Tiresias

Tiresias
mythological Greek character (en)
Bayanai
Jinsi	namiji
Sunan asali	Τειρεσίας
Wajen rufewa	Tomb of Teiresias by Tilphousê spring past Haliartos (en)
Uba	Evereus (en)
Uwa	Chariclo (en)
Yarinya/yaro	Daphne (en) , Historis (en) da Manto (mul)
Sana'a	seer (en)
Cuta	blindness (en)
Present in work (en)	Odyssey (en) , The Bacchae (en) , Oedipus Rex (en) , Metamorphoses (en) da Antigone

Pietro della Vecchia, Tiresias An canza shi zuwa mace, karni na 17.

A cikin tatsuniyoyin Helenanci, Tiresias /taɪˈriːsiəs Tsohon Helenanci: , Teiresías ) wani annabi ne makaho na Apollo a Thebes, sananne ne ga hangen nesa kuma don canzawa zuwa mace na tsawon shekaru bakwai. Shi ɗan makiyayi ne Everes da yarinya Chariclo . Tiresias ya shiga cikin tsararraki bakwai a Thebes, ya fara a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Cadmus, wanda ya kafa Thebes.

Labaran Tarihi

Abubuwa goma sha takwas game da Tiresias na almara, wanda Luc Brisson ya lura, sun fada cikin rukuni uku: na farko ya ba da labarin canjin jima'i na Tiresias kuma daga baya ya haɗu da Zeus da Hera; rukuni na biyu ya ba da makantar da Athena; na uku, duk amma ya ɓace, da alama ya ba da labari game da masifar Tiresias.

Canjin Jima'i

A Dutsen Cyllene a cikin Peloponnese, Tiresias ya zo da macizai biyu masu jima'i kuma ya buge su da sandarsa, inda ya canza zuwa mace. Bayan haka, kamar yadda Phlegon ya fada, allahn annabci Apollo ya sanar da Tiresias: idan ta ga macizai masu jima'i kuma ta cutar da su, za ta koma ga yadda ta gabata. Bayan shekaru bakwai a matsayin mace, Tiresias ta sami macizai masu jima'i; dangane da tatsuniyar, ta tabbatar da barin macizai kadai a wannan lokacin, ko kuma, a cewar Hyginus da Phlegon, ta tattake su. A cikin sakamakon biyu, an saki Tiresias daga hukuncin kuma ya koma mutum.

A cewar Eustathius, Tiresias da farko mace ce wacce ta yi wa Apollo alkawarin ni'ima don musayar darussan kiɗa, sai kawai ta ƙi shi daga baya. Apollo ya juya ta zama namiji, sannan kuma mace a cikin yanayi mara kyau, sannan kuma namiji da aka yi wa Hera laifi, sannan Zeus ya juya ta cikin mace. Ta sake zama namiji bayan gamuwa da Muses, har sai a ƙarshe Aphrodite ya juya shi ya zama mace sannan ya zama linzamin kwamfuta.

Makaho da kyautar annabci

Littafin Bibliotheke, ya lissafa labaru daban-daban game da yiwuwar dalilin makantar Tiresias. Wani labari ya ce "alloli sun makantar da shi saboda ya bayyana asirin su ga mutane". Yayinda Pherecydes da waƙar yabo ta biyar ta Callimachus, The Baths of Pallas, sun ba da labari daban - Athena ta makantar da "Tiresias matashi" bayan ya zo ya gamsar da ƙishirwa a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, inda Athena da mai kula da ita, Chariclo (mahaifiyar Tiresias) ke jin daɗin "sunawa a cikin ma'aunin Hippocreen a Dutsen Helicon". Pherecydes, musamman, ya gama labarin tare da mahaifiyar Tiresias Chariclo tana rokon Athena ta warware la'anar, amma ba za ta iya yin hakan ba. Maimakon haka, Athena "ya tsabtace kunnuwansa", ya ba shi ikon fahimtar waƙar tsuntsaye (kyautar tsinkaye), kuma ya ba shi sandar katako, "inda yake tafiya kamar waɗanda ke gani".[bayanin kula na 4] A cikin fassarar da Callimachus ya sake fada, Athena ta yi kuka cikin fushi da ganin Tiresias, kuma idanunsa sun "ƙuntata cikin duhu". Bayan Chariclo "ya zargi allahiya da makantar da ɗanta, Athena ta bayyana cewa ba ta yi haka ba, amma dokokin alloli sun ba da hukuncin makanta ga duk wanda ya ga marar mutuwa ba tare da yardarsa ba. "Don ba Tiresias ta'aziyya a cikin baƙin cikinsa, Athena "ya yi alkawarin ba shi kyaututtuka na annabci da duba, rayuwa mai tsawo, kuma bayan mutuwa riƙe ikonsa na tunani ba tare da lalacewa ba".

A wani labarin da ke bayan makantar Tiresias da baiwarsa, an ja shi cikin gardama tsakanin allahiya Hera da mijinta Zeus, yana jayayya ko "murna da ƙauna ana jin daɗi ta mata ko maza", tare da Hera yana gefen maza, Zeus yana sanya kansa a cikin adawa, kuma Tiresias yana yin hukunci na ƙarshe a matsayin wanda ya sami duka jin daɗi. Tiresias ya ce, "Daga cikin sassa goma namiji yana jin daɗin ɗaya kawai; Amma mace tana jin daɗin cikakkun sassa goma a zuciyarta". Hera ta buge shi makaho, amma Zeus, a matsayin lada, ya ba Tiresias kyautar hangen nesa da kuma tsawon rayuwar "rayuka bakwai na yau da kullun".

Kamar sauran annabawa, yanayin da Tiresias ya karɓi annabce-annabce ya bambanta. Wani lokaci zai sami wahayi, saurari waƙoƙin tsuntsaye, ko hadayu na ƙonewa ko ciki, yana fassara annabce-annabce ta hanyar hotunan da suka bayyana a cikin hayaki. Pliny the Elder ya yaba wa Tiresias da kirkirar augury. Jarida William Godwin ya nuna sadarwa tare da matattu a matsayin hanya mafi mahimmanci don faɗar annabci, yana hana matattu "bayyanawa da amsa tambayoyinsa".

'Yarsa Manto ita ma tana da kyautar annabci.

Sauran tatsuniyoyi

A cikin Ovid's Metamorphoses, "sanannen annabci na Tiresias ya bazu a duk biranen Aonia", kuma nymph Liriope ita ce ta farko da ta nemi annabcinsa, ta tambaye shi game da makomar ɗanta Narcissus. Tiresias ya yi hasashen cewa yaron zai rayu tsawon rai ne kawai idan bai taba "sanin kansa ba".

Tiresias ya kasance hali mai maimaitawa a cikin labaru da Bala'o'in Girka game da tarihin tarihin Thebes.

• A cikin Euripides's The Bacchae, Tiresias da Cadmus, wanda ya kafa kuma tsohon sarki na Thebes, sun shiga bukukuwan al'ada na Dionysus a cikin duwatsu kusa da Thebes. Jikan Cadmus mai tsananin fushi Pentheus, sarki na yanzu, ya lura da lamarin, ya ƙi samun tsofaffi biyu a cikin tufafin biki, ya tsawata musu kuma ya umarci sojojinsa su kama duk wanda ke shiga bautar Dionysian.
• A cikin Oedipus Rex na Sophocles, annoba ta rashin haihuwa ta mamaye birnin Thebes, ta shafi amfanin gona, dabbobi, da mutane. Sarki Oedipus ya tabbatar da cewa zai kawo karshen annoba. Ya aika Creon, ɗan'uwan matarsa, zuwa Oracle a Delphi, yana neman jagora. Lokacin da Creon ya dawo, Oedipus ya fahimci cewa mummunar mutuwar sarki na baya Laius ya kawo annoba, kuma dole ne a gabatar da kisansa a gaban shari'a don ceton birnin. Creon ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa su yi ƙoƙari su sami Tiresias, wanda aka girmama shi sosai. Oedipus ya aika wa Tiresias, kuma Tiresias ya yarda ya san amsoshin tambayoyin Oedipus, amma ya ki yin magana, a maimakon haka ya gaya wa Oedipus da ya bar bincikensa. Da yake fushi da amsar mai gani, Oedipus ya zarge shi da hannu a kisan Laius, wanda ya ɓata wa Tiresias rai. Tiresias ya bayyana wa sarki cewa "kai kanka ne mai laifi da kake nema". Oedipus bai fahimci yadda wannan zai iya zama ba, kuma ya yi tunanin cewa Creon dole ne ya biya Tiresias don ya zarge shi. Su biyu sun yi jayayya sosai, kuma Jocasta ya shiga ya yi ƙoƙari ya kwantar da hankalin Oedipus ta hanyar gaya masa labarin ɗanta na fari da mutuwar da ake tsammani. Oedipus ya firgita yayin da ya fahimci cewa yana iya kashe Laius don haka ya haifar da annoba. Annabi ya tafi.
• A cikin Antigone na Sophocles, Creon, yanzu sarkin Thebes, ya ki yarda a binne dan uwan Creon Polynices kuma ya ba da umurni a binne dan uwarsa, Antigone, da rai, saboda ƙin umarnin. Tiresias ya gargadi shi cewa ya kamata a binne Polynices da gaggawa saboda alloli ba su gamsu ba, sun ki karɓar kowane hadaya ko addu'o'i daga Thebes. Koyaya, Creon ya zargi Tiresias da cin hanci da rashawa. Tiresias ya amsa cewa Creon zai rasa "ɗan kansa" saboda laifukan barin Polynices ba tare da binnewa ba kuma ya sanya Antigone cikin ƙasa.[his] Tiresias ya kuma yi annabci cewa duk Girka za ta raina Creon kuma cewa hadayu na Thebes ba za a yarda da alloli ba. Shugaban Chorus, ya firgita, ya nemi Creon ya karɓi shawarar Tiresias don ya 'yantar da Antigone kuma ya binne Polynices. Creon ya yarda, ya tafi tare da ƙungiyar maza.
• A cewar Hyginus da Statius, a lokacin mulkin Eteocles, ɗan Oedipus, Bakwai sun kai hari kan birnin Thebes kuma sun kewaye birnin. Tiresias ya annabta cewa idan wani daga Spartoi ya hallaka kyauta a matsayin hadaya ga Ares, Thebes za a 'yantar da shi daga bala'i. Dan Creon Menoeceus ya ƙare rayuwarsa ta hanyar jefa kansa daga ganuwar, kuma Thebes ya fito da nasara.

Tiresias ya mutu bayan ya sha ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai laushi Tilphussa, inda aka rataye shi da kibiya ta Apollo. Kamar yadda Pausanias ya yi iƙirarin, kabarin Tiresias "yawanci an nuna shi a kusa" da Tilphusan Well kusa da Thebes, Girka, yayin da Pliny the Elder ya rubuta cewa wurin binne shi yana cikin Makidoniya, alama da abin tunawa.

Inuwa ta sauka zuwa Asphodel Meadows, matakin farko na Hades. Persephone ya ba Tiresias damar riƙe ikonsa na hangen nesa bayan mutuwarsa.

Bayan mutuwarsa, an kira ruhun Tiresias daga duniyar ta hanyar hadayar Odysseus na baƙar tumaki. Tiresias ya gaya wa Odysseus cewa zai iya komawa gida idan ya iya zama da kansa da ma'aikatansa daga cin dabbobi masu tsarki na Helios a tsibirin Thrinacia kuma cewa rashin yin hakan zai haifar da asarar jirginsa da dukan ma'aikatan sa. Mutanen Odysseus, duk da haka, ba su bi shawarar ba kuma tsawa na Zeus sun kashe su a lokacin guguwa.

Sau da yawa ana buƙatar rayukan da ke zaune a ƙarƙashin duniya su sha jinin don su sake farkawa, amma Tiresias ya sami damar ganin Odysseus ba tare da shan jinin ba. A cewar masanin tarihi Marina Warner, yana nufin Tiresias ya kasance mai hankali har ma a mutuwa - "ya zo ga Odysseus kuma ya gane shi kuma ya kira shi da suna kafin ya sha baƙar jinin hadaya; har ma da Mahaifiyar Odysseus ba za ta iya yin wannan ba, amma dole ne ta sha sosai kafin fatalwarta ta iya ganin ɗanta kanta"

Bincike

As a seer, "Tiresias" was "a common title for soothsayers throughout Greek legendary history". In Greek literature, Tiresias's pronouncements are always given in short maxims which are often cryptic (gnomic), but never wrong. Often when his name is attached to a mythic prophecy, it is introduced simply to supply a personality to the generic example of a seer, not by any inherent connection of Tiresias with the myth: thus it is Tiresias who tells Amphitryon of Zeus and Alcmena and warns the mother of Narcissus that the boy will thrive as long as he never knows himself. This is his emblematic role in tragedy. Like most oracles, he is generally extremely reluctant to offer the whole of what he sees in his visions.

An gabatar da Tiresias a matsayin wani adadi mai rikitarwa, mai sulhu tsakanin bil'adama da alloli, namiji da mace, makaho da gani, yanzu da nan gaba, wannan duniya da Underworld.

A wasu al'adu

Wasu ra'ayoyi suna nuna cewa Baba Yaga wani nau'in al'adun Slavic ne na Tiresias .

A cikin zane-zane

• Marubutan almara da mawaƙa sun yi amfani da adadi na Tiresias sosai. A ƙarshen Necyomantia na Lucian na Samosata, an tambayi Tiresias a cikin Hades "me hanya mafi kyau ce ta rayuwa?" wanda ya amsa, "rayuwar talakawa: manta da masana falsafa da kimiyyar su. "
• Tiresias ya bayyana a cikin Dante's Inferno, a cikin Canto XX, daga cikin masu duba a cikin Bolgia na huɗu na Eighth Circle, inda ake azabtar da augurs ta hanyar juya kawunansu baya; tunda sun yi iƙirarin ganin makomar rayuwa, a bayan rayuwa an hana su duk wani hangen nesa.
• The Breasts of Tiresias (Faransanci: Les mamelles de Tirésias) wasa ne na surrealist da Guillaume Apollinaire ya rubuta a 1903. Wasan ya sami samarwa ta farko a cikin sake fasalin a shekarar 1917. A cikin gabatarwar wasan kwaikwayo, mawaki ya kirkiro kalmar "surrealism" don bayyana sabon salon wasan kwaikwayo. Mawallafin Faransanci Francis Poulenc ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo tare da wannan sunan bisa ga wasan Apollinaire na 1917. An fara yin sa ne a Opéra-Comique a shekarar 1947.
• "Tiresias" waka ta Alfred, Lord Tennyson, wanda Tiresias da kansa ya ba da labari, ya ƙunshi ra'ayin cewa annabcinsa, ko da yake koyaushe gaskiya ne, ba a yarda da su ba.
• An nuna Tiresias a cikin waka ta T. S. Eliot The Waste Land (Sashe na III, The Fire Sermon) kuma a cikin bayanin Eliot ya bayyana cewa Tiresias shine "mafi mahimmancin mutum a cikin waka, yana haɗa dukkan sauran".
• Tiresias ya bayyana a cikin Three Cantos III (1917) da kuma cantos I da 47 a cikin dogon waka The Cantos by Ezra Pound .
• Virginia Woolf's Orlando wani labari ne na zamani wanda ke amfani da manyan abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwar Tiresias.
• Tiresias wani ballet ne wanda Frederick Ashton ya tsara waƙoƙi da Constant Lambert ya fara yi a Royal Opera House Covent Garden, London, a ranar 9 ga Yuli 1951.
• Tiresias, tare da Echo da Narcissus, suna cikin ɗan gajeren labari na John Barth "Echo", a cikin tarin sa na 1968 Lost in the Funhouse .
• "The Cinema Show", waƙar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Burtaniya mai ci gaba ta Farawa daga kundin 1973 Selling England by the Pound yana nufin kwarewar canjin jima'i ta Tiresias: "Na tsallaka tsakanin sanduna, a gare ni babu asiri. Da zarar mutum, kamar teku na yi fushi, da zarar mace, kamar duniya da na bayar".
• "Castle Walls", waƙar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Amurka mai ci gaba Styx a cikin kundin su na 1977 The Grand Illusion, ya yi nuni da Tiresias a cikin maimaitawa "Da nisa bayan waɗannan ganuwar gidan sarauta; Inda na yi tunanin na ji Tiresias ya ce; Rayuwa ba ta da abin da take tsammani; Kuma kowane mutum dole ne ya sadu da makomarsa".
• Tiresia, fim din Faransanci na 2003 wanda Bertrand Bonello ya jagoranta yana amfani da labarin Tiresias don ba da labarin wani mutum na zamani.
• Carol Ann Duffy's The World's Wife ya haɗa da waka "daga Mrs Tiresias" wanda ke ba da labarin kwarewar matar Tiresias bayan canjinsa.

Ƙarin karantawa

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• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Teiresias" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.