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division (Naveodtechdiv)" (PDF). Systems Department February 2000. dtic.mil. Archived from the original on April 8, 2013.
- ↑ "Lightning Types". NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory. 2022.
- ↑ "Understanding Lightning: Thunder". National Weather Service. 2022.